Dietary and nutritional change in India: implications for strategies, policies, and interventions.

Despite the global transition to overnutrition, stunting affected approximately 159 million children worldwide in 2014, while an estimated 50 million children were wasted. India is an important front in the fight against malnutrition and is grappling with the coexistence of undernutrition, overnutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies. This report summarizes discussions on trends in malnutrition in India, its evolution in the context of economic growth, intrahousehold aspects, infant and young child feeding practices, women's status, maternal nutrition, and nutrition policymaking. The discussion focuses on a review of trends in malnutrition and dietary intakes in India in the context of economic change over the past four decades, identification of household dynamics affecting food choices and their consequences for family nutritional status in India, and effective malnutrition prevention and treatment interventions and programs in India and associated policy challenges.

Technical considerations for maize flour and corn meal fortification in public health: consultation rationale and summary.

Fortification is the purposeful addition of vitamins and minerals to foods during their industrial processing, as a way to improve the nutrition and health of populations who consume these foods. Twelve countries have mandatory maize (Zea mays subsp. Mays) flour or meal fortification. The World Health Organization (WHO) is updating evidence-informed guidelines for the fortification of staple foods in public health, including the fortification of maize flour and corn meal with iron and other micronutrients. Although there is limited experience with fortification of maize, mass fortification of maize flour with at least iron has been practiced for many years in several countries in the Americas and Africa: Brazil, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, the United States, and Venezuela. The WHO, in collaboration with the Sackler Institute for Nutrition Science and the Flour Fortification Initiative (FFI), convened a consultation on technical considerations for fortification of maize flour and corn meal in public health in New York, New York on April 8-9, 2013 to provide input into the guideline-development process and to discuss technical considerations of the fortification processes for maize flour and corn meal.

Toward an integrated approach to nutritional quality, environmental sustainability, and economic viability: research and measurement gaps.

Nutrition is affected by numerous environmental and societal causes. This paper starts with a simple framework based on three domains: nutritional quality, economic viability, and environmental sustainability, and calls for an integrated approach in research to simultaneously account for all three. It highlights limitations in the current understanding of each domain, and how they influence one another. Five research topics are identified: measuring the three domains (nutritional quality, economic viability, environmental sustainability); modeling across disciplines; furthering the analysis of food systems in relation to the three domains; connecting climate change and variability to nutritional quality; and increasing attention to inequities among population groups in relation to the three domains. For an integrated approach to be developed, there is a need to identify and disseminate available metrics, modeling techniques, and tools to researchers, practitioners, and policy makers. This is a first step so that a systems approach that takes into account potential environmental and economic trade-offs becomes the norm in analyzing nutrition and food-security patterns. Such an approach will help fill critical knowledge gaps and will guide researchers seeking to define and address specific research questions in nutrition in their wider socioeconomic and environmental contexts.