Rutin improves diabetes-induced muscle atrophy in mice.

Muscle atrophy is a common complication in diabetes mellitus. Rutin has multiple biologic and therapeutic effects both in diabetic complications and muscle functions. However, no researches have implied prevention and treatment of rutin on muscle atrophy in diabetes mellitus. Our data demonstrated that rutin increased myocyte area and weight of gastrocnemius to promote muscular strength (p<0.01). Moreover, rutin attenuated Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expressions to improve atrophy (p<0.01). The mechanism of rutin against diabetes-associated muscle atrophy is closely linked to its regulations on decreasing Bax expression (p<0.01) and increasing Pgc-1α, Nrf-1 and Bcl-2 expression (p<0.01). In conclusion, rutin protected against diabetic myopathy through its modulation of mitochondria bioactivity and apoptosis. These data suggested rutin could be a therapeutic agent on the improvement of diabetic muscle atrophy.

Protective effect of rutin against diabetes-associated cognitive decline in rats.

Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for cognitive deficit. Rutin (RUT) possesses diverse pharmacological activities and is widely used in diabetic complication. The aim of this study is to assess the improvement of RUT on diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DACD). In our study, Morris water maze was examined to estimate cognitive function. In hippocampus tissue, spectrophotometer was performed to evaluate super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) levels. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were utilized to analyze Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) contents. Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Our data revealed that RUT markedly improved learning and memory capacities in Morris water maze test. In hippocampus, RUT markedly inhibited AChE, GFAP MDA, TNF-a and IL-1ß levels and augmented ChAT and BDNF, SOD, CAT, GSH, Nrf-2 and HO-1 levels. In conclusion, RUT may be involved in protection efficacy against STZ-induced cognitive deficits via improvement of oxidative stress, inflammatory response and Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.

NUDT21 knockdown inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through EIF2 signaling.

The NUDT family is thought to play an important role in cancer growth and progression. However, the clinicopathologic significance and potential role of nucleotide diphosphate-linked X-component motif 21, NM_007006 (NUDT21) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains largely unknown. In this study, we observed that NUDT21 was frequently up-expressed in PDAC. Clinical data revealed that its level positively correlated with poor survival of patients with PDAC. We found that knockdown of NUDT21 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Screening by microarray analysis and verifying by Western blot, we found that the EIF2 signaling pathway represented the main molecular mechanism underlying the effects of NUDT21 knockdown in PANC-1 cells, and PKR, HSPA5, EIF4E and DDIT3 may be its target genes. Thus, our results revealed for the first time that NUDT21, a valuable marker of PDAC prognosis, promotes tumor proliferation, inhibits cells apoptosis and might represent a potential target for gene-based therapy.

A bibliometric analysis of global research output on network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Network meta-analysis (NMA) has been widely used in the field of medicine and health, but the research topics and development trends are still unclear. This study aimed to identify the cooperation of countries and institutes and explore the hot topics and future prospects in the field of NMA. METHODS: Data of publications were downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection. We used CiteSpace V, HistCite 2.1, and Excel 2016 to analyze literature information, including years, journals, countries, institutes, authors, keywords, and co-cited references. RESULTS: NMA research developed gradually before 2010 and rapidly in the following years. 2846 NMA studies were published in 771 journals in six languages. The PLoS One (110, 3.9%) was the most productive journal, and N Engl J Med (5904 co-citations) was the most co-cited journal. The most productive country was the United States (889, 31%) and the most productive institute was the University of Bristol (113, 4.0%). The active collaborations were observed between developed countries and between productive institutes. Of the top 10 authors, four were from the UK, and among the top 10 co-cited authors, six were from the UK. Randomized evidence, oral anti-diabetic drugs, coronary artery bypass, certolizumab pegol, non-valvular atrial fibrillation, and second-line antihyperglycemic therapy were the hot topics in this field. CONCLUSIONS: NMA studies have significantly increased over the past decade, especially from 2015 to 2017. Compared with developing countries, developed countries have contributed more to these publications and have closer cooperation, indicating that cooperation between developed and developing countries should be further strengthened. The treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and immune rheumatism are the main hot topics.

Immunosuppressant associated torsades de pointes after acute heart rejection in an 8-year-old boy.

Torsades de pointes is a kind of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmia. We report a case of torsades de pointes in an 8-year-old boy with acute rejection after orthotopic heart transplantation. The causes of torsades de pointes could be either congenital or acquired. In this case, various causes including acute rejection-related repolarisation heterogeneity, dose-dependent acquired long QT resulting from treatment with immunosuppressants, and AKAP9 (A-kinase anchoring protein 9) genetic variants are the possible mechanisms.

Two-shift operation mode can improve the efficiency and comfort of flexible ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for the treatment of renal calculi larger than 1.5cm.

PURPOSE: To compare two-shift operation mode and single player mode different impact on surgical results and operator comfort in flexible ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for renal calculi larger than 1.5cm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From december 2017 to december 2018, 92 patients with renal calculi admitted to Qilu Hospital and were treated through fl exible ureteroscopy. They were randomized in two-shift group (n=50) and single player group (n=42). The operative time, blood loss, hospitalization stay after operation, residual fragments (≥4mm) rate, fragmentation speed, postoperative complications and operator's fatigue score were compared. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between two groups regarding age, gender, illness side, stone size, blood loss, operative time, postoperative hospitalization stay, complications, etc (p >0.05). The fragmentation speed was 44.5±20.0mm3/min in two-shift group compared with 34.2±17.3mm3/min in single player group (p=0.037). Residual fragments (≥4mm) rate after fi rst surgery was 18% in two-shift group, while the residual fragments (≥4mm) rate was 40.5% after first surgery in single player group (p=0.017). The total fatigue score of two-shift group was 8.4 compared to 29.9 in single player group (p <0.001). CONCLUSION: In flexible ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for the treatment of renal calculi larger than 1.5cm, two-shift operation mode can raise the fragmentation speed and stone clearance rate, as well as signifi cantly lower operator's fatigue level and improve operator's comfort.

[Effect of Paridis Rhizoma total saponins on apoptosis of human gastric cancer cell MKN-45 and Fas/FasL signaling pathway].

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to test if Paridis Rhizoma total saponins (PRTS) could induce apoptosis of human gastric cancer cell MKN-45. METHOD: Based on the previous researches, PRTS was set by different concentrations to treat human gastric cancer cell for 12 h (5, 10, 20 mg x L(-1)). Fluorescent staining methods were adopted to observe apoptotic morphological changes of MKN-45. The apoptosis rates were analyzed by flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. The enzymatic activities of caspase-3 and caspase-8 were measured by ELISA. The protein levels of Fas and FasL were detected by Western blotting. RESULT: Under a fluorescence microscope, MKN-45 treated by PRTS was seen typical apoptotic morphological features. PRTS significantly increased the rate of apoptosis. Compared with the control group, there exsited significant differences in apoptosis rate of PRTS concentration of 20 mg x L(-1) (P < 0.01); besides, the enzymatic activities of caspase-3 and caspase-8 were promoted obviously after the effect of PRTS on MKN-45 cells for 12 h (P < 0.01). The protein levels of Fas and FasL in the MKN-45 were upgraded significantly. CONCLUSION: PRTS can induce apoptosis of human gastric cancer cell MKN-45 , which is concerned with caspase-3 and caspase-8 and upgraded Fas and FasL.

[Seasonal changes of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial communities during tropical forest restoration]. / 热带森林恢复过程中氨氧化细菌群落的季节变化.

In this study, we used a high-throughput sequencing technology to survey the dry-wet seasonal change characteristics of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) communities in the three restoration stages [i.e., Mallotus paniculatus community (early stage), Millettia leptobotrya community (middle stage), and Syzygium oblatum community (later stage)] of Xishuangbanna tropical forest ecosystems. We analyzed the effects of soil physicochemical characteristics on AOB community composition and diversity during tropical forest restoration. The results showed that tropical forest restoration significantly affected the relative abundance of dominant AOB phyla and their dry-wet seasonal variation. The maximum relative abundance of Proteobacteria (71.3%) was found in the early recovery stage, while that of Actinobacteria was found in the late recovery stage (1.0%). The abundances of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria had the maximum ranges of dry-wet seasonal variation in the early and late stages, respectively. The abundance of dominant AOB genera and its dry-wet seasonal variation varied across tropical forest restoration stages. The maximum average relative abundance of Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas in the late recovery stage was 66.2% and 1.5%, respectively. In contrast, the abundance of Nitrosovibrio reached its maximum (25.6%) in the early recovery stage. The maximum dry-wet seasonal variation in relative abundance of Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas occurred in the early recovery stage, while that of Nitrosovibrio occurred in the middle recovery stage. The Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson diversity indices of AOB communities increased along the restoration stages, which were significantly higher in the wet season than in the dry season. The results of canonical correspondence analysis showed that soil easily oxidized carbon was the main factor controlling AOB community diversity and Actinobacteria abundance. Soil bulk density and temperature were the main factors affecting Proteobacteria abundance. Soil pH, microbial biomass carbon, water content, ammonium nitrogen, bulk density, and temperature were the main factors controlling the abundances of Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas, and Nitrosovibrio. Therefore, tropical forest restoration can regulate the change of relative abundance of dominant AOB taxa via mediating the changes of soil temperature, bulk density, and readily oxidized carbon, leading to an increase in soil AOB community diversity.

Combined treatment with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and methylprednisolone in paraquat-induced acute lung injury.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy of combined treatment with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation and methylprednisolone (MP) to treat paraquat (PQ)-induced acute lung injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 102 female rats were randomly divided into five groups: PQ, BMSC, MP, BMSC + MP and normal control. After 14 days of PQ poisoning, the survival of rats, wet/dry weight ratio of lung tissue, serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxidase dismutase (SOD), and the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-кB p65 in lung tissue were determined. RESULTS: Rats in BMSC and BMSC + MP groups survived. BMSC transplantation significantly decreased the wet/dry weight ratio of lung tissue, down-regulated NF-кB p65 expression in lung tissue, lowered serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and MDA, and increased serum levels of IL-10 and SOD. These changes were particularly significant on days 7-14 after PQ poisoning. The above changes were more significant in the MP group on days 1-3 after PQ poisoning, compared with those of the BMSC group. However, the BMSC + MP group showed more significant changes on days 1-14 after PQ poisoning than those of both BMSC and MP groups. CONCLUSIONS: MP inhibits the inflammatory response, reduces the products of lipid peroxidation and promotes survival of transplanted BMSC, thus improving the intermediate and longer term efficacy of BMSC transplantation for treatment of PQ-induced lung injury.

Case report: Type 2 diabetes mellitus with plantar malignant melanoma: Report of two cases.

Malignant melanoma is a highly malignant tumor that originates from melanocytes. It has a poor prognosis and rarely occurs on the foot. Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the most serious chronic complications of diabetes. This paper reports two cases of type 2 diabetes patients with malignant melanoma on the foot. Clinicians should improve their understanding of patients with diabetes with acral malignant melanoma. When diabetic foot ulcers occur repeatedly and continue not to heal, the clinical features of the cutaneous lesions are similar to malignant melanoma, and a pathological biopsy of the lesions should be performed promptly to obtain a clear diagnosis, avoid a missed diagnosis and improve the survival rate.

Global trends and current status in pheochromocytoma: a bibliometric analysis of publications in the last 20 years.

Objective: Pheochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-producing neuroendocrine tumour originating from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla or extra-adrenal paraganglia. However, there are few bibliometric studies on Pheochromocytoma. Therefore, this study was employed to summarize the global trends and current status in pheochromocytoma by bibliometric analysis. Materials and methods: The Web of Science (WOS) core collection database was searched for publications relating to pheochromocytoma from 2001 to 2021. Bibliometric analysis was used to examine the data, and Microsoft Excel was utilized to create bar graphs. In addition, VOSviewer was used to carry out co-authorship analysis, co-citation analysis and co-occurrence analysis. CiteSpace was used to analyze the keywords citation bursts. Results: A total of 8,653 publications published in 1,806 journals by 38,590 authors in 6,117 organizations from 100 countries/regions were included in our study. Among them, USA was the leading countries in terms of total publications and sum of time cited, whereas Eunice Kennedy Shriver Natl Inst Child Hlth & Hum was the leading institutions. The main publications for pheochromocytoma-related articles were Journal of clinical endocrinology &metabolism. Pacak karel and Eisenhofer Graeme were the main contributing authors. The studies on pheochromocytoma could be grouped into five clusters: Treatment, Mechanism, Etiology, Radiology and Hormones study. Moreover, the radiology study, etiology study and some specific keywords such germlines mutation, mesenchymal stem-cells, autophagy, neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, and hemodynamic instability, may become the hot spots of future. Conclusion: Although the number of articles on pheochromocytoma has fluctuated slightly over the past 20 years, there has been an overall upward trend. In general, precision medicine research on pheochromocytoma, especially metastatic pheochromocytoma, in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and etiology will be a hot research topic in the future. This study helps to understand the research perspectives, hot spots and trends of pheochromocytoma and provide new insight and a basis for future pheochromocytoma research quickly.

A novel adjuvant formulation induces robust Th1/Th17 memory and mucosal recall responses in Non-Human Primates.

After clean drinking water, vaccination is the most impactful global health intervention. However, development of new vaccines against difficult-to-target diseases is hampered by the lack of diverse adjuvants for human use. Of particular interest, none of the currently available adjuvants induce Th17 cells. Here, we develop and test an improved liposomal adjuvant, termed CAF®10b, that incorporates a TLR-9 agonist. In a head-to-head study in non-human primates (NHPs), immunization with antigen adjuvanted with CAF®10b induced significantly increased antibody and cellular immune responses compared to previous CAF® adjuvants, already in clinical trials. This was not seen in the mouse model, demonstrating that adjuvant effects can be highly species specific. Importantly, intramuscular immunization of NHPs with CAF®10b induced robust Th17 responses that were observed in circulation half a year after vaccination. Furthermore, subsequent instillation of unadjuvanted antigen into the skin and lungs of these memory animals led to significant recall responses including transient local lung inflammation observed by Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT), elevated antibody titers, and expanded systemic and local Th1 and Th17 responses, including >20% antigen-specific T cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage. Overall, CAF®10b demonstrated an adjuvant able to drive true memory antibody, Th1 and Th17 vaccine-responses across rodent and primate species, supporting its translational potential.

Modeling the influencing factors of electronic word-of-mouth about CSR on social networking sites.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) information can now be disseminated via social networking sites. An organization's image and upcoming portfolios are directly affected by electronic word of mouth (eWOM). It generates from its customers, employees, and other stakeholders. We developed a critical model to enlighten the behavior to share and comment on a negative news story about CSR displayed on Wechat and QQ to figure out what was causing this behavior. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and the partial least squares regression (PLS) approach were used to conduct a self-administered survey of hotel customers in China. Social and environmental awareness, information usefulness, corporate image, and a company's motivation to comment and share on CSR news were all considered explanatory variables in our study. We asked 300 Wechat and QQ users to rate a fake environmental news story. We found that social and environmental awareness affects the effectiveness of information and the attitude toward behavior, which may describe the eWOM intent of the particular news. On the other hand, corporate reputation could discourage people from disseminating eWOM and sharing the news with their social linkage contacts. The findings of the study suggest having a better understanding of how specific CSR activities can increase customers' commitment, which leads to positive eWOM, will benefit the hotel industry.

American Burn Association Burn Prevention Framework.

In February 2020, burn prevention experts from a variety of professional backgrounds gathered for a national Burn Prevention Summit. Through lively discussion and debate, this group came to a consensus on several core burn prevention concepts in order to create a framework for burn prevention program planning. The resulting document includes components of a successful program, a five-step process for program planning, best practices in messaging, and general advice from the summit attendees. This framework is designed for both novice professionals who are new to burn prevention programming development and experienced professionals who would like to strengthen existing programming.

A novel method for wound healing-skin suspension accelerates donor site wound healing .

UNLABELLED:  The purpose of this study was to apply a skin suspension to accelerate wound healing at the skin donor site. METHODS: A small fragment of skin was collected after skin transplantation had been performed. The skin suspension was prepared by mixing the small fragments of skin tissue with the same volume of normal saline. The suspension was then applied to the donor site. Donor sites without skin suspension were employed as controls. RESULTS: Faster healing was found at the donor sites that had been covered with skin suspension and with less scar formation compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Skin suspension prepared from residual graft skin can ameliorate donor site wound healing.

Sinapic acid attenuates muscle atrophy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

Objectives: Diabetes is fundamentally connected with the inability of skeletal muscle. Sinapic acid (SA) has multiple biologic functions and is diffusely utilized in diabetic complications. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential improvement effect and mechanisms of SA in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic muscle atrophy. Materials and Methods: The model of diabetic mice was established by intraperitoneal STZ (200 mg/kg) to evaluate the treatment effect of SA (40 mg/kg/d for 8 weeks) on muscle atrophy. Muscle fiber size was assessed by Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining. Muscle force was measured by a dynamometer. Biochemical parameters were tested by using corresponding commercial kits. The expressions of Atrogin-1, MuRF-1, nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), CHOP, GRP-78, BAX, and BCL-2 were detected by Western blot. Results: Our data demonstrated that SA increased fiber size and weight of gastrocnemius, and enhanced grip strength to alleviate diabetes-induced muscle atrophy. In serum, SA restrained creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels, while enhancing total anti-oxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels to improve muscle injury. In gastrocnemius, SA promoted NRF-1, PGC-1α, and BCL-2 expressions, while inhibiting Atrogin-1, MuRF-1, CHOP, GRP-87, and BAX expressions. Conclusion: SA protected against diabetes-induced gastrocnemius injury via improvement of mitochondrial function, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis, and could be developed to prevent and treat diabetic muscle atrophy.

Management and Prognosis of Interstitial Lung Disease With Lung Cancer (ILD-LC): A Real-World Cohort From Three Medical Centers in China.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Interstitial lung disease with lung cancer (ILD-LC) is rare and its management has not been fully described. This study aimed to investigate the management and prognosis of ILD-LC patients in China. METHODS: The present analysis is a retrospective real-world cohort study. Clinical data of ILD-LC patients were obtained from 3 hospitals in China. The overall survival (OS) of patients was analyzed. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-four ILD-LC patients included were biased toward male (85.3%), smokers (75.5%), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (58.2%) patients with comorbidities (67.9%) and ECOG-PS score of 1 (65.2%). Most patients were advanced peripheral non-small cell lung cancer. The initial anti-cancer regimen for ILD-LC is mainly chemotherapy, and patients with early-stage LC prefer surgery. In the anti-cancer cohort, the number of ILD-LC patients who underwent the 2nd and 3rd or more anti-cancer regimens were 78 (55.7%) and 32 (22.8%), respectively. In the non-anticancer cohort, the median OS was 3.5 months. In the early-stage cohort, the median OS was 14.2 months in the systematic therapy group; however, the median OS was not reached in the surgery group. In the advanced-stage cohort with systematic therapy, the median OS was 7.2 months. Interstitial pneumonia (IIP) and anti-angiogenesis were associated with OS in the univariate analysis, whereas anti-angiogenesis was an independent protective factor for advanced LC with ILD. CONCLUSION: Patients with ILD-LC have very poor prognosis. Appropriate anti-tumor treatment can prolong the survival time of patients who can tolerate it. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are alternative treatments for LC patients with mild ILD. For ILD patients with advanced LC, antiangiogenic regimens significantly improve the prognosis of the disease.

Trends and disease burden of enteric fever in Guangxi province, China, 1994-2004.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the burden of enteric fever through trends in morbidity and mortality, bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance in Guangxi, a southern, subtropical, coastal province of China with a disproportionally large burden of enteric fever. METHODS: Data on morbidity and mortality caused by enteric fever between 1994 and 2004 were extracted from the Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory-based surveillance and outbreak investigations were integrated with reports of notifiable infectious diseases to estimate the bacterial species-specific incidence of enteric fever. To adjust for underreporting, survey data were collected from three prefectures that represent the hyper-, moderate- and low-endemic regions of Guangxi province. FINDINGS: In Guangxi province, enteric fever incidence rate varied over the study period, with a peak of 13.5 cases per 100 000 population in 1995 and a low of 6.5 in 2003. The disease occurred most frequently during the summer and autumn months and in the group aged 10-49 years. The incidence of enteric fever varied by region within Guangxi province. During the 11-year period covered by the study, 61 outbreaks of enteric fever were reported, and Salmonella paratyphi A (SPA) became the predominant causative agent in the province. CONCLUSION: Prospective studies may provide a better understanding of the reason for the shifting epidemiology of enteric fever in Guangxi province. Given the emergence of resistance to first- and second-line antimicrobials for the treatment of enteric fever, a bivalent vaccine against both SPA and S. typhi would facilitate for disease control.

Significance of 5-fluorouracil-related enzyme activities in predicting sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil in bladder carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The association between 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-related enzyme activity and the sensitivity of bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) to 5-FU were investigated, and methods to improve 5-FU sensitivity were analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tumor specimens were obtained from 127 patients. Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) activity was analyzed by the paper disc method and thymidine phosphorylase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activities were measured by ELISA. 5-FU sensitivity was assessed in 99 cases by an in vitro chemosensitivity test. RESULTS: A significant positive correlation between OPRT activity level and the sensitivity of BUC to 5-FU was identified. Moreover, the combination of 5-FU and 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine significantly enhanced 5-FU sensitivity in BUC, particularly in cases showing higher DPD activity. CONCLUSION: OPRT was the most important enzyme in predicting sensitivity to 5-FU in BUC. These results may have implications for tailor-made medication using 5-FU-related compounds as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in BUC patients.