Priming of human monocyte superoxide production and arachidonic acid metabolism by adherence to collagen- and basement membrane-coated surfaces.

Monocytes (m phi s) come into intimate contact with basement membranes and extracellular matrix proteins as they extravasate from the blood to the interstitium or to sites of tissue injury. We examined the in vitro effects of m phi adherence to an endothelial cell-derived basement membrane or to purified extracellular matrix proteins on phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated superoxide production and prostanoid secretion. Elutriation-purified human peripheral blood m phi s were adhered to tissue culture wells that were precoated with the following purified proteins: bovine serum albumin (BSA), collagen type I (COL I), collagen type IV (COL IV), fibronectin (FN), or laminin (LM). To model the provisional matrix at sites of tissue injury, m phi s were also adhered to wells coated with either denatured collagen type I or gelatin (GEL) or coated with basement membrane (BM) derived from endothelial cell monolayers. The m phi s were adhered to the protein-coated surfaces for 1 h at 37 degrees C in serum-free medium and washed to remove nonadherent cells, and the number of adherent m phi s was measured. Monolayers of m phi s were also incubated for an additional 18 h, at which time both adherence and cell spreading were measured. PMA-stimulated superoxide production by adherent m phi s was determined after 1 and 18 h of adherence to the protein-coated surfaces. PMA-stimulated release of two prostanoids, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) was measured after 18 h of m phi adherence to the surfaces. Following 18 h of adherence, PMA-stimulated superoxide anion secretion and secretion of PGE2 and TxB2 were augmented of primed by m phi s adherent to COL I, GEL, or BM. In contrast, no such priming effects were observed by m phi s adherent to COL IV, FN, or LM. The results suggest that adherence to basement membranes, collagen type I-containing surfaces in the interstitium, or denatured collagen at sites of tissue injury primes m phi respiratory burst and arachidonate metabolism to inflammatory agonists. Induction of priming events by substrate-specific adherence may be an important factor regulating host defense functions of m phi s in the extracellular matrix.

Hepatic removal of 125I-DLT gelatin after burn injury: a model of soluble collagenous debris that interacts with plasma fibronectin.

The decline of plasma fibronectin after surgery, trauma, and burn, as well as during severe sepsis after injury, appears to limit hepatic Kupffer cell phagocytic activity. Intravenous infusion of gelatin-coated particles to simulate blood-borne particulate collagenous tissue debris in the circulation after injury also depletes plasma fibronectin. We used soluble gelatin conjugated with 125I-labeled dilactitol tyramine (DLT-gelatin) as a model of soluble collagenous tissue debris. We studied its blood clearance as well as organ localization in normal and postburn rats. Fibronectin-deficient plasma harvested early after burn exhibited limited ability to support in vitro phagocytic uptake of the gelatinized microparticles by Kupffer cells in liver tissue from normal rats. However, Kupffer cells in liver tissue from normal and postburn rats phagocytized the test particles at a normal rate when incubated in normal plasma. The DLT-gelatin ligand bound to fibronectin in a dose-dependent manner as verified by its capture with anti-fibronectin coated plastic wells when coincubated with purified fibronectin. By gel filtration chromatography, the binding of fibronectin with the DLT-gelatin ligand was readily detected, resulting in the formation of a high-molecular-weight complex. In normal animals the plasma clearance and liver localization of 125I-DLT-gelatin was competitively inhibited by infusion of excess nonradioactive gelatin. The blood clearance and liver localization of the soluble gelatin ligand were also impaired after burn injury during periods of fibronectin deficiency similarly to the pattern observed with gelatin-coated microparticles. By autoradiography, the cellular site for the uptake of the 125I-DLT-gelatin was primarily but not exclusively hepatic Kupffer cells; 125I-DLT-asialofetuin and 125I-DLT-ovalbumin were removed by hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells, respectively. Thus, gelatin conjugated with 125I-DLT can be used to simulate blood-borne soluble collagenous tissue debris after burn. It rapidly binds to plasma fibronectin before its hepatic Kupffer cell removal, and its blood clearance is markedly delayed after burn injury during periods of plasma fibronectin deficiency.

Rat platelets adhere to human thrombin-treated rat lungs under flow conditions.

Platelet attachment to thrombin-treated endothelium was examined under flow conditions in the vascular bed of isolated perfused rat lungs. The infused thrombin bound to the pulmonary endothelium in a specific, competitive manner as shown by displacement of 125I-alpha-thrombin with an excess of cold diisopropylfluoro-phosphate-alpha-thrombin. alpha-Thrombin significantly increased the attachment of isolated 51Cr-labelled rat platelets to the perfused lungs. Scanning and high voltage electron microscopy showed single platelets in various stages of activation attached to pulmonary endothelium. The receptor binding site and catalytic activity of thrombin were essential to the enhancement of platelet attachment. Aspirin given to rats before the lung isolation had no effect on thrombin-induced platelet attachment. Thus, endothelial bound thrombin initiates platelet activation and enhances subsequent platelet attachment.

Influence of plasma fibronectin on the response to infusion of thrombin and adenosine diphosphate.

An important physiological anti-thrombotic function has been suggested for plasma fibronectin and the reticuloendothelial system. The current study evaluated the effects of specific immunological fibronectin depletion and fibronectin supplementation upon resistance to infusion of thrombin and ADP in terms of mortality, mean arterial blood pressure and circulating levels of platelets, fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products. Mortality data indicated that rats with reduced fibronectin levels had reduced resistance to thrombin or adenosine diphosphate infusion. The increased lethality was characterized by reduced circulating levels of fibrinogen and platelets while fibrin degradation product levels rose. The infusion of ADP or thrombin in fibronectin supplemented rats failed to elicit higher mortality or reduce fibrinogen or platelet levels further. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that resistance to excessive coagulation and/or platelet aggregation is correlated to circulating plasma fibronectin levels. It is suggested that by direct effects and/or acting as an opsonin for RES phagocytosis, plasma fibronectin acts as an important anti-thrombotic mechanism.

Beta-adrenergic modulation of pulmonary transvascular fluid and protein exchange.

We determined in anesthetized sheep whether isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, prevents the increases in pulmonary fluid and protein exchange produced by thrombin-induced intravascular coagulation. Seven sheep were infused intravenously with 0.05 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 isoproterenol before infusion of alpha-thrombin, and six sheep were infused with alpha-thrombin only and served as control subjects. The marked increases in pulmonary lymph flow and lymph protein clearance in the control thrombin group were attenuated (P less than 0.05) in the isoproterenol group in association with a higher pulmonary blood flow (P less than 0.05) and a lower pulmonary vascular resistance (P less than 0.05) in the isoproterenol group and with similar increases in pulmonary arterial and pulmonary arterial wedge pressures in both groups. The decreases in fluid and protein fluxes produced by isoproterenol are related to its beta-adrenergic properties because propranolol, a beta-adrenergic antagonist, blocked the protective effects of isoproterenol in a second group of sheep infused with propranolol, isoproterenol, and thrombin. Raising left atrial pressure to test for changes in vascular permeability increased protein flux to a much greater extent in the thrombin control group than in the isoproterenol group challenged with thrombin. The data suggest that isoproterenol attenuated the increase in fluid and protein fluxes produced by thrombin-induced intravascular coagulation by a permeability-decreasing mechanism.

Thrombin's enzymatic activity increases permeability of endothelial cell monolayers.

Human alpha-thrombin increases the permeability of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell (CCL-209) monolayers. To determine if this increase is via an enzymatic or receptor-mediated mechanism, enzymatically active forms of alpha-thrombin and enzymatically inactive forms with cell binding activity were incubated with the monolayers. Enzymatic forms included alpha-thrombin and two digestion products, zeta-thrombin (chymotryptic product with 89% clotting activity) and gamma-thrombin (tryptic product). Enzymatically inactive forms included D-Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethylketone-(PPACK) alpha-thrombin and diisopropylphosphorofluoridate-(DIP) alpha-thrombin. Cell binding activity of alpha- and PPACK-alpha-thrombin was demonstrated to be similar to each other and comparable to that cited in the literature for DIP-alpha-thrombin. gamma-Thrombin, on the other hand, did not compete for binding of 125I-labeled alpha-thrombin. All enzymatic forms of alpha-thrombin increased endothelial permeability as assessed by the clearance of 125I-albumin across the monolayers. Coincubation of PPACK, an enzymatic site inhibitor, with alpha- or gamma-thrombin prevented the increase in permeability, further indicating that alpha-thrombin increased permeability by its enzymatic activity. Both enzymatically inactive forms of alpha-thrombin with high-affinity binding activity had no effect on permeability. To further examine whether cell binding activity of alpha-thrombin contributed to the increased permeability, a sulfated COOH-terminal fragment of hirudin (hirugen) that binds to the anion-binding site of alpha-thrombin but, unlike hirudin, does not interact with the catalytic site was coincubated with alpha-thrombin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Isoproterenol decreases protein permeability in edematous isolated rabbit lungs: estimation of PS and sigma.

The objective of the present study was to determine whether the ability of the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol to attenuate pulmonary edema occurs via a permeability and/or hemodynamic mechanism. In isolated perfused rabbit lungs, the restrictive property of the vascular barrier to the movement of fluid and protein was assessed by measurements of the capillary filtration coefficient (Kf) and the transvascular clearance of 125I-labeled albumin, respectively. Regression analysis of albumin clearance vs. transvascular fluid flux was performed to estimate the permeability-surface area product (PS) and the reflection coefficient (sigma) by use of the linear or nonlinear flux equation. Arterial, capillary, and venous pressures and resistances, weight gain, and the wet-to-dry weight ratio were also assessed. Isoproterenol (8 ng.ml-1.min-1) attenuated the arachidonic acid (4 mg)-induced increases in fluid flux, wet-to-dry weight ratio, albumin clearance, and PS and the decrease in sigma. Isoproterenol had no effect on the increase in Kf, and there was no correlation between capillary pressure and fluid flux in any of the four groups. Regression analysis revealed that the non-linear flux equation provided estimates of PS and sigma that more accurately described the statistical differences in albumin clearance among the groups studied than the linear flux equation. These findings demonstrate that isoproterenol attenuated the increased transvascular flux of albumin in edematous lungs by modifying the protein permeability of the vascular barrier.

Hyperthermia-induced pulmonary edema.

The effects of temperature (37-45 degrees C) on pulmonary edema formation and transendothelial albumin clearance were investigated using isolated perfused guinea pig lungs and bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells grown to confluency on a gelatinized membrane. Perfusion of isolated lungs with Ringer-albumin solution at 37 or 41 degrees C for 90 min produced no change in lung wet-to-dry weight ratios (W/D) or in pulmonary capillary pressure (measured by the double-occlusion method). When perfused at 43 degrees C, lung wet weight increased 0.8 +/- 0.4 g over base line (final W/D = 7.43 +/- 0.7) within 90 min. Perfusion at 45 degrees C increased lung weight by 2.7 +/- 0.9 g over base line (final W/D 11.8 +/- 2.3 vs. control value of 5.2 +/- 0.23 at 37 degrees C perfusion) within 60 min. The changes in pulmonary capillary pressure were small (from a base-line value of 4.3 +/- 0.8 to 4.9 +/- 0.4 at 43 degrees C and from a base-line value of 4.9 +/- 0.8 to 5.9 +/- 0.6 at 45 degrees C). The clearance of 125I-albumin (microliter/min) across the endothelial monolayer system increased threefold (from 0.295 +/- 0.035 to 1.048 +/- 0.107) at 45 degrees C, an effect comparable to positive controls of trypsin (from 0.272 +/- 0.046 to 1.595 +/- 0.138) or oleic acid (from 0.278 +/- 0.043 to 0.672 +/- 0.26). An increase in temperature from 37 to 45 degrees C had no effect on the permeability of the gelatinized membrane alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Isoproterenol antagonizes endothelial permeability induced by thrombin and thrombin receptor peptide.

We determined whether 1) amino-terminal peptides of the thrombin receptor increase endothelial permeability to a comparable extent as alpha-thrombin does, 2) isoproterenol attenuates the thrombin-induced increase in endothelial permeability by an antagonistic action to that of thrombin or by lowering baseline permeability, and 3) isoproterenol decreases permeability via stimulation of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor. Permeability across monolayers of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (CCL 209) was assessed by the clearance of 125I-labeled albumin. Thrombin receptor peptides increased permeability at 1 microM but required a dose of between 10 and 100 microM to equal the permeability response of 1 microM alpha-thrombin. Dose-response experiments demonstrated that isoproterenol antagonized the action of alpha-thrombin and a thrombin receptor peptide on endothelial permeability and that it lowered baseline permeability. This permeability-decreasing action of isoproterenol occurred via stimulation of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor. Terbutaline, a partial beta 2-agonist, prevented the thrombin-induced permeability, but dobutamine, a partial beta 1-agonist, did not. The active stereoisomer of terbutaline and the racemic form mimicked the action of isoproterenol, but the inactive stereoisomer had no effect. ICI-118,551, a specific beta 2-receptor antagonist, prevented the permeability-decreasing action of isoproterenol, whereas ICI-89,406, a specific beta 1-receptor antagonist, did not. Competitive binding studies of 125I-pindolol with ICI-118,551 or ICI-89,406 demonstrated the presence of beta-adrenergic receptors, predominantly beta 2-receptors, on cell membrane homogenates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Simultaneous measurement of fluid and protein permeability in isolated rabbit lungs during edema.

Fluid conductance and protein permeability have been studied in isolated perfused lung models of pulmonary edema. However, previous studies have not investigated changes of both fluid conductance and protein permeability in the same isolated lung preparation after injury. Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites are involved in the inflammatory processes that lead to the development of pulmonary edema. The hemodynamic effects of AA have been well established; however, controversy exists concerning the ability of AA to alter the permeability of the pulmonary microvasculature to fluid and protein. The purpose of this study was to simultaneously determine whether transvascular fluid conductance and protein permeability are increased in isolated perfused rabbit lungs with pulmonary edema induced by AA. Indomethacin (80 microM) was added to the perfusate to inhibit the hemodynamic effects of AA and produce a pressure-independent model of pulmonary edema. Fluid conductance was assessed by determination of the capillary filtration coefficient (Kf), and protein permeability was evaluated by measurement of 125I-albumin clearance. The injection of AA (3 mg/200 ml of perfusate) into the pulmonary arterial catheter resulted in an increase in lung weight over the remaining 30-min experimental period. Kf (microliter.s-1 x cmH2O-1 x g dry lung-1) was increased (P < 0.05) in AA-treated lungs at 10 and 30 min post-AA injection when compared with control lungs and baseline values (determined 10 min before AA injection). Albumin clearance was also greater (P < 0.05) in lungs that received AA. 125I-albumin clearance was measured at different rates of fluid flux produced by elevation of venous pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Endothelial injury and pulmonary congestion characterize neurogenic pulmonary edema in rabbits.

The objectives of the present study were to determine whether an intracisternal injection of fibrinogen-sodium citrate, a model of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE), produces protein-rich or protein-poor pulmonary edema, and to determine whether the edema is associated with pulmonary vascular hypertension and pulmonary congestion. Fibrinogen (6-10 mg/ml) dissolved in 0.055 M sodium citrate was injected into the cisterna magna of six New Zealand White rabbits. Six additional rabbits were injected with saline to control for the effects of intracranial hypertension and pulmonary vascular hypertension. The fibrinogen-sodium citrate solution or sodium citrate alone, as opposed to saline, produced systemic and pulmonary vascular hypertension, pulmonary edema, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and acidosis. The lungs from fibrinogen-injected rabbits were edematous, congested, and liverlike in appearance. Tracheal froth that was blood tinged and protein rich was present in five of the six rabbits. Microscopic examination of lung biopsies revealed erythrocytes and plasma in the alveoli and focal injury to the pulmonary microvascular endothelium. Fibrinogen-sodium citrate increased (P less than 0.05) the extravascular lung water (EVLW) (10.3 +/- 2.0 vs. 5.5 +/- 0.6 g, means +/- SE), lung blood weight (9.7 +/- 1.3 vs. 3.8 +/- 0.6 g), total dry lung weight (3.2 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.1 g), and the EVLW-to-blood-free dry lung weight ratio (7.0 +/- 0.8 vs. 4.0 +/- 0.3 g) from saline-control values. There was no difference in the blood-fre dry lung weight (1.4 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.1 g) between the two groups. These findings demonstrate that pulmonary congestion, pulmonary vascular hypertension, and focal endothelial injury contribute to the development of NPE.

Thrombin increases fluid flux in isolated rat lungs by a hemodynamic and not a permeability mechanism.

Alpha-Thrombin increases endothelial protein permeability in vitro and induces weight gain in the isolated perfused lung. The objectives of this study were to determine whether thrombin increases endothelial permeability of the isolated perfused rat lung and whether a change in permeability or hemodynamics mediates the gain in lung weight. Endothelial protein permeability was assessed by regression analysis of 125I-labeled albumin clearance vs. fluid flux to determine the permeability-surface area product (PS) and the reflection coefficient (sigma). Thrombin (5 x 10(-8) or 5 x 10(-7) M) did not alter protein permeability from the control values of PS and sigma. Thrombin caused an overall increase in transvascular fluid flux, as depicted by a gain in lung weight. Pulmonary arterial and capillary pressures and arterial and venous resistances increased by 10 min after thrombin injection, and lung weight decreased due to arterial constriction. From 10 to 50 min, pressures and resistances decreased, but capillary pressure and venous resistance decreased to a lesser extent and, as a result, lung weight increased. Pretreatment with BQ-123, an endothelin-receptor antagonist, attenuated the sustained increases in pressures and resistances and the rate of lung weight gain. Indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, had no effect. These findings indicate that the increase in lung weight induced by thrombin results from an elevation of capillary pressure mediated, in part, by endothelin and is not due to an increase in endothelial protein permeability of the isolated perfused rat lung.

Measurement of albumin permeability across endothelial monolayers in vitro.

We have developed an experimental system to measure the permeability of the cultured endothelial monolayer. The luminal-to-abluminal flux of 125I-albumin across cultured pulmonary endothelium was expressed as a clearance rate equal to the permeability-surface area product. After clearance rate measurement for a 30-min base-line period, a test agent was added to the luminal side, and the clearance rate was remeasured during a 30-min experimental period. In control studies the base-line clearance rate was 0.343 +/- 0.017 microliter/min. After correction for the diffusional resistances of the filter and unstirred layers, the calculated permeability of the endothelial monolayer was 1.2 X 10(-5) cm/s. When culture medium was the test agent, the experimental clearance rate was unchanged from the base-line value. After addition of 4 mM oleic acid to the luminal chamber, the clearance rate was 0.528 +/- 0.017 microliter/min compared with a base-line value of 0.330 +/- 0.008 microliter/min (P less than 0.005). This method allows the calculation of endothelial permeability with correction for unstirred layers and the use of each monolayer as its own control.

Oxidant-increased endothelial permeability: prevention with phosphodiesterase inhibition vs. cAMP production.

The present objective was to determine whether hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) increases transvascular albumin clearance and lung weight in an isolated rat lung and whether posttreatment with cAMP-enhancing agents can prevent these increases. Transvascular albumin clearance was assessed by (125)I-labeled albumin clearance ((125)I-albumin flux/perfusate concentration of (125)I-albumin) at a given fluid filtration. Nonlinear regression analysis of transvascular albumin clearance vs. fluid filtration yielded values for the permeability-surface area product (PS) and the reflection coefficient (sigma). H(2)O(2) decreased sigma from a control value of 0.93 to 0.38, did not change PS, and increased lung weight. Posttreatment with isoproterenol, a beta(2)-adrenergic-receptor agonist, reduced the H(2)O(2)-induced decrease in sigma to 0.65 and augmented the increase in lung weight. Posttreatment with CP-80633, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, further reduced the H(2)O(2)-induced decrease in sigma to 0.79 and blocked the rise in lung weight. In the presence of isoproterenol or CP-80633, H(2)O(2) increased PS. Therefore, H(2)O(2) increased the convective and diffusive clearances of albumin across an intact pulmonary vasculature. Furthermore, inhibition of cAMP metabolism more effectively attenuated the H(2)O(2)-induced increases in convective albumin clearance and lung weight as compared with stimulation of cAMP production.

Statin drugs and dietary isoprenoids as antithrombotic agents.

Statin drugs and various isoprenoids from plant origins inhibit mevalonic acids, cholesterol, and other isoprenoid products. Among these, reduction of farnesyl and geranylgeranyl prenylated proteins impedes signal transduction at the cellular level. The authors envision that limiting such prenylated proteins downregulates thrombin-stimulated events, including decreasing the expression and availability of protease-activated receptor-1 mitigating thrombin stimulation of cells, tissue factor preventing additional thrombin generation, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 allowing thrombosis. Additional processes may enhance nitric oxide production and induce other processes. Downregulation of thrombin-stimulated events should promote hypothrombotic or quiescent conditions that reduce cardiovascular disease, thus contributing to longevity.

Fibronectin inhibition of platelet thrombus formation in an in vivo porcine model of vascular injury.

Platelets adhere and aggregate in response to exposed subendothelial matrix during vascular injury. The present study examines the effect of plasma fibronectin on platelet deposition at a site of vascular injury in an in vivo porcine model. The internal carotid arteries in anesthetized Yorkshire pigs were bilaterally exposed and the distal half of each vessel stripped of endothelium. Following stripping, one in situ carotid artery preparation was filled with 0.5 mg/ml porcine plasma fibronectin and the other artery filled with vehicle solution, to serve as a control. After five minutes, 6-7 x 10(9) 111Indium-labeled autologous platelets were infused via a femoral vein cannula, and carotid blood flow was re-established for 20 minutes. The vessel segments were excised and deposition of platelets determined. Vascular stripping increased platelet deposition 52-fold, as compared to unstripped vessel segments. Fibronectin pretreatment did not affect platelet deposition in control vessel segments but decreased platelet deposition by 77% in stripped vessel segments. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy indicated that reduced platelet deposition in the fibronectin treated group was due to decreased platelet aggregation rather than decreased adhesion.