The anti-digestibility mechanism of soy protein isolate hydrolysate on natural starches with different crystal types.

The effects of soy protein isolate hydrolysate (SPIH) on the physicochemical properties and digestive characteristics of three starch types (wheat, potato, and pea) were investigated. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations showed that hydrogen bonds were the driving force of the interaction between SPIH and starch. Furthermore, the SPIH was predicted to preferentially bind to the terminal region of starch using molecular dynamics simulations. Compared to pure starch, adding 20 % SPIH to wheat starch, potato starch, and pea starch, the content of resistant starch increased by 39.71 %, 125.66 % and 37.83 %, respectively. Both the radial distribution function (RDF) and low field-nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) showed that SPIH reduced the flow of water molecules in starch, indicating that SPIH competed with starch for water molecules. Multiple characterization experiments and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that the anti-digestibility mechanism of SPIH on natural starches with different crystal types could be attributed to the interaction between starch and SPIH, which decreased the catalytic efficiency of amylase. This study clarified the anti-digestibility mechanism of SPIH on natural starches, which provides new insights into the production of low-glycemic index foods for the diabetic population.

Liquid nitrogen ball-milled mechanochemical modification of starches with typically selected A, B and C crystal types on multiscale structure and physicochemical properties.

This study investigated the effect of liquid nitrogen ball-milled mechanochemical treatment on multiscale structure and physicochemical properties of starches with typically selected A (rice starch, ReS), B (potato starch, PtS) and C (pea starch, PeS) crystal types. The morphology of starch samples changed from integral granules to irregular fragments, and the interaction between the exposure OH bonds led to a serious agglomeration. As the treatment times extended, the crystalline structure of starch samples was gradually destroyed, and the excessive treatment approached amorphization. Moreover, the thermal stability of starch samples showed the downward tendency; and with amorphization increased, the swelling power (SP), solubility (S), water absorption capacity (WAC), oil absorption capacity (OAC) and hydrolysis rate of starch samples gradually increased. The obtained results provided a theoretical foundation for broadening the application range of ball-milled starches with different crystal types.

The structural properties and resistant digestibility of maize starch-glyceride monostearate complexes.

This study investigated the effects of pullulanase debranching on the structural properties and digestibility of maize starch (MS)-glyceryl monostearate (GMS) complexes. According to our results, the apparent amylose content of MS increased from 36.34 % to 95.55 % and complex index reached 93.09 % after 16 h of pullulanase debranching. The crystallinity of prepared MS-GMS complexes increased to 33.24 % with a blend of B-type and V-type crystals. The surface of prepared MS-GMS complexes granules emerged more small lamellar crystals tightly adhering to the surface of granules. The Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that debranching pretreatment MS-GMS complexes exhibited higher levels of short-range orders structure. These results indicated that maize starch was favorable to form more ordered starch-lipid complexes structure after debranching pretreatment, which resulted in the restriction of starch hydrolysis. In vitro digestion data implied that resistant starch (RS) content increased with the extension of the debranching time, and the highest RS content (69.58 %) appeared with 16 h pullulanase debranching. This work suggests that debranching pretreatment could be an efficient way to produce ordered starch-lipid complexes with controllable structure and anti-digestibility.

In vivo evaluation of a novel nanocomposite porous 3D scaffold in a rabbit model: histological analysis.

The healing of load-bearing segmental defects in long bones is a challenge due to the complex nature of the weight that affects the bone part and due to bending, shearing, axial, and torsional forces. An innovative porous 3D scaffolds implant of CaCO3 aragonite nanocomposite derived from cockle shell was advanced for substitute bone solely for load-bearing cases. The biomechanical characteristics of such materials were designed to withstand cortical bone strength. In promoting bone growth to the implant material, an ideal surface permeability was formed by means of freeze drying and by adding copolymers to the materials. The properties of coating and copolymers supplement were also assessed for bone-implant connection resolutions. To examine the properties of the material in advanced biological system, an experimental trial in an animal model was carried out. Critical sized defect of bone was created in rabbit's radial bone to assess the material for a load-bearing application with a short and extended period assessment with histological evaluation of the incorporated implanted material to the bone of the host. Trials in animal models proved that the material has the capability of enduring load-bearing conditions for long-term use devoid of breaking or generating stress that affects the host bone. Histological examination further confirmed the improved integration of the implanted materials to the host bone with profound bone development into and also above the implanted scaffold, which was attained with negligible reaction of the tissues to a foreign implanted material.