The Evaluation of a Lateral Flow Strip Based on the Covalently Fixed "End-On" Orientation of an Antibody for Listeria monocytogenes Detection.

In this study, the covalently fixed "end-on" orientation of a monoclonal Listeria monocytogenes antibody (mAb-Lis) to amino terminated oligo (ethylene glycol)-capped gold nanoparticles (NH2-TEG-AuNPs) was used to fabricate an in-house lateral flow strip (LFS), namely, the fixed "end-on" Lis-mAb-NH-TEG-AuNPs LFS. The aim was to evaluate the performance of the fixed "end-on" Lis-mAb-NH-TEG-AuNPs LFS in detecting L. monocytogenes. The proposed LFS enabled the sensitive detection of L. monocytogenes in 15 min with a visual limit of detection of 102 CFU/mL. Quantitative analysis indicated an LOD at 10 CFU/mL. The fixed "end-on" Lis-mAb-NH-TEG-AuNPs LFS showed no cross-reactivity with other pathogenic bacteria and practical performance across different food matrices, including human blood, milk, and mushroom samples. Furthermore, the clinical performance of the fixed "end-on" Lis-mAb-NH-TEG-AuNPs LFS for detecting L. monocytogenes was evaluated by using 12 clinical samples validated by the hemoculture method. It demonstrated excellent concordance with the reference methods, with no false-positive or false-negative results observed. Therefore, the fixed "end-on" Lis-mAb-NH-TEG-AuNPs LFS serves as a promising candidate for a point-of-care test (POCT), enabling the rapid, precise, and highly sensitive detection of L. monocytogenes in clinical samples and contaminated food.

Insight into the Covalently Oriented Immobilization of Antibodies on Gold Nanoparticle Probes to Improve Sensitivity in the Colorimetric Detection of Listeria monocytogenes.

In this work, the covalently oriented conjugation of monoclonal Listeria monocytogenes antibody (mAb-Lis) to amino-terminated oligo(ethylene glycol)-capped gold nanoparticles (NH2-TEG-AuNPs) was studied. After NH2-TEG-AuNPs were synthesized, the amino-terminated ligands on the particles were then linked to the carboxyl groups in the mAb-Lis through EDC/NHS chemistry. By maintaining the pH of the solution at ∼5, the Fc region of the antibody could preferably attach to the particle surface, providing a specific Fab region that was available for binding with the target pathogen. The resulting mAb-NH-TEG-AuNPs could act as a colorimetric probe for L. monocytogenes based on a particular antigen-antibody interaction, which resulted in a drastic aggregation of particles. This caused the color of the colloidal solution to transition from red-pink to purple or even gray depending on the pathogen concentration. To perform quantitative analysis, the absorbance ratio of A650/A534 was monitored as a function of L. monocytogenes concentration using a spectrophotometer. The detection limit was very low at 11 CFU/mL. Furthermore, a lateral flow strip (LFS) was fabricated as a portable device for onsite utilization. LFS detection could be completed by the naked eye and by a smartphone. The detection limit of LFS was estimated to be 103 CFU/mL. Our methods exhibited a substantial improvement in sensitivity compared to that of previous studies on immuno-based nanoparticles. The assay could be completed in 15 min, and no cross reactivity by any pathogen was found. Hence, the designed AuNPs exhibit great promise for use in monitoring L. monocytogenes for food safety and in other applications.

Influence of Gold Nanoparticles with Different Surface Charges on Localization and Monocyte Behavior.

The use of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) has been established in nanocarriers, diagnostics, and biosensors. Access to the targeted sites of these nanomaterials could directly involve the first line of defense, the innate immune system. Charges of nanomaterials play a critical role in a number of aspects such as stabilization, cellular uptake, modulation, and function of cells. Interactions and modulations of the charged nanomaterials against the innate immune system may occur even at very low concentration. To understand the effects of charges on monocyte behavior, in this study, the positively and negatively charged AuNP (AuNP+ve and AuNP-ve) of the similar size and shape on cytotoxicity, recognition, cellular behavior, and function were evaluated in vitro using U937 human monocyte cells as an innate immunity model. Both types of AuNP at various concentrations (0-5 nM) exhibited low toxicity. In addition, the cellular internalization of the AuNP+ve and AuNP-ve, as determined by TEM, occurred by different mechanisms, and the internalization had no effect on cellular destruction, as implied by the low levels of %LDH. Interestingly, the AuNP+ve recognition and internalization seemingly entered cells through receptor dependence and strongly affected cellular response to express both pro-inflammatory (IL-1ß) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-ß) cytokines, while the AuNP-ve stimulated TNF-α expression. Nevertheless, the AuNP-treated cells maintained normal function when exposed to planktonic bacteria. Thus, these results indicated that one part of the immune system interacted with different surface-charged AuNP, suggesting appropiate immunomodulation in biomedicine.

Development in competitive immunoassay of a point-of-care testing for cotinine (COT) detection in urine.

We present a sensitive and selective lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for cotinine (COT), the primary metabolite of nicotine. COT is widely recognized as a superior biomarker to evaluate tobacco smoke exposure. The LFIA uses a competitive assay format where the COT-BSA capture competes with the target COT in urine samples for binding to the monoclonal antibody against COT (mAb-COT) conjugated with gold nanoparticles (mAb-COT-AuNPs). To improve the sensitivity and selectivity of the LFIA-COT, we focused on optimizing the diameter of AuNPs, the conjugation of mAb-COT, and the concentration of the COT-BSA capture. Our findings reveal that the utilization of 40 nm AuNPs in conjugation with a concentration of 4 mg mL-1 of mAb-COT demonstrated significantly greater efficacy compared to LFAs utilizing 20 nm AuNPs. Under the optimal conditions, the LFIA-COT demonstrated sensitive detection of COT at a level of 150 ng mL-1 within 15 min, as observed by the naked eye. It possesses a linear range of 25 to 200 ng mL-1 of COT, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 11.94 ng mL-1 in human urine samples when the color intensity is analyzed using ImageJ software. Our LFIA described here is simple and requires less time for COT detection. It can be used for the rapid and quantitative detection of COT in urine samples in clinical settings.

A Highly Sensitive Lateral-Flow Strip Using Latex Microspheres to Detect NGAL in Urine Samples.

The incidence of kidney disease is increasing worldwide. Rapid and cost-effective approaches for early detection help prevent this disease. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin protein (NGAL) is a novel biomarker for acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to develop a lateral flow strip (LFS) based on a lateral flow immunoassay method (LFIA), using latex microspheres (LMs) as a color labeling to detect NGAL in urine. The performance and potential of the developed LMs-LFS at a point-of-care (POC) testing were evaluated. The results showed that LMs-LFS successfully detected urinary NGAL within 15 min with high specificity without cross-reactivity to or interference from other endogenous substances in urine. The visual limit of detection (vLOD) was 18.75 ng/mL, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 1.65 ng/mL under the optimum condition. The LMs-LFS developed in this study showed a high correlation with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method (R 2 = 0.973, n = 60 urine specimens) for detecting NGAL in urine. The LMs-LFS remained stable for at least six months at room temperature. The LMs-LFS can be a rapid, sensitive, and specific tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of renal disorders at the POC.

Dual-Responsive Carbon Quantum Dots for the Simultaneous Detection of Cytosine and 5-Methylcytosine Interpreted by a Machine Learning-Assisted Smartphone.

DNA methylation is an epigenetic alteration that results in 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) through the addition of a methyl group to the fifth carbon of a cytosine (C) residue. The methylation level, the ratio of 5-mC to C, in urine might be related to the whole-body epigenetic status and the occurrence of common cancers. To date, never before have any nanomaterials been developed to simultaneously determine C and 5-mC in urine samples. Herein, a dual-responsive fluorescent sensor for the urinary detection of C and 5-mC has been developed. This assay relied on changes in the optical properties of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (CQDs) prepared by microwave-assisted pyrolysis. In the presence of C, the blue-shifted fluorescence intensity of the CQDs increased. However, fluorescence quenching was observed upon the addition of 5-mC. This was primarily due to photoinduced electron transfer as confirmed by the density functional theory calculation. In urine samples, our sensitive fluorescent sensor had detection limits for C and 5-mC of 43.4 and 74.4 µM, respectively, and achieved satisfactory recoveries ranging from 103.5 to 115.8%. The simultaneous detection of C and 5-mC leads to effective methylation level detection, achieving recoveries in the range of 104.6-109.5%. Besides, a machine learning-enabled smartphone was also developed, which can be effectively applied to the determination of methylation levels (0-100%). These results demonstrate a simple but very effective approach for detecting the methylation level in urine, which could have significant implications for predicting the clinical prognosis.

Rapid detection of cancer DNA in human blood using cysteamine-capped AuNPs and a machine learning-enabled smartphone.

DNA methylation occurs when a methyl group is added to a cytosine (C) residue's fifth carbon atom, forming 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Cancer genomes have a distinct methylation landscape (Methylscape), which could be used as a universal cancer biomarker. This study developed a simple, low-cost, and straightforward Methylscape sensing platform using cysteamine-decorated gold nanoparticles (Cyst/AuNPs), in which the sensing principle is based on methylation-dependent DNA solvation. Normal and cancer DNAs have distinct methylation profiles; thus, they can be distinguished by observing the dispersion of Cyst/AuNPs adsorbed on these DNA aggregates in MgCl2 solution. After optimising the MgCl2, Cyst/AuNPs, DNA concentration, and incubation time, the optimised conditions were used for leukemia screening, by comparing the relative absorbance (ΔA 650/525). Following the DNA extraction from actual blood samples, this sensor demonstrated effective leukemia screening in 15 minutes with high sensitivity, achieving 95.3% accuracy based on the measurement by an optical spectrophotometer. To further develop for practical realisation, a smartphone assisted by machine learning was used to screen cancer patients, achieving 90.0% accuracy in leukemia screening. This sensing platform can be applied not only for leukemia screening but also for other cancers associated with epigenetic modification.

Rapid Identification of Biofilms Using a Robust Multichannel Polymer Sensor Array.

Infections caused by bacterial biofilms are challenging to diagnose because of the complexity of both the bacteria and the heterogeneous biofilm matrix. We report here a robust polymer-based sensor array that uses selective interactions between polymer sensor elements and the biofilm matrix to identify bacteria species. In this array, an appropriate choice of fluorophore enabled excimer formation and interpolymer FRET, generating six output channels from three polymers. Selective multivalent interactions of these polymers with the biofilm matrices caused differential changes in fluorescent patterns, providing a species-based signature of the biofilm. The real-world potential of the platform was further validated through identification of mixed-species bacterial biofilms and discrimination of biofilms in a mammalian cell-biofilm co-culture wound model.