ABSTRACT
Change history: In this Letter, author Ana Puhl was inadvertently omitted; this error has been corrected online.An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
ABSTRACT
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum that propagates innate immune sensing of cytosolic pathogen-derived and self DNA1. The development of compounds that modulate STING has recently been the focus of intense research for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases and as vaccine adjuvants2. To our knowledge, current efforts are focused on the development of modified cyclic dinucleotides that mimic the endogenous STING ligand cGAMP; these have progressed into clinical trials in patients with solid accessible tumours amenable to intratumoral delivery3. Here we report the discovery of a small molecule STING agonist that is not a cyclic dinucleotide and is systemically efficacious for treating tumours in mice. We developed a linking strategy to synergize the effect of two symmetry-related amidobenzimidazole (ABZI)-based compounds to create linked ABZIs (diABZIs) with enhanced binding to STING and cellular function. Intravenous administration of a diABZI STING agonist to immunocompetent mice with established syngeneic colon tumours elicited strong anti-tumour activity, with complete and lasting regression of tumours. Our findings represent a milestone in the rapidly growing field of immune-modifying cancer therapies.
Subject(s)
Benzimidazoles/chemistry , Benzimidazoles/pharmacology , Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Colonic Neoplasms/immunology , Drug Design , Membrane Proteins/agonists , Animals , Benzimidazoles/administration & dosage , Benzimidazoles/therapeutic use , Humans , Ligands , Membrane Proteins/immunology , Mice , Models, Molecular , Nucleotides, Cyclic/metabolismABSTRACT
Protein arginine methyltransferase-5 (PRMT5) is reported to have a role in diverse cellular processes, including tumorigenesis, and its overexpression is observed in cell lines and primary patient samples derived from lymphomas, particularly mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Here we describe the identification and characterization of a potent and selective inhibitor of PRMT5 with antiproliferative effects in both in vitro and in vivo models of MCL. EPZ015666 (GSK3235025) is an orally available inhibitor of PRMT5 enzymatic activity in biochemical assays with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 22 nM and broad selectivity against a panel of other histone methyltransferases. Treatment of MCL cell lines with EPZ015666 led to inhibition of SmD3 methylation and cell death, with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Oral dosing with EPZ015666 demonstrated dose-dependent antitumor activity in multiple MCL xenograft models. EPZ015666 represents a validated chemical probe for further study of PRMT5 biology and arginine methylation in cancer and other diseases.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Isoquinolines/pharmacology , Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/pathology , Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Cell Death/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Isoquinolines/chemistry , Isoquinolines/therapeutic use , Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/drug therapy , Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/enzymology , Male , Methylation , Mice, Inbred Strains , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Protein Binding , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Pyrimidines/therapeutic use , Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays , snRNP Core Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
Aurora kinases are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that play essential roles in mitosis and cytokinesis. AurB (Aurora B kinase) has shown a clear link to cancer and is being pursued as an attractive cancer target. Multiple small molecules targeting AurB have entered the clinic for the treatment of cancer. A protein cofactor, INCENP (inner centromere protein), regulates the cellular localization and activation of AurB. In the present study, we examined the effect of INCENP on the activation kinetics of AurB and also elucidated the kinetic mechanism of AurB-catalysed substrate phosphorylation. We have concluded that: (i) substoichoimetric concentrations of INCENP are sufficient for AurB autophosphorylation at the activation loop residue Thr(232), and hence INCENP plays a catalytic role in AurB autophosphorylation; (ii) AurB/INCENP-catalysed phosphorylation of a peptide substrate proceeds through a rapid equilibrium random Bi Bi kinetic mechanism; and (iii) INCENP has relatively minor effects on the specific activity of AurB using a peptide substrate when compared with its role in AurB autoactivation. These results indicate that the effects of INCENP, and probably accessory proteins in general, may differ when enzymes are acting on different downstream targets.
Subject(s)
Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Animals , Aurora Kinase B , Aurora Kinases , Catalysis , Cell Line , Enzyme Activation , Humans , Kinetics , Mitosis , Phosphorylation , Protein BindingABSTRACT
VX-680, also known as MK-0457, is an ATP-competitive small molecule inhibitor of the Aurora kinases that has entered phase II clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. We have solved the cocrystal structure of AurA/TPX2/VX-680 at 2.3 A resolution. In the crystal structure, VX-680 binds to the active conformation of AurA. The glycine-rich loop in AurA adopts a unique bent conformation, forming a pi-pi interaction with the phenyl group of VX-680. In contrast, in the published AurA/VX-680 structure, VX-680 binds to AurA in the inactive conformation, interacting with a hydrophobic pocket only present in the inactive conformation. These data suggest that TPX2, a protein cofactor, can alter the binding mode of VX-680 with AurA. More generally, the presence of physiologically relevant cofactor proteins can alter the kinetics, binding interactions, and inhibition of enzymes, and studies with these multiprotein complexes may be beneficial to the discovery and optimization of enzyme inhibitors as therapeutic agents.
Subject(s)
Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry , Microtubule-Associated Proteins/chemistry , Nuclear Proteins/chemistry , Piperazines/chemistry , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Aurora Kinases , Catalytic Domain , Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism , Crystallography , Crystallography, X-Ray , Humans , Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism , Nuclear Proteins/metabolism , Piperazines/metabolism , Protein Binding , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
The Aurora kinases are a family of serine/threonine kinases involved in mitosis. The expression of AurA is ubiquitous and cell cycle regulated. It is overexpressed in many tumor types, including breast, colon, and ovarian. TPX2 is a binding partner and activator of AurA. A fragment of TPX2 (residues 1-43) has been shown to be sufficient for binding, kinase activation, and protection from dephosphorylation. We have shown that the addition of TPX2(1-43) increases the catalytic efficiency of AurA. While TPX2 binding has no effect on the turnover number of AurA and does not change the reaction mechanism (characterized here to be a rapid equilibrium random mechanism), it increases the binding affinity of both ATP and a peptide substrate. We have also demonstrated differences in the inhibitor structure-activity relationship (SAR) in the presence or absence of TPX2(1-43). To better understand the differential SAR, we carried out computer modeling studies to gain insight into the effect of TPX2 on the binding interactions between AurA and inhibitors. Our working hypothesis is that TPX2 binding decreases the size and accessibility of a hydrophobic pocket, adjacent to the ATP site, to inhibitors.