Chronic Glaucoma Induced in Rats by a Single Injection of Fibronectin-Loaded PLGA Microspheres: IOP-Dependent and IOP-Independent Neurodegeneration.

To evaluate a new animal model of chronic glaucoma induced using a single injection of fibronectin-loaded biodegradable PLGA microspheres (Ms) to test prolonged therapies. 30 rats received a single injection of fibronectin-PLGA-Ms suspension (MsF) in the right eye, 10 received non-loaded PLGA-Ms suspension (Control), and 17 were non-injected (Healthy). Follow-up was performed (24 weeks), evaluating intraocular pressure (IOP), optical coherence tomography (OCT), histology and electroretinography. The right eyes underwent a progressive increase in IOP, but only induced cohorts reached hypertensive values. The three cohorts presented a progressive decrease in ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness, corroborating physiological age-related loss of ganglion cells. Injected cohorts (MsF > Control) presented greater final GCL thickness. Histological exams explain this paradox: the MsF cohort showed lower ganglion cell counts but higher astrogliosis and immune response. A sequential trend of functional damage was recorded using scotopic electroretinography (MsF > Control > Healthy). It seems to be a function-structure correlation: in significant astrogliosis, early functional damage can be detected by electroretinography, and structural damage can be detected by histological exams but not by OCT. Males presented higher IOP and retinal and GCL thicknesses and lower electroretinography. A minimally invasive chronic glaucoma model was induced by a single injection of biodegradable Ms.

Ocular related emergencies in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic, a multicenter study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate ophthalmological emergencies (OE) during the COVID-19 pandemic comparing them with the same period of the previous year. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of all OE visits in four tertiary hospitals in Spain comparing data from March 16th to April 30th, 2020 (COVID-19 period) and the same period of 2019 (pre-COVID-19 period). Severity of the conditions was assessed following Channa et al. publication. Data on demographics, diagnosis and treatments were collected from Electronic Medical Records. RESULTS: During lockdown, OE significantly declined by 75.18%, from 7,730 registered in the pre-COVID-19 period to 1,928 attended during the COVID-19 period (p < 0.001). In 2019, 23.86% of visits were classified as emergent, 59.50% as non-emergent, and 16.65% could not be determined. In 2020, the percentage of emergent visits increased up to 29.77%, non-emergent visits significantly decreased to 52.92% (p < 0.001), and 17.31% of the visits were classified as "could not determine". During the pandemic, people aged between 45 and 65 years old represented the largest attending group (37.89%), compared to 2019, where patients over 65 years were the majority (39.80%). In 2019, most frequent diagnosis was unspecified acute conjunctivitis (11.59%), followed by vitreous degeneration (6.47%), and punctate keratitis (5.86%). During the COVID-19 period, vitreous degeneration was the first cause for consultation (9.28%), followed by unspecified acute conjunctivitis (5.63%) and punctate keratitis (5.85%). CONCLUSIONS: OE visits dropped significantly during the pandemic in Spain (75.18%), although more than half were classified as non-urgent conditions, indicating a lack of understanding of the really emergent ocular pathologies among population.

Diagnostic capability of a linear discriminant function applied to a novel Spectralis OCT glaucoma-detection protocol.

BACKGROUND: Bruch membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) assessment offers a new diagnostic use in glaucoma patients of the Glaucoma Module Premium Edition (GMPE) available for the Spectralis optical coherence tomography (OCT) system. The objective of our research was to evaluate the diagnostic benefits of examining BMO-MRW and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) readings acquired with Spectralis OCT to distinguish between healthy and mild glaucoma patients, comparing those readings with the standard pRNFL application. Moreover, we investigated whether using a particular combination of BMO-MRW and pRNFL parameters with a linear discriminant function (LDF) could further enhance glaucoma diagnosis. METHODS: One hundred thirty-six eyes from 136 individuals were incorporated into this observational, prospective cross-sectional study: 68 mild primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients according to the Hodapp-Parrish-Anderson criteria (mean deviation between 0 and - 6 dB) and 68 healthy control subjects selected by Propensity Score Matching. MRW and pRNFL thickness around the disc (diameters: 3.5 mm, 4.1 mm, and 4.7 mm) were obtained using the BMO-MRW protocol, and pRNFL thickness at 3.5 mm was obtained with the standard glaucoma application. The group data were contrasted. One sample was chosen at random to develop the LDF (teaching set: 34 healthy subjects and 34 POAG patients) using a combination of MRW and pRNFL parameters (acquired with the BMO-MRW protocol); the other sample provided a test of how the LDF performed on an independent group (validating set: 34 healthy subjects and 34 POAG patients). The receiver operating curves (ROCs) were plotted for every measurement and contrasted with the proposed LDF. The OCT parameters with the best area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were determined. RESULTS: Global MRW and pRNFL thicknesses were significantly thinner in the POAG group (p <  0.001). The BMO-MRW parameters showed good diagnostic accuracy; the largest AUCs reached 0.875 for the LDF and 0.879 for global RNFL thickness using the standard glaucoma application. There were no statistical differences between the AUCs calculated. CONCLUSIONS: BMO-MRW parameters show a strong capability to differentiate between mild glaucoma and control eyes. Our LDF based on the new BMO-MRW OCT protocol did not perform better than isolated parameters.

VISUAL FUNCTION AND RETINAL CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER.

PURPOSE: To evaluate visual and retinal changes in patients with bipolar disorder. To analyze the correlation between structural changes and visual function parameters. METHODS: Thirty patients with bipolar disorder and 80 healthy controls underwent visual function evaluation with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study charts at 100%, 2.50%, and 1.25% contrast, Pelli-Robson chart, and color vision Farnsworth and Lanthony tests. Analysis of the different retinal layers was performed using Spectralis optical coherence tomography with automated segmentation software. Correlation analysis between structural and functional parameters was conducted. RESULTS: Patients with bipolar disorder presented worse color vision compared with controls (Lanthony's index, P = 0.002). Full macular thickness, the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer were reduced in patients compared with healthy individuals (P < 0.005). The inner nuclear layer was significantly thickened in patients (P < 0.005). Peripapillary RNFL thickness was reduced in all temporal sectors (P < 0.005). Significant correlations were found between visual acuity and the RNFL thickness, the Pelli-Robson score and the inner plexiform layer, and between the Lanthony's color index and the ganglion cell layer thickness. CONCLUSION: Patients with bipolar disorder present quantifiable thinning of the macular RNFL, ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer, as well as in the peripapillary RNFL thickness, and increasing thinning in the inner nuclear layer.

Visual cognitive impairments in children at risk of prenatal alcohol exposure.

AIM: To evaluate the relationship between visoperception and anthropometric features related to prenatal alcohol exposure. METHODS: We compared two cohorts of infants aged between 5 and 18 years. Seventy-nine children, adopted from Eastern Europe, were included in the study group. The control group was formed by age and gender matched children born in Spain. All children underwent a full ophthalmologic assessment and standardised testing of visual cognitive skills. RESULTS: Adoptees presented worse visual motor and visual perceptual outcomes in all skills compared with control subjects, with statistically significant difference in test of visual perceptual skills (TVPS) global centile (50.3 vs 66.8; P = 0.001), spatial relationships (64.6 vs 81.9; P = 0.004) and visual figure-ground (52.1 vs 74.1; P = 0.002) tasks. Face recognition was as well significantly worse in adopted children (42.4 vs 57.1; P = 0.009). Twenty-one adopted children (26.6%) had sentinel finding for foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Main facial features related to FASD correlated with visual cognitive outcomes. Of the adopted children, those diagnosed of FASD showed incrementally worse visual perceptual and visual motor outcomes (TVPS global centile = 36.86, P = 0.001; TVAS = 10.38, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Children adopted from eastern Europe are at increased risk of visual perceptual disabilities, especially those with sentinel findings of foetal alcohol syndrome disorders.

Retinal and Optic Nerve Degeneration in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Followed up for 5 Years.

PURPOSE: To quantify retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) changes in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy controls with a 5-year follow-up and to analyze correlations between disability progression and RNFL degeneration. DESIGN: Observational and longitudinal study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 50 healthy controls. METHODS: All participants underwent a complete ophthalmic and electrophysiologic exploration and were re-evaluated annually for 5 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual acuity (Snellen chart), color vision (Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates), visual field examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), scanning laser polarimetry (SLP), and visual evoked potentials. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, disease duration, treatments, prior optic neuritis episodes, and quality of life (QOL; based on the 54-item Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Scale score). RESULTS: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed changes in all RNFL thicknesses in both groups. In the MS group, changes were detected in average thickness and in the mean deviation using the GDx-VCC nerve fiber analyzer (Laser Diagnostic Technologies, San Diego, CA) and in the P100 latency of visual evoked potentials; no changes were detected in visual acuity, color vision, or visual fields. Optical coherence tomography showed greater differences in the inferior and temporal RNFL thicknesses in both groups. In MS patients only, OCT revealed a moderate correlation between the increase in EDSS and temporal and superior RNFL thinning. Temporal RNFL thinning based on OCT results was correlated moderately with decreased QOL. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple sclerosis patients exhibit a progressive axonal loss in the optic nerve fiber layer. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning based on OCT results is a useful marker for assessing MS progression and correlates with increased disability and reduced QOL.

Retinal layer segmentation in patients with multiple sclerosis using spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the thickness of the 10 retinal layers in the paramacular area of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with healthy subjects using the new segmentation technology of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). To examine which layer has better sensitivity for detecting neurodegeneration in patients with MS. DESIGN: Observational, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with MS (n = 204) and age-matched healthy subjects (n = 138). METHODS: The Spectralis OCT system (Heidelberg Engineering, Inc., Heidelberg, Germany) was used to obtain automated segmentation of all retinal layers in a parafoveal scan in 1 randomly selected eye of each participant, using the new segmentation application prototype. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The thicknesses of 512 parafoveal points in the 10 retinal layers were obtained in each eye, and the mean thickness of each layer was calculated and compared between patients with MS and healthy subjects. The analysis was repeated, comparing patients with MS with and without previous optic neuritis. Correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the association between each retinal layer mean thickness, duration of disease, and functional disability in patients with MS. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which layer provided better sensitivity for detecting neurodegeneration in patients with MS. RESULTS: All retinal layers, except the inner limiting membrane, were thinner in patients with MS compared with healthy subjects (P < 0.05). Greater effects were observed in the inner retinal layers (nerve fiber, ganglion cells, inner plexiform, and inner nuclear layers) of eyes with previous optic neuritis (P < 0.05). The retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer thicknesses were inversely correlated with the functional disability score in patients with MS. The ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer thicknesses could predict axonal damage in patients with MS. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis based on the segmentation technology of the Spectralis OCT revealed retinal layer atrophy in patients with MS, especially of the inner layers. Reduction of the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers predicted greater axonal damage in patients with MS.

Retina measurements for diagnosis of Parkinson disease.

PURPOSE: To test the diagnostic ability of spectral domain optical coherence tomography for the detection of Parkinson disease using retinal nerve fiber layer and retinal thickness parameters. Retinal pigment epithelium produces levodopa. METHODS: Patients with Parkinson disease (n = 111) and healthy subjects (n = 200) were enrolled. The Spectralis optical coherence tomography was used to obtain retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and retinal measurements. Two linear discriminant functions (LDFs) were developed, one using retinal nerve fiber layer parameters and another using retinal thickness. A validating set was used to test the performance of both LDFs. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted and compared with the standard parameters provided by optical coherence tomography for both LDFs. Sensitivity and specificity were used to evaluate diagnostic performance. RESULTS: The Retinal LDF combines only retinal thickness parameters and provided the best performance: 31.173 + 0.026 × temporal outer - 0.267 × superior outer + 0.159 × nasal outer - 0.197 × inferior outer - 0.060 × superior inner + 0.049 × foveal thickness. The largest areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.902 for Retinal LDF. The Retinal LDF yielded the highest sensitivity values. CONCLUSION: Measurements of retinal thickness differentiate between subjects who are healthy and those with advanced Parkinson disease.

Structure-Function Relationship between Frequency-Doubling Technology Perimetry and Optical Coherence Tomography in Glaucoma.

Purpose: To assess the relationship between the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness and the frequency-doubling technology perimetry (FDT) outcome. Methods: Sixty-two healthy individuals and 72 glaucoma patients were prospectively selected. All participants underwent a reliable FDT and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Pearson correlations were calculated between the unlogged threshold values of FDT and RNFL thicknesses measured by OCT. Results: Mild to moderate correlations were found between a few points from FDT and RNFL thicknesses in the vertical axis. The nasal superior area of FDT and the RNFL thickness at the 7-o'clock position had the strongest correlation (0.434, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The poor agreement between FDT and OCT parameters suggests that both instruments assess different characteristics of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. The map obtained validates previously reported clinical findings and contributes to a better understanding of the structure-function relationship in glaucoma. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Corrigendum to "Laponite for biomedical applications: An ophthalmological perspective" [Mater. Today Bio 24 (2024) 100935].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100935.].

Immune Analysis Using Vitreous Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging in Rats with Steroid-Induced Glaucoma.

Glaucoma is a multifactorial pathology involving the immune system. The subclinical immune response plays a homeostatic role in healthy situations, but in pathological situations, it produces imbalances. Optical coherence tomography detects immune cells in the vitreous as hyperreflective opacities and these are subsequently characterised by computational analysis. This study monitors the changes in immunity in the vitreous in two steroid-induced glaucoma (SIG) animal models created with drug delivery systems (microspheres loaded with dexamethasone and dexamethasone/fibronectin), comparing both sexes and healthy controls over six months. SIG eyes tended to present greater intensity and a higher number of vitreous opacities (p < 0.05), with dynamic fluctuations in the percentage of isolated cells (10 µm2), non-activated cells (10-50 µm2), activated cells (50-250 µm2) and cell complexes (>250 µm2). Both SIG models presented an anti-inflammatory profile, with non-activated cells being the largest population in this study. However, smaller opacities (isolated cells) seemed to be the first responder to noxa since they were the most rounded (recruitment), coinciding with peak intraocular pressure increase, and showed the highest mean Intensity (intracellular machinery), even in the contralateral eye, and a major change in orientation (motility). Studying the features of hyperreflective opacities in the vitreous using OCT could be a useful biomarker of glaucoma.

Predictive value of confocal scanning laser for the onset of visual field loss in glaucoma suspects.

PURPOSE: To perform a longitudinal multivariate analysis of the ability of Moorfields Regression Analysis (MRA) to predict the onset of glaucoma in a population of patients with suspected glaucoma due to appearance of the optic nerve head. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal evaluation of a diagnostic test. PARTICIPANTS: Single, randomly selected eye of prospectively recruited patients with suspected glaucoma based on the optic nerve head appearance on stereophotographs and normal baseline visual field results. METHODS: The MRA was evaluated at baseline (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph; Heidelberg Engineering, Dossenheim, Germany), and visual field tests were repeated every 6 months. A longitudinal multivariate proportional hazard ratio (HR) analysis was performed, and likelihood ratios and positive and negative predictive values were compared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Onset of visual field losses. RESULTS: The study included 230 eyes that were followed up during a mean period of 62±14 months, ranging from 4 to 7 years. The predicted HR (for onset of visual field losses) of the MRA temporal-inferior sector outside normal limits was 3.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.32-5.75; P < 0.0001). An MRA temporal-superior sector outside normal limits had an HR of 3.43 (95% CI, 2.21-5.32; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The temporal-inferior and temporal-superior positions of the MRA are highly predictive for the onset of visual field loss in glaucoma suspects.

Ability and reproducibility of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography to detect retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy in Parkinson's disease.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the ability of 3 protocols of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) to detect retinal thinning and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) atrophy in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) compared with healthy subjects. To test the intrasession reproducibility of RNFL thickness measurements in patients with PD and healthy subjects using the Cirrus (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA) and Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering, Inc., Heidelberg, Germany) OCT devices. DESIGN: Observational, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with PD (n = 75) and age-matched healthy subjects (n = 75) were enrolled. METHODS: All subjects underwent three 360-degree circular scans centered on the optic disc by the same experienced examiner using the Cirrus OCT instrument, the classic glaucoma application, and the new Nsite Axonal Analytics of the Spectralis OCT instrument. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences between the eyes of healthy subjects and the eyes of patients with PD were compared using the 3 protocols. The relationship between measurements provided by each OCT protocol was evaluated. Repeatability was studied by intraclass correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation. RESULTS: Retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy was detected in eyes of patients with PD (P = 0.025, P=0.042, and P < 0.001) with the 3 protocols used, but the Nsite Axonal Analytics of the Spectralis OCT device was the most sensitive for detecting subclinical defects. In eyes of patients with PD, RNFL thickness measurements determined by the OCT devices were correlated, but they were significantly different between the Cirrus and Spectralis devices (P = 0.038). Reproducibility was good with all 3 protocols but better using the Glaucoma application of the Spectralis OCT device. CONCLUSIONS: Fourier-domain OCT can be considered a valid and reproducible device for detecting subclinical RNFL atrophy in patients with PD, especially the Nsite Axonal Analytics of the Spectralis device. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements differed significantly between the Cirrus and Spectralis devices despite a high correlation of the measurements between the 2 instruments.

Diagnostic ability of a linear discriminant function for spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in patients with multiple sclerosis.

PURPOSE: To calculate and validate a linear discriminant function (LDF) for spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) to improve the diagnostic ability of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness parameters for the detection of multiple sclerosis (MS). DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with multiple sclerosis (n = 115) and age-matched healthy subjects (n = 115) were enrolled in the study. METHODS: The Spectralis OCT system (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) was used to obtain the circumpapillary RNFL thickness in both eyes of each participant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A validating set including 60% of the study subjects (69 healthy individuals and 69 patients with MS) was used to test the performance of the LDF in an independent population. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted and compared with the RNFL parameters measured using OCT. Sensitivity and specificity were used to evaluate diagnostic performance. RESULTS: The optimized function was 4.965 - 0.40 × (mean thickness 15-30 degrees) - 0.17 × (mean thickness 300-315 degrees) + 2.743 - 0.032 × (mean thickness 105-120 degrees) - 0.031 × (mean thickness 120-135 degrees) - 0.018 × (mean thickness 225-240 degrees). The largest area under the ROC curve was 0.834 for our LDF in the validating population. At 95% fixed specificity, the LDF yielded the highest sensitivity values. CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of RNFL thickness obtained with Spectralis OCT had good ability to differentiate between healthy individuals and individuals with MS. On the basis of the area under the ROC curve, the LDF performed better than any single parameter.

Toric intraocular lens implantation vs femtosecond laser-assisted arcuate keratotomy for correction of moderate astigmatism in cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: To compare toric intraocular lens (TIOL) implantation and femtosecond laser-assisted arcuate keratotomy (FSAK) during phacoemulsification surgery in correction of moderate astigmatism. SETTING: Clinical research study. DESIGN: Prospective randomized comparison study. METHODS: Patients with age-related cataract and moderate preoperative corneal astigmatism of 1.25 to 3.0 diopters (D) were randomized into a TIOL implantation group and an FSAK group with symmetrical paired corneal arcuate keratotomies. The preoperative evaluation included corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), corneal topography, autokeratometry, and ocular biometry. Postoperative examinations were performed at 1 month and 3 months and included CDVA and uncorrected distance visual acuity, manifest refraction, autokeratometry, and corneal topography. Vector analysis of astigmatic changes was performed using the Alpins vector method. RESULTS: This study comprised 75 eyes from 67 patients. The mean residual refractive astigmatism at 3 months was -0.63 ± 0.55 D in the TIOL group and -0.90 ± 0.53 D in the FSAK group ( P = .037) and was ≤1.00 D in 32 eyes (84%) and 25 eyes (64%), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in difference vector, angle of error, magnitude error, or correction index in the 3-month follow-up. The index of success was 0.32 ± 0.33 D in the TIOL group and 0.48 ± 0.29 D in the FSAK group ( P = .029). CONCLUSIONS: TIOL implantation showed better results in correcting moderate astigmatism. Despite this, FSAK is shown to be a safe technique for reducing astigmatism.

Mimicking chronic glaucoma over 6 months with a single intracameral injection of dexamethasone/fibronectin-loaded PLGA microspheres.

To create a chronic glaucoma animal model by a single intracameral injection of biodegradable poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres (Ms) co-loaded with dexamethasone and fibronectin (MsDexaFibro). MsDexaFibro were prepared by a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion method including dexamethasone in the organic phase and fibronectin in the inner aqueous phase. To create the chronic glaucoma model, an interventionist and longitudinal animal study was performed using forty-five Long Evans rats (4-week-old). Rats received a single intracameral injection of MsDexafibro suspension (10%w/v) in the right eye. Ophthalmological parameters such as clinical signs, intraocular pressure (IOP), neuro-retinal functionality by electroretinography (ERG), retinal structural analysis by optical coherence tomography (OCT), and histology were evaluated up to six months. According to the results obtained, the model proposed was able to induce IOP increasing in both eyes over the study, higher in the injected eyes up to 6 weeks (p < 0.05), while preserving the ocular surface. OCT quantified progressive neuro-retinal degeneration (mainly in the retinal nerve fiber layer) in both eyes but higher in the injected eye. Ganglion cell functionality decreased in injected eyes, thus smaller amplitudes in PhNR were detected by ERG. In conclusion, a new chronic glaucoma animal model was created by a single injection of MsDexaFibro very similar to open-angle glaucoma occurring in humans. This model would impact in different fields such as ophthalmology, allowing long period of study of this pathology; pharmacology, evaluating the neuroprotective activity of active compounds; and pharmaceutical technology, allowing the correct evaluation of the efficacy of long-term sustained ocular drug delivery systems.

Retinal nerve fiber hypertrophy in ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay patients.

PURPOSE: To present full ophthalmologic examination and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) photographs of autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) patients showing significant increases in RNFL thickness compared to healthy subjects, but without myelinated retinal fibers. METHODS: The study design was observational case series. Ten eyes of five patients with molecular confirmation of ARSACS underwent a full ophthalmologic examination that included clinical history, visual acuity, biomicroscopy of the anterior segment, gonioscopy, Goldmann applanation tonometry, central corneal ultrasonic pachymetry, ophthalmoscopy of the posterior segment, standard automatic perimetry (Humphrey field), simultaneous stereophotographs of the optic disc after mydriasis, a series of five red-free digital fundus photographs for RNFL evaluation, topographic analysis of the optic disc using the Heidelberg retina tomography, and measurement of peripapillary RNFL thickness with Cirrus optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: All patients showed abnormal visual fields, normal optic discs with a mild to strikingly increased visibility of RNFL in color stereophotographs, normal Heidelberg tomography, and moderate to markedly increased RNFL thickness in Cirrus tomography (average thickness ranging from 119 µm to 220 µm). CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence of RNFL hypertrophy in ARSACS patients that may have been interpreted as hypermyelinated retinal fibers in previous reports. A revision of ARSACS diagnostic criteria, particularly with regard to retinal alterations, is necessary.

Influence of Sex on Neuroretinal Degeneration: Six-Month Follow-Up in Rats With Chronic Glaucoma.

Purpose: To evaluate differences by sex in the neuroretina of rats with chronic glaucoma over 24 weeks of follow-up, and to assess by sex the influence on neurodegeneration of different methods of inducing ocular hypertension. Methods: Forty-six Long-Evans rats-18 males and 28 females-with induced chronic glaucoma were analyzed. Glaucoma was achieved via 2 models: repeatedly sclerosing the episcleral veins (9 male/14 female) or by injecting poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres measuring 20 to 10 µm (Ms20/10) into the anterior chamber (9 male/14 female). The IOP was measured weekly by tonometer; neuroretinal function was recorded by dark/light-adapted electroretinography at baseline and weeks 12 and 24; and structure was analyzed by optical coherence tomography using the retina posterior pole, retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer protocols at baseline and weeks 8, 12, 18, and 24. Results: Males showed statistically significant (P < 0.05) higher IOP in both chronic glaucoma models, and greater differences were found in the episcleral model at earlier stages. Males with episclerally induced glaucoma showed a statistically higher increase in retinal thickness in optical coherence tomography recordings than females and also when comparing Ms20/10 at 12 weeks. Males showed a higher percentage of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness loss in both models. Ganglion cell layer thickness loss was only detected in the Ms20/10 model. Males exhibited worse dark/light-adapted functionality in chronic glaucoma models, which worsened in the episcleral sclerosis model at 12 weeks, than females. Conclusions: Female rats with chronic glaucoma experienced lower IOP and structural loss and better neuroretinal functionality than males. Sex and the ocular hypertension-inducing method influenced neuroretinal degeneration.

Influence of Chronic Ocular Hypertension on Emmetropia: Refractive, Structural and Functional Study in Two Rat Models.

Chronic ocular hypertension (OHT) influences on refraction in youth and causes glaucoma in adulthood. However, the origin of the responsible mechanism is unclear. This study analyzes the effect of mild-moderate chronic OHT on refraction and neuroretina (structure and function) in young-adult Long-Evans rats using optical coherence tomography and electroretinography over 24 weeks. Data from 260 eyes were retrospectively analyzed in two cohorts: an ocular normotension (ONT) cohort (<20 mmHg) and an OHT cohort (>20 mmHg), in which OHT was induced either by sclerosing the episcleral veins (ES group) or by injecting microspheres into the anterior chamber. A trend toward emmetropia was found in both cohorts over time, though it was more pronounced in the OHT cohort (p < 0.001), especially in the ES group (p = 0.001) and males. IOP and refraction were negatively correlated at week 24 (p = 0.010). The OHT cohort showed early thickening in outer retinal sectors (p < 0.050) and the retinal nerve fiber layer, which later thinned. Electroretinography demonstrated early supranormal amplitudes and faster latencies that later declined. Chronic OHT accelerates emmetropia in Long-Evans rat eyes towards slowly progressive myopia, with an initial increase in structure and function that reversed over time.

Ganglion Cell and Retinal Nerve Fiver Layers Correlated with Time Disease of Bipolar Disorder Using 64 Cell Grid OCT Tool.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five eyes of 25 patients with bipolar disorder and 74 eyes of 74 healthy controls underwent retinal measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness. Measurements were obtained using the Spectralis-OCT device with the new Posterior Pole protocol which assesses the macular area by analyzing retinal thickness in a grid of 64 (8*8) cells. RESULTS: Significant differences (p < 0.05) in RNFL and GCL thickness were found between BD patients and healthy controls, in parafoveal and perifoveal cells respectively. Significant inverse correlations were found between RNFL and GCL thinning at their thickest location and the duration of bipolar disorder. Several predictive variables were observed with a binary logistic regression for the presence/absence of BD: cell 1.3 RNFL (p = 0.028) and GCL in cells 7.8 (p = 0.012), 2.7 (p = 0.043) and 1.3 (p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: Posterior Pole OCT protocol is a useful tool to assess changes in the inner retinal layers in bipolar disorder. These observed changes, especially those affecting the GCL, may be associated with disease evolution and may be predictive of the presence of the disease. OCT data could potentially be a useful tool for clinicians to diagnose and monitor BD patients.