Concomitant oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of trametinib, a MEK inhibitor, in subjects with solid tumours.

AIMS: The aim of this phase 1, single centre, open label study in four patients with solid tumours was to determine the absolute bioavailability of a 2 mg oral dose of trametinib. Trametinib is an orally bioavailable, reversible and selective allosteric inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2 activation and kinase activity. METHODS: A microtracer study approach, in which a 5 µg radiolabelled i.v. microdose of trametinib was given concomitantly with an unlabelled 2 mg oral tablet formulation, was used to recover i.v. and oral pharmacokinetic parameters, simultaneously. RESULTS: The least-squares mean (90% confidence interval) absolute bioavailability of trametinib (2 mg tablet) was 72.3% (50.0%, 104.6%). Median tmax after oral administration was 1.5 h and the geometric mean terminal half-life was 11 days. The geometric mean clearance and volume of distribution after i.v. administration were 3.21 l h(-1) and 976 l, respectively, resulting in a terminal elimination half-life of 11 days. CONCLUSIONS: Trametinib absolute bioavailability was moderate to high, whereas first pass metabolism was low.

Trametinib, a first-in-class oral MEK inhibitor mass balance study with limited enrollment of two male subjects with advanced cancers.

1. This study assessed the mass balance, metabolism and disposition of [(14)C]trametinib, a first-in-class mitogen-activated extracellular signal-related kinase (MEK) inhibitor, as an open-label, single solution dose (2 mg, 2.9 MBq [79 µCi]) in two male subjects with advanced cancer. 2. Trametinib absorption was rapid. Excretion was primarily via feces (∼81% of excreted dose); minor route was urinary (∼19% of excreted dose). The primary metabolic elimination route was deacetylation alone or in combination with hydroxylation. Circulating drug-related component profiles (composed of parent with metabolites) were similar to those found in elimination together with N-glucuronide of deacetylation product. Metabolite analysis was only possible from <50% of administered dose; therefore, percent of excreted dose (defined as fraction of percent of administered dose recovery over total dose recovered in excreta) was used to assess the relative importance of excretion and metabolite routes. The long elimination half-life (∼10 days) favoring sustained targeted activity was important in permitting trametinib to be the first MEK inhibitor with clinical activity in late stage clinical studies. 3. This study exemplifies the challenges and adaptability needed to understand the metabolism and disposition of an anticancer agent, like trametinib, with both low exposure and a long elimination half-life.

Assessment of the pharmacokinetic interaction between eltrombopag and lopinavir-ritonavir in healthy adult subjects.

Eltrombopag is an orally bioavailable thrombopoietin receptor agonist that is approved for the treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. It is being developed for other medical disorders that are associated with thrombocytopenia. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may suffer from thrombocytopenia as a result of their HIV disease or coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV). HIV medications, particularly ritonavir (RTV)-boosted HIV protease inhibitors, are involved in many drug interactions. This study evaluated the potential drug-drug interaction between eltrombopag and lopinavir (LPV)/RTV. Forty healthy adult subjects enrolled in this open-label, three-period, single-sequence crossover study received a single 100-mg dose of eltrombopag (period 1), LPV/RTV at 400/100 mg twice daily (BID) for 14 days (period 2), and LPV/RTV at 400/100 mg BID (2 doses) with a single 100-mg dose of eltrombopag administered with the morning LPV/RTV dose (period 3). There was a 3-day washout between periods 1 and 2 and no washout between periods 2 and 3. Serial pharmacokinetic samples were collected during 72 h in periods 1 and 3 and during 12 h in period 2. The coadministration of 400/100 mg LPV/RTV BID with a single dose of 100 mg eltrombopag decreased the plasma eltrombopag area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero extrapolated to infinity (AUC(0-∞)) by 17%, on average, with no change in plasma LPV/RTV exposure. Adverse events (AEs) reported in period 2 were consistent with known LPV/RTV AEs, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, rash, and fatigue. No subjects withdrew due to AEs, and no serious AEs were reported. These study results suggest that platelet counts should be monitored and the eltrombopag dose adjusted accordingly if LPV/RTV therapy is initiated or discontinued.

Evaluation of the effects of food on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of trametinib, a first-in-class MEK inhibitor, in patients with cancer.

The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of a high-fat, high-calorie meal on the single-dose pharmacokinetics (PK) of trametinib, a MEK inhibitor. The design of this 2 treatment, 2 period crossover, incomplete wash-out study was influenced by the subject population, long half-life and PK variability; 24 subjects were randomized to a single, oral 2 mg trametinib dose administered in a fed/fasted state, followed by 7 days of serial PK sampling. Period 2 PK parameters were adjusted based on residual Period 1 concentrations. Geometric least square mean ratios of fed:fasted were 0.30, 0.76, and 0.90 for corrected maximum concentration (C(max)), area under concentration-time curve from time 0 to last quantifiable sample (AUC(0-last)) and AUC from time 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUC(0-α)), respectively. Median half-life was 6.3 and 5.3 days for fed and fasted regimens, respectively. Uncorrected PK parameters were consistent with these results. Food delayed absorption and had a mean difference in time of maximum concentration (t(max)) of 3.9 hours. Both oral trametinib doses were well-tolerated. Single-dose trametinib administration with food decreased the rate and, to a lesser degree, the extent of absorption, supporting the recommendation to administer trametinib 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal.

A randomized, open-label, 5-period, balanced crossover study to evaluate the relative bioavailability of eltrombopag powder for oral suspension (PfOS) and tablet formulations and the effect of a high-calcium meal on eltrombopag pharmacokinetics when administered with or 2 hours before or after PfOS.

BACKGROUND: Bioavailability of the tablet formulation of eltrombopag, an oral thrombopoietin receptor agonist indicated for the treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenia, is reduced by chelation of polyvalent cations (eg, calcium). A powder for oral suspension (PfOS) formulation has been developed for use in pediatrics. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the bioavailability of eltrombopag PfOS relative to the tablet formulation and the effect of a high-calcium meal on PfOS bioavailability. METHODS: In this single-dose, open-label, randomized-sequence, crossover study, healthy subjects received 25 mg eltrombopag orally as a tablet fasted and as PfOS fasted or with, 2 hours before, or 2 hours after a high-calcium meal. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from plasma concentration-time data collected over 72 hours post-dose. Tolerability was assessed by laboratory tests, physical examinations, and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: The 40 enrolled subjects included 22 males and 18 females of white/European (60%) or African-American/African (40%) heritage with mean (SD) (mininum, maximum) age of 34 (12) (19, 62) years, weight of 75 (12) (54, 101) kg, and body mass index of 25.8 (2.9) (19.7, 30) kg/m(2). Plasma eltrombopag AUC(0-∞) was higher for the PfOS than the tablet (geometric least-squares mean ratio [GMR]: 1.22; 90% CI: 1.08-1.38). Plasma eltrombopag AUC(0-∞) was reduced when the PfOS was administered with a high-calcium meal (GMR: 0.25; 90% CI: 0.224-0.287) or 2 hours after a meal (GMR: 0.53; 90% CI: 0.470-0.601), and, to a lesser extent, when administered 2 hours before a meal (GMR: 0.80; 90% CI: 0.711-0.908). The absorption lag time and t(½) did not differ between treatments; T(max) was delayed 1 hour when the PfOS was dosed with a high-calcium meal. AEs were not serious and mild or moderate in intensity. AEs reported in >1 subject included headache (11 subjects; 27.5%), presyncope (3 subjects, 7.5%), and vomiting (2 subjects, 5%). No clinically significant trends in laboratory tests or vital signs were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In a healthy adult volunteer population, bioavailability of eltrombopag PfOS was greater than the tablet and was reduced when administered with or 2 hours before or after a high-calcium meal; this effect was attenuated with PfOS dosing 2 hours before the meal. Eltrombopag was generally well tolerated.