Primary atypical carcinoid of the breast: a case report and brief overview of evidence.

Primary atypical carcinoid of the breast is rare. Herein we present a case of atypical carcinoid of the breast treated with surgery. The management plan is commented. Moreover an overview of the current evidence is presented. All the evidence is classified as level IV (opinion-based evidence) since there is no satisfactory case series to support a certain therapeutic decision. The treatment for an atypical carcinoid of the breast is the same one offered in patients diagnosed with primary infiltrating breast cancer. A multi-centric approach is needed in order to gather enough data to confidently support a certain management plan for these patients.

Cervical regeneration after diathermy excision of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia as assessed by transvaginal sonography.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate regeneration in cervical craters following large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) and to investigate possible differential healing patterns depending on the cone's size. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study of 100 nulliparous women who underwent LLETZ. They underwent transvaginal scanning estimation of the cervical craters (diameter, depth) immediately post-operatively and at 3, 6 and 12 months. The crater dimensions of the women with the 25 largest cones were compared to those of the women with the 25 smallest cones in each of the above points of time. RESULTS: The mean crater size of all women at 12 months was significantly smaller from the crater size immediately post-operatively. Although, there was a statistically significant difference in mean crater dimensions between the two quartile groups immediately post-operatively, no difference was found at 6 and 12 months. CONCLUSION: There is a healing process of the cervical crater, which is almost completed by the sixth post-treatment month. The defect remaining in the cervix is similar whether a large or small excision was performed.