Insufficient Oligodendrocyte Turnover in Optic Nerve Contributes to Age-Related Axon Loss and Visual Deficits.

Age-related decline in visual functions is a prevalent health problem among elderly people, and no effective therapies are available up-to-date. Axon degeneration and myelin loss in optic nerves (ONs) are age-dependent and become evident in middle-aged (13-18 months) and old (20-22 months) mice of either sex compared with adult mice (3-8 months), accompanied by functional deficits. Oligodendrocyte (OL) turnover is actively going on in adult ONs. However, the longitudinal change and functional significance of OL turnover in aging ONs remain largely unknown. Here, using cell-lineage labeling and tracing, we reported that oligodendrogenesis displayed an age-dependent decrease in aging ONs. To understand whether active OL turnover is required for maintaining axons and visual function, we conditionally deleted the transcription factor Olig2 in the oligodendrocyte precursor cells of young mice. Genetically dampening OL turnover by Olig2 ablation resulted in accelerated axon loss and retinal degeneration, and subsequently impaired ON signal transmission, suggesting that OL turnover is an important mechanism to sustain axon survival and visual function. To test whether enhancing oligodendrogenesis can prevent age-related visual deficits, 12-month-old mice were treated with clemastine, a pro-myelination drug, or induced deletion of the muscarinic receptor 1 in oligodendrocyte precursor cells. The clemastine treatment or muscarinic receptor 1 deletion significantly increased new OL generation in the aged ONs and consequently preserved visual function and retinal integrity. Together, our data indicate that dynamic OL turnover in ONs is required for axon survival and visual function, and enhancing new OL generation represents a potential approach to reversing age-related declines of visual function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Oligodendrocyte (OL) turnover has been reported in adult optic nerves (ONs), but the longitudinal change and functional significance of OL turnover during aging remain largely unknown. Using cell-lineage tracing and oligodendroglia-specific manipulation, this study reported that OL generation was active in adult ONs and the efficiency decreased in an age-dependent manner. Genetically dampening OL generation by Olig2 ablation resulted in significant axon loss and retinal degeneration, along with delayed visual signal transmission. Conversely, pro-myelination approaches significantly increased new myelin generation in aging ONs, and consequently preserved retinal integrity and visual function. Our findings indicate that promoting OL generation might be a promising strategy to preserve visual function from age-related decline.

Assembly of Homochiral Aluminum Oxo Clusters for Circularly Polarized Luminescence.

Chiral aluminum oxo clusters (cAlOCs) are distinguished from other classes of materials on account of their abundance in the earth's crust and their potential for sustainable development. However, the practical synthesis of cAlOCs is rarely known. Herein, we adopt a synergistic coordination strategy by using chiral amino acid ligands as bridges and auxiliary pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid as chelating ligands and successfully isolate an extensive family of cAlOCs. They integrate molecular chirality, absolute helicity, and intrinsic hydrogen-bonded chiral topology. Moreover, they have the structural characteristics of one-dimensional channels and replaceable counteranions, which make them well combined with fluorescent dyes for circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). The absolute luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) of up to the 10-3 order is comparable to several noble metals, revealing the enormous potential of cAlOCs in low-cost chiral materials. We hope this work will inspire new discoveries in the field of chirality and provide new opportunities for constructing low-cost chiral materials.

Three novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, Flavobacterium odoriferum sp. nov., Flavobacterium fragile sp. nov. and Flavobacterium luminosum sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge.

Three Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria were isolated from activated sludge samples. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the three strains, designated HXWNR29T, HXWNR69T and HXWNR70T, had the highest sequence similarity to the type strains Flavobacterium cheniae NJ-26T, Flavobacterium channae KSM-R2A30T and Flavobacterium amniphilum KYPY10T with similarities of 97.66 %, 98.66 and 98.14 %, respectively. The draft genomes of these three strains were 2.93 Mbp (HXWNR29T), 2.69 Mbp (HXWNR69T) and 2.65 Mbp (HXWNR70T) long with DNA G+C contents of 31.84 %, 32.83 % and 34.66 %, respectively. These genomes contained many genes responsible for carbohydrate degradation and antibiotic resistance. The major fatty acids (>5 %) included iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The major menaquinone was MK-6 for all the three strains. The average nucleotide identity (ANI; 72.7-88.5 %) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH; 19.6-35.3 %) results further indicated that these three strains represented three novel species within the genus Flavobacterium, for which the names Flavobacterium odoriferum sp. nov. (type strain HXWNR29T = KCTC 92446T = CGMCC 1.61821T), Flavobacterium fragile sp. nov. (type strain HXWNR69T = KCTC 92468T = CGMCC 1.61442T) and Flavobacterium luminosum sp. nov. (type strain HXWNR70T = KCTC 92447T = CGMCC 1.61443T) are proposed.

Microvirga roseola sp. nov. and Microvirga lenta sp. nov., isolated from Taklamakan Desert soil.

Two Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria, designated SM9T and SM2T, were isolated from Taklamakan Desert soil samples. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains SM9T and SM2T had the highest sequence similarity to the type strains Microvirga indica BCRC 80972T and Microvirga soli NBRC 112417T with similarity values of 98.2 and 97.7 %, respectively, and Microvirga was among the predominant genera in the desert soil. The draft genomes of these two strains were 4.56 Mbp (SM9T) and 5.08 Mbp (SM2T) long with 65.1 mol% (SM9T) and 63.5 mol% (SM2T) G+C content. To adapt to the desert environment, these two strains possessed pathways for the synthesis of stress metabolite trehalose. The major fatty acids (>5 %) included C18 : 1 ω9c in SM2T, but C16 : 0, C18 : 0 and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c in SM9T, while the major menaquinone was ubiquinone 10 in both strains. The major polar lipids of SM9T and SM2T were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phospholipid. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization results further indicated that strains SM9T and SM2T were distinguished from phylogenetically related species and represented two novel species within the genus Microvirga, for which the names Microvirga roseola sp. nov. (type strain SM2T=KCTC 72792T=CGMCC 1.17776T) and Microvirga lenta sp. nov. (type strain SM9T=KCTC 82729T=CCTCC AB 2021131T) are proposed.

Halalkalibacterium roseum gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Balneolaceae isolated from soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, moderately halophilic and facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated YR4-1T, was isolated from a saline-alkali and sorghum-planting soil sample collected in Dongying, Shandong Province, PR China. Growth occurred at 28-45 °C with the presence of 4.0-20.0 % (w/v) NaCl and pH 6.0-9.0. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that YR4-1T shared the highest similarity of 92.1-92.4 % with the valid published species of Aliifodinibius. The isolate formed a separate clade at the genus level in recently described family Balneolaceae. The draft genome of strain YR4-1T is 3.83 Mbp long with 44.0 mol% G+C content. The strain possesses several genes involved in the osmotic stress response mechanism and diverse metabolic pathways, probably for the living in saline environment. This may lead to a better understanding of the underrepresented Balneolaceae lineage. The major menaquinone was MK-7. The main polar lipid profile was composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphoglycolipids, aminophosphoglycolipid, one glycolipid, and four unidentified lipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (35.7 %) and anteiso-C15 : 0 (33.5 %). On the basis of its phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic features, strain YR4-1T represents a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Halalkalibacterium roseum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YR4-1T (=CGMCC 1.17777T=KCTC 72795T).

[The Value of Gastric Antrum Cross-sectional Area Mearsured by Bedside Ultrasound Predicted Feeding Intolerance in Critically Ill Patients].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility and effectiveness of gastric antrum cross-sectional area (CSA) mearsured by bedside ultrasound for predicting early feeding intolerance (FI) in critically ill patients. METHODS: The data were extracted from a multicenter prospective observation study between February 2018 to December 2018. A bivariate logistic regression model was established to identify the correlation between the gastric antrum cross-sectional area (CSA) and the feeding intolerance (FI). Draw the ROC curve to get the best cut-off value. RESULTS: This study comprises 150 patients. The mean age was (58.63±16.45) yr., the average APACHE Ⅱ score was 17.43±6.99. The incidence of FI for three days (72 h-FI%) was 28.0%. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that the Day 2 CSA-right lateral decubitus (RLD) was an independent risk factor for FI-day 2 (P=0.033), Day 3 CSA -RLD was an independent risk factor for FI-day 3 (P=0.016). Patients with day 3 CSA-RLD ≥7.092 cm2 had significantly higher rates of FI (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: Gastric antrum cross-sectional area measured by ultrasound can predict feeding intolerance during early enteral nutrition. When the Day 3 CSA-RLD is greater than 7.092 cm2, the incidence of feeding intolerance is significantly increased.

[The effects of compound CX09040 on the inhibition of PTP1B and protection of pancreatic ß cells].

To investigate the effects of 2-(4-methoxycarbonyl-2-tetradecyloxyphenyl)carbamoylbenzoic acid (CX09040) on protecting pancreatic ß cells, the ß cell dysfunction model mice were induced by injection of alloxan into the caudal vein of ICR mice, and were treated with compound CX09040. Liraglutide was used as the positive control drug. The amount and the size of islets observed in pathological sections were calculated to evaluate the ß cell mass; the glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) test was applied to estimate the ß cell secretary function; the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was taken to observe the glucose metabolism in mice; the expressions of protein in pancreas were detected by Western blotting. The effects on the target protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) were assessed by the PTP1B activities of both recombinant protein and the intracellular enzyme, and by the PTP1B expression in the pancreas of mice, separately. As the results, with the treatment of CX09040 in alloxan-induced ß cell dysfunction mice, the islet amount (P<0.05) and size (P<0.05) increased significantly, the changes of serum insulin in GSIS (P<0.01) and the values of acute insulin response (AIR, P<0.01) were enhanced, compared to those in model group; the impaired glucose tolerance was also ameliorated by CX09040 with the decrease of the values of area under curve (AUC, P<0.01). The activation of the signaling pathways related to ß cell proliferation was enhanced by increasing the levels of p-Akt/Akt (P<0.01), p-FoxO1/FoxOl (P<0.001) and PDX-1 (P<0.01). The effects of CX09040 on PTP1B were observed by inhibiting the recombinant hPTP1B activity with IC50 value of 2.78x 10(-7) mol.L-1, reducing the intracellular PTP1B activity of 72.8% (P<0.001), suppressing the PTP1B expression (P<0.001) and up-regulating p-IRß/IRß (P<0.01) in pancreas of the ß cell dysfunction mice, separately. In conclusion, compound CX09040 showed significant protection effects against the dysfunction of ß cell of mice by enlarging the pancreatic ß cell mass and increasing the glucose-induced insulin secretion; its major mechanism may be the inhibition on target PTP1B and the succedent up-regulation of ß cell proliferation.

Cu-Catalyzed Regioselective Silylation of Chloro-Substituted Allenyl-Bdan.

A copper-catalyzed efficient regioselective silylation reaction of chloro-substituted allenyl-Bdan was developed. Under mild reaction conditions, allenyl and propargyl silane compounds can be selectively obtained in moderate to high yields by adjusting the bases and solvents used in the reactions. This study offers direct and efficient methods for synthesizing multifunctionalized allenyl and propargyl silane compounds from the same initial material of chloro-substituted allenyl-Bdan.

SUMF1 overexpression promotes tumorous cell growth and migration and is correlated with the immune status of patients with glioma.

BACKGROUND: Glioma is a prevalent type of malignant tumor. To date, there is a lack of literature reports that have examined the association between sulfatase modifying factor 1 (SUMF1) and glioma. METHODS: The levels of SUMF1 were examined, and their relationships with the diagnosis, prognosis, and immune microenvironment of patients with glioma were investigated. Cox and Lasso regression analysis were employed to construct nomograms and risk models associated with SUMF1. The functions and mechanisms of SUMF1 were explored and verified using gene ontology, cell counting kit-8, wound healing, western blotting, and transwell experiments. RESULTS: SUMF1 expression tended to increase in glioma tissues. SUMF1 overexpression was linked to the diagnosis of cancer, survival events, isocitrate dehydrogenase status, age, and histological subtype and was positively correlated with poor prognosis in patients with glioma. SUMF1 overexpression was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis. SUMF1-related nomograms and high-risk scores could predict the outcome of patients with glioma. SUMF1 co-expressed genes were involved in cytokine, T-cell activation, and lymphocyte proliferation. Inhibiting the expression of SUMF1 could deter the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells through epithelial mesenchymal transition. SUMF1 overexpression was significantly associated with the stromal score, immune cells (such as macrophages, neutrophils, activated dendritic cells), estimate score, immune score, and the expression of the programmed cell death 1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4, CD79A and other immune cell marker. CONCLUSION: SUMF1 overexpression was found to be correlated with adverse prognosis, cancer detection, and immune status in patients with glioma. Inhibiting the expression of SUMF1 was observed to deter the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells. The nomograms and risk models associated with SUMF1 could predict the prognosis of patients with glioma.

Clinical features and therapeutic management of choroidal osteoma: A systematic review.

Choroidal osteoma is a benign ossifying tumor within the choroid. Complications associated with choroidal osteoma, including disruption of retinal pigment epithelium, atrophy of photoreceptors, subretinal fluid, and choroidal neovascularization, present challenges for clinicians, and management remain controversial. We performed a comprehensive search in the PubMed, EMBASE, and Ovid databases for published studies and case reports relating to the management of choroidal osteoma. Since it was first described in 1978, various case reports of ocular complications associated with choroidal osteoma have been documented, and various therapies have yielded different outcomes. We systematically evaluate the literature published on this rare entity.

Potential health and economic impacts of shifting manufacturing from China to Indonesia or India.

The diversification or decoupling of production chains from China to alternative Asian countries such as India or Indonesia would impact the spatial distribution of anthropogenic emissions, with corresponding economic impacts due to mortality associated with particulate matter exposure. We evaluated these changes using the Community Earth System Model, the Integrated Exposure-Response (IER) model and Willingness To Pay (WTP) method. Significant effects on PM2.5 related mortality and economic cost for these deaths were seen in many East, Southeast and South Asian countries, particularly those immediately downwind of these three countries. Transferring all of export-related manufacturing to Indonesia resulted in significant mortality decreases in China and South Korea by 78k (5 per 100k) and 1k (2 per 100k) respectively, while Indonesia's mortality significantly increased (73.7k; 29 per 100k), as well as India, Pakistan and Nepal. When production was transferred to India, mortality rates in East Asia show similar changes to the Indonesian scenario, while mortalities in India increased dramatically (87.9k; 6 per 100k), and mortalities in many neighbors of India were also severely increased. Nevertheless, the economic costs for PM2.5 related mortality were much smaller than national GDP changes in China (0.9 % of GDP vs. 18.3 % of GDP), India (2.7 % of GDP vs. 84.3 % of GDP) or Indonesia (9.4 % of GDP vs. 337 % of GDP) due to shifting all of export-related production lines from China to India or Indonesia. Morally, part of the benefits of economic activity should be used to compensate the neighboring communities where mortality increases occur.

DLGNet: A dual-branch lesion-aware network with the supervised Gaussian Mixture model for colon lesions classification in colonoscopy images.

Colorectal cancer is one of the malignant tumors with the highest mortality due to the lack of obvious early symptoms. It is usually in the advanced stage when it is discovered. Thus the automatic and accurate classification of early colon lesions is of great significance for clinically estimating the status of colon lesions and formulating appropriate diagnostic programs. However, it is challenging to classify full-stage colon lesions due to the large inter-class similarities and intra-class differences of the images. In this work, we propose a novel dual-branch lesion-aware neural network (DLGNet) to classify intestinal lesions by exploring the intrinsic relationship between diseases, composed of four modules: lesion location module, dual-branch classification module, attention guidance module, and inter-class Gaussian loss function. Specifically, the elaborate dual-branch module integrates the original image and the lesion patch obtained by the lesion localization module to explore and interact with lesion-specific features from a global and local perspective. Also, the feature-guided module guides the model to pay attention to the disease-specific features by learning remote dependencies through spatial and channel attention after network feature learning. Finally, the inter-class Gaussian loss function is proposed, which assumes that each feature extracted by the network is an independent Gaussian distribution, and the inter-class clustering is more compact, thereby improving the discriminative ability of the network. The extensive experiments on the collected 2568 colonoscopy images have an average accuracy of 91.50%, and the proposed method surpasses the state-of-the-art methods. This study is the first time that colon lesions are classified at each stage and achieves promising colon disease classification performance. To motivate the community, we have made our code publicly available via https://github.com/soleilssss/DLGNet.

Therapeutic mechanisms of ginseng in coronary heart disease.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease. It is characterized by myocardial ischemia, which is caused by coronary atherosclerosis. CHD is a significant global health problem with increasing prevalence every year because of significant changes in the lifestyles and diets. Ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that has been used in food preparations and traditional medicine for several centuries. Several studies have demonstrated that ginseng improved cardiac function by normalizing blood glucose levels and decreasing blood pressure, oxidative stress, platelet aggregation, and lipid dysregulation in vivo. This review describes the current understanding of the mechanisms by which ginseng alleviates CHD, and provides a reference for the clinical development and application of ginseng as an alternative therapy for CHD.

From an aluminum oxo cluster to an aluminum oxo cluster organic cage.

Presented herein is an example of the conversion of an aluminum oxo cluster (AlOC) to an aluminum oxo cluster organic cage (AlOCOC). We successfully synthesized the first example of an aluminum cluster-based organic cage-Al12 tetrahedral cage via an Al3 cluster. The use of 4-pyrazolecarboxylic acid plays an important role in the construction of the organic cage. Due to the presence of partially deprotonated ligands, the hydrogen-bonding interactions between the discrete tetrahedra generate porous supramolecular structures. Considering the high porosity and the abundant N-H sites, we further investigated the performance of the material towards iodine capture.

Automatic 3-D spine curve measurement in freehand ultrasound via structure-aware reinforcement learning spinous process localization.

Freehand 3-D ultrasound systems have been advanced in scoliosis assessment to avoid radiation hazards, especially for teenagers. This novel 3-D imaging method also makes it possible to evaluate the spine curvature automatically from the corresponding 3-D projection images. However, most approaches neglect the three-dimensional spine deformity by only using the rendering images, thus limiting their usage in clinical applications. In this study, we proposed a structure-aware localization model to directly identify the spinous processes for automatic 3-D spine curve measurement using the images acquired with freehand 3-D ultrasound imaging. The pivot is to leverage a novel reinforcement learning (RL) framework to localize the landmarks, which adopts a multi-scale agent to boost structure representation with positional information. We also introduced a structure similarity prediction mechanism to perceive the targets with apparent spinous process structures. Finally, a two-fold filtering strategy was proposed to screen the detected spinous processes landmarks iteratively, followed by a three-dimensional spine curve fitting for the spine curvature assessments. We evaluated the proposed model on 3-D ultrasound images among subjects with different scoliotic angles. The results showed that the mean localization accuracy of the proposed landmark localization algorithm was 5.95 pixels. Also, the curvature angles on the coronal plane obtained by the new method had a high linear correlation with those by manual measurement (R = 0.86, p < 0.001). These results demonstrated the potential of our proposed method for facilitating the 3-D assessment of scoliosis, especially for 3-D spine deformity assessment.

Application of Nalbuphine in Trigeminal Ganglion Pulse Radiofrequency Surgery in Patients with Postherpetic Neuralgia.

This study aimed to explore the application value of nalbuphine in pulsed radiofrequency operation of trigeminal ganglion in patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Thirty patients with PHN were randomly divided into the nalbuphine (Nalbu) group and ketorolac tromethamine (KT) group and received CT-guided pulsed radiofrequency surgery on trigeminal ganglion. The numeric rating scale (NRS) scores of patients were recorded at preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative time points, before going to bed, and the next morning after the operation. In addition, the number of breakthrough pain before operation and within 24 hours after operation, the incidence of nausea and vomiting within 24 hours after surgery, and the patient's sleep quality before and on the day after surgery were evaluated. The outcome data demonstrated that patients treated with nalbuphine had lower NRS scores after the pulse radiofrequency operation during and after the pulse radiofrequency operation compared to those with KT. In addition, nalbuphine effectively decreased the number of breakthrough pain, reduced the occurrence of nausea and vomiting after surgery, and improved the sleep quality. In conclusion, intramuscular injection of nalbuphine 30 min before trigeminal ganglion pulse radiofrequency surgery can be conducive to pain relief and improve the postoperative comfort of patients, providing an effective alternative for the alleviation of PHN in clinic.

Two new Polyangium species, P. aurulentum sp. nov. and P. jinanense sp. nov., isolated from a soil sample.

Polyangium belongs to Polyangiaceae family of Myxococcales, a taxonomic group well-known for their extraordinary social lifestyle and diverse novel gene clusters of secondary metabolites. A yellow-golden strain, designated SDU3-1T, and two rose pink strains, designated SDU13 and SDU14T, were isolated from a soil sample. These three strains were aerobic, mesophilic, not salt-tolerant and were able to prey on living microorganisms. SDU13 and SDU14T formed solitary sporangioles under starvation conditions, while SDU3-1T had no fruiting body structures. They showed 95.9-97.0% (SDU3-1T) or 98.7-98.9% (SDU13 and SDU14T) 16S rRNA gene similarity with the type strains of Polyangium, but were phylogenetically separate from them based on the 16S rRNA gene and genome sequences. Their genomes were 12.3 Mbp (SDU3-1T), 13.9 Mbp (SDU13) and 13.8 Mbp (SDU14T) with the G + C content range of 68.3-69.4 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and DNA-DNA hybridization analyses of genomes further indicated that these three strains belonged to two new species in Polyangium. Their major fatty acids were C18:1ω9c, C16:0 and C18:0. The polyphasic taxonomic characterization suggest that the three strains represent two novel species in the genus Polyangium, for which the names Polyangium aurulentum sp. nov. and Polyangium jinanense sp. nov. are proposed, and the type strains are SDU3-1T (=CGMCC 1.16875T = KCTC 72136T) and SDU14T (=CCTCC AB 2021123T = KCTC 82625T), respectively.

[Identification of four medicines of Panax L. revealed by mitochondrial nad 1 gene b/c intron].

OBJECTIVE: To study the identification method and phylogenetic relationships of four medicines of Panax L genus: Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, P. quinquefolicum L. , P. notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen and P. japonicus C. A. Meyer. METHODS: The mitochondrial nad 1 gene was amplified. Their sequence differences were analyzed after sequencing and alignment. RESULTS: The sequence lengths of P. ginseng (including Chinese transplanted ginseng and Korean ginseng), P. japonicus were 1 290 bp, and those of P. quinquefolicum and P. notoginseng were 1 269 bp and 1 522 bp respectively. The main difference among these sequences was in nad 1 gene b/c intron. The NJ phylogenetic tree showed that P. ginseng was most closely related to P. japonicus, next was closer to P. quinquefolicum, and P. notoginseng was comparatively distantly related to P. ginseng. CONCLUSION: P. quinquefolicum and P. notoginseng can be identified from the 4 medicines of Panax L. based on the sequence difference in mitochondrial nad 1 gene. The mitochondrial nad 1 gene b/c intron can provide some evolutionary information, therefore, it is useful to identify and phylogenetically analyse for the medicines of Panax L. genus.

CoP QD anchored carbon skeleton modified CdS nanorods as a co-catalyst for photocatalytic hydrogen production.

An important strategy to improve the performance of catalysts is loading nanoparticle co-catalysts of better dispersion and conductivity. In this work, the ZIF-67-derived CoP quantum dot (QD) anchored graphitized carbon skeleton as a co-catalyst is loaded on CdS nanorods (NRs), while the CoP QDs derived from ZIF-67 are anchored to the carbon skeleton under phosphation and carbonization simultaneously. The porous, graphitized carbon skeleton can not only disperse CoP QDs, increasing active sites for the hydrogen reduction reaction, but also provide electron transfer channels, promoting electron transfer and increasing conductivity. In addition, the metallicity of CoP QDs makes it possible to form Schottky junctions, which is beneficial to the electron transfer at the interface. The results show that the composite photocatalyst can extensively improve the photocatalytic activity and stability, the H2 production rate is 104 947 µmol h-1 g-1 under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 400 nm), up to 55.2 times that of bare CdS NRs, the apparent quantum yield (AQY) reaches a high value of 32.16% at 420 nm, and the structure of the photocatalyst did not change after the reaction. This work provides an innovative method for the preparation of highly efficient noble metal-free photocatalysts for the conversion of solar energy into hydrogen energy, which has bright prospects in industrial application.