ABSTRACT
The parasite species complex Anisakis simplex sensu lato (Anisakis simplex sensu stricto; (A. simplex s.s.), A. pegreffii, A. simplex C) is the main cause of severe anisakiasis (allergy) worldwide and is now an important health matter. In this study, the relationship of this Anisakis species complex and their allergenic capacities is assessed by studying the differences between the two most frequent species (A. simplex s.s., A. pegreffii) and their hybrid haplotype by studying active L3 larvae parasiting Merluccius merluccius. They were compared by 2D gel electrophoresis and parallel Western blot (2DE gels were hybridized with pools of sera from Anisakis allergenic patients). Unambiguous spot differences were detected and protein assignation was made by MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis or de novo sequencing. Seventy-five gel spots were detected and the corresponding proteins were identified. Differentially expressed proteins for A. simplex s.s., A. pegreffii, and their hybrid are described and results are statistically supported. Twenty-eight different allergenic proteins are classified according to different families belonging to different biological functions. These proteins are described for the first time as antigenic and potentially new allergens in Anisakis. Comparative proteomic analyses of allergenic capacities are useful for diagnosis, epidemiological surveys, and clinical research. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000662 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000662).
Subject(s)
Allergens/analysis , Anisakiasis/veterinary , Anisakis/metabolism , Fish Diseases/metabolism , Helminth Proteins/metabolism , Larva/metabolism , Proteome/metabolism , Allergens/immunology , Animals , Anisakiasis/immunology , Anisakiasis/metabolism , Anisakiasis/parasitology , Anisakis/immunology , Blotting, Western , Chromatography, Liquid , Databases, Protein , Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional , Fish Diseases/parasitology , Helminth Proteins/genetics , Larva/growth & development , Larva/immunology , Larva/parasitology , Proteomics/methods , Species Specificity , Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents spend an increasing amount of time with screen media. Identifying correlates of youth mental disorders has become more urgent with rates of depression, self-harm, suicide attempts, and suicide deaths rising sharply among U.S. children and adolescents after 2012. This study examined the relationship between screen time and internalizing disorders in preadolescent children between the ages of 9 and 10. METHODS: Participants were 9- and 10-year-old youth (n = 11,780) in the baseline of the multi-site Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study (ABCD). Youth reported the number of hours a day they spent watching TV shows or movies, watching videos online, playing video games, texting, using social media, and video chatting. Youth responded to an abbreviated version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-5), a semi-structured clinical interview measuring current and past symptoms of internalizing disorders using DSM-5 criteria. RESULTS: Youth spending 2 or more hours (vs. less than 2) a day with screen media were more likely to fit criteria for depressive disorders, self-harm, and suicidal ideation or attempts, even after adjustment for demographic covariates. For anxiety disorders, associations with digital media use (social media, texting, gaming, and online videos) were stronger than with screen time generally. LIMITATIONS: This is a cross-sectional study utilizing retrospective screen time reports, which limits our ability to determine causality and the accuracy of the reports. CONCLUSIONS: Preadolescents who spend more time using screens, especially digital media, are more likely to fit DSM-5 criteria for internalizing disorders.