Additional diagnostic value of implantable loop recorder in patients with initial diagnosis of real or apparent transient loss of consciousness of uncertain origin.

AIMS: Non-syncopal transient loss of consciousness (T-LOC) encompasses disorders that sometimes resemble syncope, and the differential diagnosis with true syncope may be challenging. The implantable loop recorder (ILR) is potentially useful, but has never been systematically assessed. The aim of the study is to evaluate the diagnostic value of ILR in distinguishing syncope from non-syncopal forms of T-LOC. METHODS AND RESULTS: We implanted an ILR in 58 patients (mean age 71 ± 17 years, 25 males) who had had 4.6 ± 2.3 episodes of real or apparent T-LOC, in order to distinguishing epilepsy from syncope (#28), unexplained fall from syncope (#29), or functional pseudo-syncope from syncope (#1). During 20 ± 13 months of follow-up, 33 patients (57%) had a spontaneous event documented by ILR. A diagnosis of syncope was established by ILR documentation of an arrhythmia in 15 (26%) patients: an asystole of 6 s (IQR 4-10 s) duration was documented at the time of the spontaneous event in seven patients with initial suspicion of epilepsy and in five patients with unexplained fall; atrial tachyarrhythmia was documented at the time of the spontaneous event in 1 and 1 patient, respectively, and ventricular tachycardia in 1 patient with unexplained fall. Conversely, in another 18 patients, ILR monitoring documented no significant rhythm abnormalities at the time of T-LOC recurrence, thus excluding an arrhythmic syncope. Finally, ILR was unable to document any syncopal episode in 25 (43%) patients. Among the 15 patients with an established diagnosis of arrhythmic syncope, syncope recurred during follow-up in 2 of 11 patients who were on pacemaker therapy and in 3 of 4 patients who were on other therapies. CONCLUSION: Implantable loop recorder monitoring provides additional diagnostic value in 'difficult' patients with an initial diagnosis of non-syncopal real or apparent T-LOC.

[Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with severe immunodeficiency in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil]. / Início da terapia anti-retroviral em estágio avançado de imunodeficiência entre indivíduos portadores de HIV/AIDS em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

The main objective was to assess the proportion of delayed initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and associated factors. This was a cross-sectional study of 310 patients enrolled in two public health centers in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Delayed ART initiation was defined as starting treatment with a CD4 count lower than 200 cells/mm(3) or clinical symptoms of severe immunodepression at the time of first antiretroviral prescription. The majority of participants were males (63.9%), had no health insurance (76.1%), and started ART less than 120 days after the first medical visit (75.2%). The proportion of delayed ART initiation was 68.4%. Unemployment, referral by a health professional for HIV testing, fewer than two medical visits in the six months prior to ART initiation, and time between first medical visit and ART initiation less than 120 days were independently associated with the outcome. Our results suggest that every patient 13 to 64 years of age should be offered HIV testing, which could increase the rate of early HIV diagnosis, and thus patients that tested positive could benefit from timely follow-up and antiretroviral therapy.

Início da terapia anti-retroviral em estágio avançado de imunodeficiência entre indivíduos portadores de HIV/AIDS em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with severe immunodeficiency in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a proporção de início tardio da terapia anti-retroviral (TARV) e seus fatores associados. Estudo de corte transversal com pacientes de dois serviços públicos de referência (n = 310) em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Atraso no início da TARV foi definido como ter contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ < 200 células/mm³ ou manifestação clínica de imunodepressão grave. A maioria era do sexo masculino (63,9 por cento) e não possuía plano de saúde (76,1 por cento). A proporção de início tardio da TARV foi 68,4 por cento. Grande parte (75,2 por cento) iniciou TARV < 120 dias após a primeira consulta médica. Estar desempregado, realizar anti-HIV por indicação de profissional de saúde, < 2 consultas no serviço até seis meses antes do início da TARV e tempo entre primeira consulta para o HIV e início da TARV < 120 dias estiveram associados de forma independente com início tardio da TARV. São necessários estudos que avaliem o custo-efetividade da realização do anti-HIV como teste de rastreamento da população geral. Facilitar o acesso dos pacientes com resultado positivo aos serviços de referência pode contribuir para a redução do número de pacientes que iniciam tardiamente a TARV.

The main objective was to assess the proportion of delayed initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and associated factors. This was a cross-sectional study of 310 patients enrolled in two public health centers in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Delayed ART initiation was defined as starting treatment with a CD4 count lower than 200 cells/mm³ or clinical symptoms of severe immunodepression at the time of first antiretroviral prescription. The majority of participants were males (63.9 percent), had no health insurance (76.1 percent), and started ART less than 120 days after the first medical visit (75.2 percent). The proportion of delayed ART initiation was 68.4 percent. Unemployment, referral by a health professional for HIV testing, fewer than two medical visits in the six months prior to ART initiation, and time between first medical visit and ART initiation less than 120 days were independently associated with the outcome. Our results suggest that every patient 13 to 64 years of age should be offered HIV testing, which could increase the rate of early HIV diagnosis, and thus patients that tested positive could benefit from timely follow-up and antiretroviral therapy.

HER-2/neu immunoreactivity in invasive mammary carcinomas: a comparative study using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies including the HercepTestTM

INTRODUÇAO: A superexpressão de HER-2/neu tem sido testada por imunoistoquímica como um método seguro e de baixo custo para selecionar pacientes com carcinoma mamário invasivo (CMI) para tratamento com trastuzumab, entretanto não há consenso sobre qual o melhor anticorpo a ser utilizado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar cinco diferentes anticorpos para determinar a superexpressão do HER-2/neu em CMI. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Sessenta e seis casos de CMI fixados em formalina e incluídos em parafina foram submetidos a imunoistoquímica, utilizando-se dois anticorpos policlonais: HercepTestTM (Dako) e A0485 (Dako), e três anticorpos monoclonais: CB11 de Novocastra Laboratories e da Biogenex e 4D5 (Genentech). Todas as reações imunoistoquímicas foram interpretadas de acordo com as instruções do HercepTestTM. RESULTADOS: O A0485 foi positivo em 25/66 casos (37,9 por cento). O HercepTestTM foi positivo em 14/66 casos (21,2 por cento). Houve concordância integral nos casos corados com CB11 de ambos os fabricantes: 9/66 (13,7 por cento). O 4D5 foi positivo em somente 4/66 casos (6,1 por cento). Todos os casos positivos para CB11 e 4D5 foram positivos para o HercepTestTM. Todos os casos HercepTestTM foram positivos para o A0485. A maioria dos casos 2+ para o HercepTestTM e A0485 foi negativa com os outros anticorpos. DISCUSSAO: Houve maior incidência de superexpressão do HER-2/neu com o HercepTestTM e o A0485 do que com os anticorpos monoclonais, principalmente nos casos classificados como 2+. Não houve diferença na imunorreatividade usando-se o anticorpo CB11 dos dois diferentes fabricantes. CONCLUSAO: O uso clínico da imunoistoquímica para determinar a superexpressão do HER-2/neu necessita ainda de validações prospectivas.