Food insecurity profile according to habits and lifestyles in workers with subsistence jobs, Medellín-Colombia 2016.

Introduction: Although the informal economy absorbs a considerable portion of the population, there is still little evidence that contributes to identify the lifestyles and eating habits that outline food insecurity in workers with subsistence jobs. Objectives: To determine the profile of food insecurity according to habits and lifestyles in workers with subsistence jobs. Methods: Cross-sectional study with primary sources of information, obtained through an assisted survey, to a census of 686 workers in 2016. The results of the nutritional component of a doctoral thesis approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the CES University, Medellín, Colombia, are presented. Results: In this working population, 52.6% were 50 years or old; however, 86.1% reported being the main household provider, and 33.3% did not have a permit to work in public areas. Moreover, 56.8% reported being sedentary/little active, and the highest consumption of alcohol and tobacco was recorded in men, who also ate their food alone. Conversely, women considered that mood affected their appetite, and they consumed their food while serving customers and handling money. In general, less than 50.0% of workers had a set time to consume their food. Food insecurity in workers' households was explained by alcohol consumption (prevalence ratio = 1.62; confidence interval = 1.05;2.38) and having exclusive hours to consume food (prevalence ratio = 1.40; confidence interval = 1.00;1.96). Their food insecurity is defined by not consuming alcoholic beverages, considering that their mood affects their appetite, consuming one or two meals a day, without a defined schedule, not having permission to work, presenting moderate/severe food insecurity, and being a woman. Conclusions: The conditions that explain and outline food insecurity in this working population contribute to their socio-environmental and labor vulnerability, however, these conditions can be reversed.

Introducción: Aunque la economía informal ocupe una gran parte de la población, todavía existen pocas evidencias que ayuden a identificar los estilos de vida y hábitos alimentarios que definen la inseguridad alimentaria entre los trabajadores con empleos de subsistencia. Objetivos: Determinar el perfil de inseguridad alimentaria según hábitos y estilos de vida en trabajadores con empleos de subsistencia. Métodos: Estudio transversal con fuentes primarias de información, realizado a través de encuesta asistida, con un censo de 686 trabajadores en 2016. Los resultados del componente nutricional de una tesis doctoral aprobada por el Comité de Ética Institucional de la Universidad CES, en Medellín, Colombia, son presentados. Resultados: De esta población trabajadora, el 52,6% tenía más de 50 años, sin embargo, el 86,1% reportó ser la persona que más aportaba en el hogar y al 33,3% no se le permitía trabajar en los espacios públicos. El 56,8% refirió ser sedentario/poco activo, registrándose el mayor consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y cigarrillos en los hombres, quienes también comían solos. Por su parte, las mujeres consideraban que el estado de ánimo afectaba al apetito y, cuando comían, simultáneamente atendían a los clientes y manejaban dinero. En general, menos del 50,0% tenía un tiempo definido para consumir sus alimentos. Explicaron inseguridad alimentaria en sus hogares, consumo de bebidas alcohólicas (RP = 1,62. IC = 1,05;2,38) e horarios exclusivos para consumir alimentos (RP = 1,40. IC = 1,00;1,96). Perfilan su inseguridad alimentaria no consumir bebidas alcohólicas, considerar que el estado de ánimo afectaba al apetito, consumir una o dos comidas al día, sin horario definido, no tener permiso para trabajar, presentar inseguridad alimentaria moderada/grave y ser mujer. Conclusiones: Las condiciones que explican y perfilan la inseguridad alimentaria de esta población trabajadora contribuyen a configurar su vulnerabilidad socioambiental y laboral, sin embargo, pueden ser revertidas.

Pressures received and generated by a group of workers with subsistence jobs in the center of Medellín, and how these affect their life and health.

Introduction: Although studies about informal work have been carried out, there is still little evidence that explains, from the workers' perspective, what pressures they receive and generate due to the use of public space, and how these pressures affect their health. Objectives: To explore, from the point of view of a group of informal workers from the downtown Medellin, the environmental and social pressures that they receive and generate from the use of the territory, as well as the effects that these pressures may have on their life and health conditions. Methods: Ethnographic tools were used for field work and grounded theory for data analysis. Twelve informal street vendors workers were selected through theoretical sampling, with whom in-depth interviews and focus groups were conducted, after obtaining consent from the verbal and written process. Interviews and focus groups were transcribed verbatim, with the help of janitors and informants. The results were discussed and validated with the workers, and the information was triangulated with the researchers. Open and axial coding was used for data analysis. Results: The environmental and social pressures that these workers receive and generate in the streets and sidewalks of the city led them to experience critical situations in their working conditions, partly derived from the conflict that occurs over the use of the territory with the different actors in the downtown area, a situation that directly affects workers' physical and mental conditions, their life, and their work. Conclusions: The conflicts generated by the use of the territory as a workplace imply that workers have hostile relationships in their daily lives. However, these conflicts could be resolved with actions of the State and the participation of workers.

Introduction: Aunque se han realizado estudios acerca del trabajo informal, aun es escasa la evidencia que explique, desde la mirada de los trabajadores, qué presiones reciben y generan por el uso del espacio público y cómo estas presiones les afectan su salud. Objetivos: Explorar, desde la mirada de un grupo de trabajadores informales del centro de Medellin, las presiones ambientales y sociales que reciben y generan por el uso del territorio, así como los efectos que pueden tener estas presiones en sus condiciones de vida y salud. Métodos: Se utilizaron herramientas etnográficas para el trabajo de campo y de teoria fundamentada para el análisis de datos. Se tomaron mediante muestro teórico a 12 trabajadores informales "venteros", con quienes se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y grupos focales, previa toma de consentimiento de proceso verbal y escrito. Se transcribieron las entrevistas y grupos focales de manera textual, se contó con porteros e informantes clave. Los resultados fueron discutidos y validados con los trabajadores, y se trianguló la información con los investigadores. Se utilizó codificación abierta y axial para el análisis de datos. Resultados: Las presiones ambientales y sociales que reciben y generan estos trabajadores en las calles y aceras de la ciudad los llevan a vivenciar situaciones críticas en sus condiciones laborales, derivadas, en parte, del conflicto que se da por el uso del territorio con los diferentes actores del centro de la ciudad, situación que afecta directamente las condiciones de salud física y mental de los trabajadores, su vida y su labor. Conclusiones: Los conflictos que se generan por el uso del territorio como lugar de trabajo implican que los trabajadores tengan relaciones hostiles en su cotidianidad. Sin embargo, estos conflictos podrían revertirse con acciones del Estado y la participación de los trabajadores.

Sanitary and environmental conditions related to food poisoning among informal street vendors in downtown Medellín, Colombia, 2016.

Introduction: Although studies with informal workers have been conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean, there is still scarce evidence on the prevalence of food poisoning among workers with subsistence jobs on the streets and sidewalks of cities and on the factors that influence its presentation. Objectives: To determine sociodemographic, labor, sanitary, and environmental conditions that influence the prevalence of food poisoning in informal workers in downtown Medellín, Colombia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using a workers' survey as the primary source. A total of 686 workers aged ≥18 years who had been working for ≥ 5 years were surveyed. An assisted survey was initially applied as a pilot test for training purposes and to obtain informed consent. Results: We identified several associations and explanatory factors of food poisoning using chi-square tests and prevalence ratios, with unadjusted and adjusted 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). A higher prevalence of food poisoning (p < 0.05) was observed in workers with lower frequency of waste collection (PR = 2.09; 95%CI = 1.04-4.19), who left cooked food (PR = 6.40; 95%CI = 2.34-17.8), beverages or chopped fruits uncovered at their workplace (PR = 3.92; 95%CI = 1.40-10.48), with inadequate waste management (PR = 4.84; 95%CI = 2.12-11.06), exposure to polluted water (PR = 3.00; 95%CI = 1.20-7.50) and acceptable water supply (PR = 5.40; 95%CI = 1.60-17.8). The factors that explained higher rates of food poisoning were not having a waste collection service (PRadjusted = 5.58; 95%CI = 3.38-13.10), inadequate waste management (PRadjusted = 6.61; 95%CI = 1.25-34.84), and having sanitary services next to worker's stall (PRadjusted = 14.44; 95%CI = 1.26-165.11). Conclusions: The conditions that are associated with and explain the higher prevalence of food poisoning in this working population can be addressed with health promotion and disease prevention interventions.

Introducción: Aunque se han realizado estudios con trabajadores informales en América Latina y el Caribe, aun es escasa la evidencia con respecto a la prevalencia de intoxicaciones alimentarias en trabajadores con empleos de subsistencia en las calles y aceras de las ciudades y a los factores que influyen en su presentación. Objetivos: Determinar las condiciones sociodemográficas, laborales, sanitarias y ambientales que influyen en la prevalencia de intoxicación alimentaria en trabajadores informales del centro de Medellín. Métodos: Estudio transversal con fuente primaria de información en un censo de 686 trabajadores, ≥18 años y con ≥5 años en su oficio. Se aplicó encuesta asistida previa realización de prueba piloto, estandarización de encuestadores y toma de consentimiento. Resultados: Se identificaron asociaciones y factores explicativos de intoxicación alimentaria, con pruebas del chi-cuadrado y razones de prevalencia (RP), con intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) crudos y ajustados. Mayor prevalencia de intoxicación alimentaria (p < 0,05) en trabajadores con menor frecuencia de recolección de residuos (RP = 2,09; IC95% = 1,04-4,19), en quienes dejaban alimentos preparados (RP = 6,40; IC95% = 2,34-17,8), bebidas o fruta picada descubiertos en el puesto de trabajo (RP = 3,92; IC95% = 1,40-10,48), con inadecuado manejo de residuos (RP = 4,84; IC95% = 2,12-11,06), exposición a agua contaminada (RP = 3,00; IC95% = 1,20-7,50) y de aceptable calidad (RP = 5,40; IC95% = 1,60-17,8). Explicaron mayor intoxicación alimentaria no tener servicio de recolección de residuos (RPajustada = 5,58; IC95% = 3,38-13,10), inadecuado manejo de residuos (RPajustada = 6,61; IC95% = 1,25-34,84), y tener servicios sanitarios al lado del puesto de trabajo (RPajustada = 14,44; IC95% = 1,26-165,11). Conclusiones: Las condiciones que se asocian y explican mayor prevalencia de intoxicación alimentaria en esta población trabajadora, pueden ser revertidas con acciones de promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad.

Working and non-working conditions related to the presence of depressive symptoms in women workers with subsistence jobs in the centre of Medellín, 2015-2019.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the working and non-working conditions related to depressive symptoms in informal workers in the centre of Medellín in 2015-2019. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with analytical intention and primary sources of information. Data collection with assisted survey in one of its union headquarters in 2016, after a pilot test and standardisation of pollsters. A total of 291 women workers were taken as a census, and their working and non-working conditions were explored. RESULTS: The women had an average age of 45 years, ≤5 years of schooling, low and middle-income housing, and income below the 2016 minimum wage. About 60% suffered moderate-severe food insecurity, and received no state benefits. They were mainly the head of the family, with 1 or 2 dependents, and were responsible for the work at home. They worked at least 8 h a day, 6 or 7 days a week, with parents or relatives selling in the street, and at least 20 years in their work. About 60% had a partner, 21.6% with family dysfunction, and 15.4% moderate-severe depressive symptoms. Living in one room or a slum, with a low socioeconomic status and moderate-severe family dysfunction were associated with, and contributed to the explanation of, moderate-severe depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The non-working conditions that are associated with and explain the moderate-severe depressive symptoms of female workers can be modified with actions that impact on the social determinants of health.

Working and Non-Working Conditions Related to the Presence of Depressive Symptoms in Women Workers with Subsistence Jobs in the Centre of Medellín, 2015-2019. / Condiciones laborales y extralaborales relacionadas con la presencia de síntomas depresivos en mujeres trabajadoras con empleos de subsistencia en el centro de Medellín, 2015-2019.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the working and non-working conditions related to depressive symptoms in informal workers in the centre of Medellín in 2015-2019. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with analytical intention and primary sources of information. Data collection with assisted survey in one of its union headquarters in 2016, after a pilot test and standardisation of pollsters. A total of 291 women workers were taken as a census, and their working and non-working conditions were explored. RESULTS: The women had an average age of 45 years, ≤5 years of schooling, low and middle-income housing, and income below the 2016 minimum wage. About 60% suffered moderate-severe food insecurity, and received no state benefits. They were mainly the head of the family, with 1 or 2 dependents, and were responsible for the work at home. They worked at least 8hours a day, 6 or 7 days a week, with parents or relatives selling in the street, and at least 20 years in their work. About 60% had a partner, 21.6% with family dysfunction, and 15.4% moderate-severe depressive symptoms. Living in one room or a slum, with a low socioeconomic status and moderate-severe family dysfunction were associated with, and contributed to the explanation of, moderate-severe depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The non-working conditions that are associated with and explain the moderate-severe depressive symptoms of female workers can be modified with actions that impact on the social determinants of health.

Sociodemographic, labor conditions, habits, lifestyles and diabetes mellitus in workers with subsistence jobs, Medellín-Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: According to American Diabetes Association, diabetes is a metabolic change characterized by the presence de hyperglycemia caused by a deficiency and/or malfunctioning of insulin secretion. OBJECTIVES: To determine sociodemographic and labor conditions, habits and lifestyles that explain diabetes in a group of informal street workers in downtown Medellín, Colombia. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with analytical intent based on primary sources information and on a survey with a sample of 686 workers in 2016, after obtaining informed consent. Study variables included sociodemographic and labor conditions, habits, lifestyles, and diagnosis of diabetes. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Workers with 50 years, 57.6% men, with a partner (56.8%), and more than 20 years in their profession. Higher prevalence of diabetes in those aged 18 to 44 and 45 to 59 years of age, lower schooling, consumed mid-morning, mid-afternoon, and evening snacks, and of households with food insecurity. Higher prevalence of diabetes was explained by: lower age, higher education, consumption of sugars, sweets, and desserts; and lower prevalence by consumption of mid-morning snacks, and household food insecurity. CONCLUSIONS: This disease of public health concern is explained by modifiable factors that can be controlled and avoided to improve the living and health conditions of this workers' population.

Sociodemographic, environmental and labor conditions related to the presence of conjunctivitis and skin irritation in a group of informal street vendors in downtown Medellin, 2015-2019.

INTRODUCTION: Occupational diseases are those that may have a causal relationship with occupational activity or environment. However, this definition does not specify how this disease would be identified and acknowledged for workers with subsistence jobs. OBJECTIVES: To determine sociodemographic, labor and environmental conditions that collaborate to explain the presence of eye and skin irritation among informal vendors in downtown Medellin. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study with analytical intention, primary sources of information, and administration of assisted survey including self-reported eye and skin irritation in 686 workers. RESULTS: Predominantly male population with mean age of 50 (±11.8) years. A total of 23.5 % of workers had worked as vendors for their entire life; 37.5% had worked as vendors for 11 to 20 years as vendors; and 81.5%worked for more than 8 hours a day. According to 69.8% of the sample, poor air quality affected their work, and 80.0% believed that pollution was generated by vehicle fleet. The polluted areas generated unpleasant odors (50.2%) and air pollution (89.4%). The prevalence of eye and skin irritation was 65.4%. Not having working license and having fair, poor, or very poor job tenure significantly reduced the prevalence of eye and skin irritation. Conversely, exposure to polluted water, working in the professional for more than 30 years, male sex, and age older than 60 years were associated with increased prevalence of irritation. CONCLUSIONS: Eye and skin irritation was mainly explained by non-modifiable sociodemographic and labor conditions and by consumption of polluted water; however, implementing public health actions could reduce workers' socio-environmental and labor vulnerability.

Condiciones laborales, hábitos y estilos de vida que influyen en la inseguridad alimentaria de trabajadoras con empleos de subsistencia en Medellín, Colombia. Estudio transversal / Working Conditions, Habits, and Lifestyles Influencing Food Insecurity among Subsistence Workers in the City of Medellín, Colombia. Cross-sectional study / Condições de trabalho, hábitos e estilos de vida que influenciam a insegurança alimentar em trabalhadoras com empregos de subsistência em Medellín, Colômbia. Um estudo transversal

Resumen: Objetivo: determinar condiciones laborales, hábitos y estilos de vida relacionados con la inseguridad alimentaria de trabajadoras con empleos de subsistencia en Medellín, Colombia. Métodos: estudio transversal con fuente primaria de información, aplicando encuesta asistida, que incluyó la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Inseguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional, así como sus condiciones laborales, hábitos y estilos de vida. Resultados: 72,6 % tenía <60 años, 43,0 % sin permiso para trabajar, 63,0 % laboraba >8 horas/día y ocupaban viviendas en mal estado, 80,3 % eran sedentarias/poco activas, y la mitad consumía una o dos comidas diariamente. Explicaron mayor inseguridad alimentaria: ocupar viviendas en mal estado (RPA=2,08. IC=1,11;3,91), trabajar >8 horas/ día (RPA=3,55. IC=1,53;8,23), alimentarse en la sala de la casa (RPA=3,23. IC=1,22;8,50); en solitario (RPA=2,71. IC=1,19;6,16) y consumir carnes <5 veces/semana (RPA=1,70. IC=1,07;2,70). Conclusión: las condiciones y factores que aportan a explicar inseguridad alimentaria podrían revertirse con acciones de salud pública.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the working conditions, habits and lifestyles associated with food insecurityamong women with subsistencejobs in Medellín, Colombia. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized primary data obtained through an assisted survey, incorporating the Latin American and Caribbean Scale of Food and Nutritional Insecurity. Subsequently, this information was correlated with explored working conditions, habits and lifestyles. Results: 72,6% of participants were under 60 years old, 43,0% lacked work permits, 63,0% worked more than 8 hours per day, and resided in poorly conditioned houses. Additionally, 80,3% were sedentary or minimally active, and half reported consuming only one or two meals per day. Greater food insecurity was explained by actors such as occupying dwellings in poor condition (adjusted prevalence ratio [RPA] =2,08, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.11 - 3.91), working more than 8 hours per day (RPA=3.55, CI=1.53- 8.23), eating in the living room of the house (RPA=3.23, CI=1.22-8.50), dining alone (RPA=2.71, CI=1.19 -6.16), and consuming meat <5 times per week (RPA=1.70, CI=1.07- 2.70). Conclusion: The identified conditions and factors contributing to food insecurity could be addressed through public health interventions.

Resumo: Objetivo: determinar as condições de trabalho, hábitos e estilos de vida relacionados à insegurança alimentar de trabalhadoras com empregos de subsistência em Medellín, Colômbia. Métodos: estudo transversal com fonte primária de informação, aplicando uma pesquisa assistida que incluiu a Escala Latino-Americana e Caribenha de Insegurança Alimentar e Nutricional, bem como informações sobre as condições de trabalho, hábitos e estilos de vida. Resultados: 72,6% tinham menos de 60 anos, 43,0% não tinham permissão para trabalhar, 63,0% trabalhavam mais de 8 horas por dia e viviam em moradias precárias, 80,3% eram sedentárias/pouco ativas, e metade consumia apenas uma ou duas refeições por dia. A insegurança alimentar foi explicada de forma mais significativa por ocupar habitações em más condições (RPA=2,08, IC=1,11;3,91), trabalhar mais de 8 horas por dia (RPA=3,55, IC=1,53;8,23), fazer refeições na sala de casa (RPA=3,23, IC=1,22;8,50); comer sozinha (RPA=2,71, IC=1,19;6,16) e consumir carne menos de 5 vezes por semana (RPA=1,70, IC=1,07;2,70). Conclusão: As condições e fatores que contribuem para explicar a insegurança alimentar podem ser revertidos por meio de ações de saúde pública.

Informality and employment vulnerability: application in sellers with subsistence work.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the origin, evolution, and application of the concept of employment vulnerability in workers who subsist on street sales. METHODS: We have carried out an analysis of the literature in database in Spanish, Portuguese, and English, without restriction by country. This is a review of the gray literature of government reports, articles, and documents from Latin America and the Caribbean. We have analyzed information on the informal economy, social-employment vulnerability, and subsistence workers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The concept of informal economy is dispersed and suggested as synonymous with employment vulnerability. As a polysemic term, it generates confusion and difficulty in identifying defined profiles of employment vulnerability in informal subsistence workers, who sell their products on the streets and sidewalks of cities. The lack of a clear concept and profile of employment vulnerability for this type of workers generates a restriction on defined actions to reduce employment vulnerability. The profiles could facilitate access to the acquisition of assets that support their structure of opportunities, facilitating and mediating in the passage from vulnerability to social mobility with opportunities. We propose as a concept of employment vulnerability for subsistence workers in the informal sector, the condition of those who must work by day to eat at night, who have little or no ownership of assets, and who have a minimum structure of opportunities to prevent, face, and resist the critical situations that occur daily, putting at risk their subsistence and that of the persons who are their responsibility, thus making the connection between social and employment vulnerability.

Condiciones ambientales, laborales, hábitos y estilos de vida relacionados con la hipertensión en trabajadores informales, Medellín / Environmental and working conditions, habits and lifestyles related to hypertension in informal workers, Medellín / Condições ambientais, laborais, hábitos e estilos de vida relacionados com a hipertensão em trabalhadores informais, Medellín

Resumen Introducción: la hipertensión arterial (HTA) en trabajadores informales, podría explicarse por sus condiciones laborales, ambientales, hábitos y estilos de vida. Objetivo: determinar condiciones laborales, ambientales, hábitos y estilos de vida, que aportan a la explicación de HTA en trabajadores informales del centro de Medellín, Colombia, 2016. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal con intención analítica. Fuentes primarias de información, a un censo de 686 trabajadores en 2016, previa toma de consentimiento informado. Se indagaron condiciones laborales, ambientales, hábitos, estilos de vida y autorreporte de HTA. Se realizó análisis univariado, bivariado y multivariado. Pruebas estadísticas con 95 % de confianza y error del 5 %. Un grupo de trabajadores participó en el diseño y ejecución del trabajo de campo. Proyecto aprobado por comité de Ética Institucional de la Universidad CES, Medellín (septiembre 2015). Resultados: el 20,26 % de los trabajadores tenía HTA. Edad 50(±11,76) años y 23,5 años como venteros, 81,5 % trabaja >8 horas diarias. El 17,2 % fumaba cigarrillo, 23,7 % utilizaba salero en la mesa y 28,9 % eran sedentarios. Mayor hipertensión a mayor edad (RP=12,35), mayor antigüedad en el oficio (RP=1,73) y considerarse obeso (RP=2,61), y menor para quienes no consumían licor (RP=0,48). Explica mayor HTA consumir alimentos fritos (PR=3,14. IC=1,64; 6.00), tener entre 30-44 (PR=10,71.CI: 5,00; 22,94) y 45-59 años (PR=2,69. CI: 1,66; 4,37), y menor HTA, considerarse con sobrepeso (PR=0.54. IC=0.34, 0.78). Conclusiones: las condiciones laborales, hábitos y estilos de vida, aportan a la explicación de HTA. Siendo estas, algunas características que aportan a configurar vulnerabilidad laboral, en esta población trabajadora.

Abstract Introduction: High blood pressure (HBP) in informal workers could be explained, by their working and environmental conditions, habits and lifestyles. Objective: To determine working and environmental conditions, habits and lifestyles, which contribute to the explanation of HBP in informal workers in the downtown area in Medellin, Colombia, 2016. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study with analytical intent. Primary source of information: a census of 686 workers in 2016, after obtaining informed consent. Working and environmental conditions, habits, lifestyles and self-report of HBP were investigated. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyzes were performed. Statistical tests show 95% confidence and 5% error. A group of workers participated in the design and execution of the fieldwork. Project approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Universidad CES, Medellín September 2015. Results: 20,26% of the workers had HBP. Age 50 (±11,76) years old, and 23,5 years as street vendors, 81,5% work>8 hours a day; 17,2% smoked cigarettes, 23,7% used saltshakers at the table and 28,9% were sedentary. Greater hypertension at older age (PR=12.35), greater seniority in the job (PR=1,73) and considered themselves obese (PR=2,61), and lower HBP for those who did not consume liquor (PR=0,48). Greater HBP is explained in people consuming fried foods (PR=3.14.IC=1,64; 6.00), being between 30-44 (PR=10,71. CI:5,00;22,94) and 45 to 59 years old (PR=2,69.CI: 1.66; 4.37), and a lower HBP for those considered as overweight (PR=0,54. IC=0.34; 0.78). Conclusion: working conditions, habits and lifestyles contribute to the explanation of HBP. These are some characteristics that contribute to configure labor vulnerability in this working population.

Resumo Introdução: a hipertensão arterial (HTA) em trabalhadores informais, poderia explicar-se por suas condições laborais, ambientais, hábitos e estilos de vida. Objetivo: determinar condições laborais, ambientais, hábitos e estilos de vida, que aportam à explicação de HTA em trabalhadores informais do centro de Medellín, Colômbia, 2016. Metodologia: estudo descritivo transversal com intenção analítica. Fontes primarias de informação, a um censo de 686 trabalhadores em 2016, previa toma de consentimento informado. Indagaram-se condições laborais, ambientais, hábitos, estilos de vida e auto reporte de HTA. Realizou-se análise uni variado, bivariado e multivariado. Provas estadísticas com 95 % de confiança e erro do 5 %. Um grupo de trabalhadores participou no desenho e execução do trabalho de campo. Projeto aprovado por comité de Ética Institucional da Universidade CES, Medellín (setembro 2015). Resultados: o 20,26 % dos trabalhadores tinha HTA. Idade 50(±11,76) anos e 23,5 anos como camelôs, 81,5 % trabalha >8 horas diárias. O 17,2 % fumava cigarro, 23,7 % utilizava saleiro na mesa e 28,9 % eram sedentários. Maior hipertensão a maior idade (RP=12,35), maior antiguidade no ofício (RP=1,73) e considerar-se obeso (RP=2,61), e menor para quem não consumiam licor (RP=0,48). Explica maior HTA consumir alimentos fritos (PR=3,14. IC=1,64;6.00), ter entre 30-44 (PR=10,71.CI:5,00;22,94) e 45-59 anos (PR=2,69. CI:1,66;4,37), e menor HTA, considerar-se com sobrepeso (PR=0.54. IC=0.34, 0.78). Conclusões: as condições laborais, hábitos e estilos de vida, aportam à explicação de HTA. Sendo estas, algumas características que aportam a configurar vulnerabilidade laboral, nesta população trabalhadora.

Condiciones laborales y extralaborales relacionadas con la presencia de síntomas depresivos en mujeres trabajadoras con empleos de subsistencia en el centro de Medellín, 2015-2019 / Working and Non-Working Conditions Related to the Presence of Depressive Symptoms in Women Workers with Subsistence Jobs in the Centre of Medellín, 2015-2019

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar las condiciones laborales y extralaborales relacionadas con los síntomas depresivos de trabajadoras informales del centro de Medellín en 2015-2019. Métodos: Estudio transversal con intención analítica y fuentes primarias de información. Toma de datos con encuesta asistida en una de sus sedes gremiales en 2016, después de prueba piloto y estandarización de encuestadores. Se tomó por censo a 291 trabajadoras y se exploraron sus características laborales y extralaborales. Resultados: Las mujeres tenían una media de edad de 45 arios, escolaridad < 5 años, viviendas en estrato bajo y medio e ingresos inferiores al salario mínimo de 2016. Alrededor del 60,0% tenía inseguridad alimentaria moderada-grave, sin subsidio del Estado; eran fundamentalmente cabezas de familia, con 2 o menos personas a su cargo, y responsables de sus labores en el hogar. Laboraban al menos 8h al día 6 o 7 días a la semana, con padres o parientes venteros, y al menos 20 años en su labor. Alrededor del 60,0% tenía pareja, el 21,6% con disfuncionalidad familiar, y el 15,4% sufría síntomas depresivos moderados-graves (MG). Se asociaron y aportaron a la explicación de síntomas depresivos MG, vivir en cuarto o inquilinato, en estrato socioeconómico bajo y tener disfuncionalidad familiar MG. Conclusiones: Las condiciones extralaborales que se asocian y explican los síntomas depresivos MG de las trabajadoras pueden modificarse con acciones que impacten en los determinantes sociales de la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the working and non-working conditions related to depressive symptoms in informal workers in the centre of Medellín in 2015-2019. Methods: Cross-sectional study with analytical intention and primary sources of information. Data collection with assisted survey in one of its union headquarters in 2016, after a pilot test and standardisation of pollsters. A total of 291 women workers were taken as a census, and their working and non-working conditions were explored. Results: The women had an average age of 45 years, <5 years of schooling, low and middle-income housing, and income below the 2016 minimum wage. About 60% suffered moderate-severe food insecurity, and received no state benefits. They were mainly the head of the family, with 1 or 2 dependents, and were responsible for the work at home. They worked at least 8 hours a day, 6 or 7 days a week, with parents or relatives selling in the street, and at least 20 years in their work. About 60% had a partner, 21.6% with family dysfunction, and 15.4% moderate-severe depressive symptoms. Living in one room or a slum, with a low socioeconomic status and moderate-severe family dysfunction were associated with, and contributed to the explanation of, moderate-severe depressive symptoms. Conclusions: The non-working conditions that are associated with and explain the moderate-severe depressive symptoms of female workers can be modified with actions that impact on the social determinants of health.

Multimorbilidad en adultos mayores con empleos con subsistencia en las calles y aceras de Medellín, Colombia, 2016 / Multimorbidity in older adults with subsistence jobs on the streets and sidewalks of Medellín, Colombia, 2016

Objetivo: Determinar las condiciones laborales, hábitos y estilos de vida relacionadas con la multimorbilidad de adultos mayores con empleos con subsistencia en el centro de Medellín-Colombia, 2016. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal con fuentes primarias de información a un censo de 686 trabajadores, encuestados previa toma de consentimiento informado, el año 2016. Para este estudio se tomaron 153 trabajadores con ≥ 60 años. Análisis univariado, bivariado y multivariado, para estudiar su multimorbilidad y factores asociados a su labor. Resultados: 77,0% tenía entre 60-69 años; fundamentalmente hombres, 56,0% ganaba <500.000 pesos colombianos. Tenian >20 años en su oficio. El 62,0% presentó multimorbilidad, fundamentalmente por diabetes; hipertensión; obesidad y sintomatología depresiva. Explicaron mayor prevalencia de multimorbilidad (p<0,05) trabajar cerca de aguas residuales (RPA=3,38. IC=1,27;8,96), no tener horario para el consumo de alimentos (RPA=3,01. IC=1,25;7,27) y consumir alimentos en soledad (RPA=3,28. IC=1,31;8,18). Conclusión: Las condiciones que explican multimorbilidad en estos trabajadores, pueden ser revertidas con acciones de promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad, lideradas por el Estado y con su participación activa (AU)

Objective: To determine the working conditions, habits and lifestyles related to the multimorbidity of older adults with subsistence jobs in the center of Medellín-Colombia, 2016. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study with primary sources of information to a census of 686 workers, surveyed After obtaining informed consent, in 2016. For this study, 153 workers aged ≥60 years were taken. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis, to study their multimorbidity and factors associated with their work. Results: 77,0% were between 60-69 years old; mainly men, 56,0% earned <500,000 Colombian pesos. They were > 20 years old in their trade. 62,0% presented multimorbidity, mainly due to diabetes; hypertension; obesity and depressive symptoms. They explained a higher prevalence of multimorbidity (p<0,05) working near wastewater (RPA=3,38.CI=1,27; 8,96), not having a schedule for food consumption (RPA=3,01.CI=1,25;7,27) and consuming food alone (RPA=3,28.CI=1,31; 8,18). Conclusion: The conditions that explain multimorbidity in these workers can be reversed with health promotion and disease prevention actions, led by the State and with its active participation (AU)

Factores relacionados con osteoartritis en trabajadores informales del centro de Medellín, Colombia / Related factors with Osteoarthritis in informal workers in Medellin downtown, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: Se hace una correlación entre la osteoatrosis y las condiciones laborales, hábitos y estilos de vida de los trabajadores informales del centro de Medellín, Colombia. Objetivo: Identificar la relación de la osteoartritis y la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas y degenerativas con las condiciones sociodemográficas, laborales, hábitos y estilos de vida en un grupo de trabajadores informales de Medellín, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal, con fuente primaria de información de 686 trabajadores informales. Se realizó una encuesta asistida, previa toma de consentimiento. Se seleccionaron 289 trabajadores con diagnóstico de enfermedad crónica o degenerativa, ≥18 años, con ≥5 años en su oficio. Se realizaron análisis exploratorios y de asociación con prueba Chi2, y cálculo de RP con IC del 95%. Resultados: el 79,9% de la población padecía alguna enfermedad crónica. El 3,46% presentaba diagnóstico de osteoartritis, siendo significativamente mayor (p<0,05) en quienes tenían entre 21 y 30 años en su oficio (RP=5,62. IC:1,20;26,34). También fue mayor la prevalencia de osteoartritis en; >45 años (RP=2,26), mujeres (RP:4,44), trabajadores sedentarios (RP=1,71), obesos (RP=3,40), así como en quienes habían sido obreros (RP=1,30), en aquellos que tenían puestos de venta semiestacionaria (RP=2,21), vendían productos de cosecha y perecederos (RP=1,78), en quienes trabajaban >8 horas diarias (RP:2,77), ≤5días a la semana (RP=3,10), no tenían espacio suficiente para moverse (RP=2,08), y en quienes tenían posturas o movimientos forzados (RP=2,72). Conclusión: En la población de vendedores informales del centro de Medellín, los factores sociodemográficos, laborales, hábitos y estilos de vida modificables se relacionan con una mayor prevalencia de osteoartritis.

Abstract Introduction: A correlation is made regarding osteoarthrosis and working conditions and lifestyles of informal workers in Medellin downtown. Objective: To identify the prevalence of chronic and degenerative diseases, and the relationship of osteoarthritis with sociodemographic and work conditions, habits and lifestyles, in a group of informal workers from Medellín, Colombia. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study, with a primary source of information, with 686 workers. An assisted survey was applied, after obtaining consent. 289 workers with a diagnosis of chronic or degenerative disease, ≥18 years old, with ≥5 years in their profession were included. Exploratory and association analysis with Chi2 test, and calculation of PR with 95% CI. Results: 79.9% of them suffered from a chronic disease. 3.46% had a diagnosis of osteoarthrosis, being significantly higher (p <0.05) in those who had spent between 21 and 30 years performing their profession (PR=5,62.CI:1,20;26,34). The prevalence of osteoarthrosis was also higher in; >45 years (PR=2.26), women (PR=4,44), sedentary workers (PR=1,71), obese (PR=3,40), as well as those who had been brick-layers (PR=1,30), in those who had semi-stationary sales positions (PR=2,21), they sold harvest and perishable products (PR=1,78), in those who worked> 8 hours a day (PR:2,77), ≤ 5 days a week (PR=3,10), they did not have enough space to move (PR = 2.08), and in those who had forced postures or movements (PR=2,72). Conclusion: sociodemographic and work factors, habits and modifiable lifestyles are related to a higher prevalence of osteoarthrosis in this working population.

Relación de intencionalidad en pacientes con intoxicaciones agudas por plaguicidas en un hospital de Ibagué-Colombia / Acute pesticide poisoning and its relationship with intentionality in patients from a hospital in Ibague-Colombia

Resumen Introducción: La intoxicación aguda por plaguicidas, asociada al suicidio, es un problema de salud pública cuyo estudio es primordial por los organismos estatales. Objetivo: Establecer la relación de intencionalidad en pacientes con intoxicación aguda por plaguicidas, junto a la descripción de algunas características sociodemográficas y de exposición registrados en un hospital de Ibagué desde 2013 a 2016. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal retrospectivo en 137 registros notificados con intoxicación aguda por plaguicida según los códigos del CIE 10. Desarrollo de análisis estadístico descriptivo y estratificado para encontrar la asociación de características con la intencionalidad de la intoxicación. Resultados: El 50% de los casos correspondían a personas menores de 20 años; el 79,6% de las intoxicaciones tenían fines suicidas y se observó que el 45% realizaron un intento de suicidio previo; un nivel educativo alto correspondió a un bajo riesgo de envenenamiento intencional [OR=0,05; IC95% (0,01-0,56); p=0,01]. Conclusiones: Es necesaria la cooperación entre las autoridades en salud e instituciones públicas para implementar medidas de control y demás estrategias que prevengan las intoxicaciones con plaguicidas, particularmente la exposición voluntaria asociada al suicidio, fenómeno creciente en esta ciudad.

Abstract Introduction: Acute pesticide poisoning associated with suicide is a public health problem that requires special attention by state agencies. Objective: To establish the relationship of patient's intent with acute pesticide poisoning and describe some sociodemographic and exposure characteristics registered by a hospital in Ibagué (Colombia), from 2013 to 2016. Materials and methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study was conducted on 137 reports of acute pesticide poisoning that were registered according to ICD 10 codes. A descriptive and stratified statistical analysis was applied to establish the association between characteristics of poisoning intentionality. Results: 50% of the cases corresponded to people who were under 20 years of age. 79.6% of the poisonings were due to suicide attempt and 45% had had a previous attempt. A high educational level corresponded to a lower risk of intentional poisoning [OR=0.05; IC95% (0.01-0.56); p=0.01]. Conclusions: Cooperation between health care authorities and public institutions is necessary to implement measures and strategies in order to prevent acute pesticide poisoning events, especially those associated with suicide attempts, the frequency of which is growing in this city.

Informality and employment vulnerability: application in sellers with subsistence work / Informalidad y vulnerabilidad laboral: aplicación en vendedores con empleos de subsistencia

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the origin, evolution, and application of the concept of employment vulnerability in workers who subsist on street sales. METHODS We have carried out an analysis of the literature in database in Spanish, Portuguese, and English, without restriction by country. This is a review of the gray literature of government reports, articles, and documents from Latin America and the Caribbean. We have analyzed information on the informal economy, social-employment vulnerability, and subsistence workers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The concept of informal economy is dispersed and suggested as synonymous with employment vulnerability. As a polysemic term, it generates confusion and difficulty in identifying defined profiles of employment vulnerability in informal subsistence workers, who sell their products on the streets and sidewalks of cities. The lack of a clear concept and profile of employment vulnerability for this type of workers generates a restriction on defined actions to reduce employment vulnerability. The profiles could facilitate access to the acquisition of assets that support their structure of opportunities, facilitating and mediating in the passage from vulnerability to social mobility with opportunities. We propose as a concept of employment vulnerability for subsistence workers in the informal sector, the condition of those who must work by day to eat at night, who have little or no ownership of assets, and who have a minimum structure of opportunities to prevent, face, and resist the critical situations that occur daily, putting at risk their subsistence and that of the persons who are their responsibility, thus making the connection between social and employment vulnerability.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Describir el origen, evolución y aplicación del concepto de vulnerabilidad laboral en trabajadores con empleos de subsistencia en las ventas callejeras. MÉTODOS Análisis de la literatura en bases de datos en idioma español, portugués e inglés, sin restricción por país. Revisión de literatura gris de informes gubernamentales, artículos y documentos de América Latina y el Caribe. Se analizó información de economía informal, vulnerabilidad sociolaboral y trabajadores con empleos de subsistencia. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES El concepto de economía informal es disperso y se sugiere como sinónimo de vulnerabilidad laboral. Como término polisémico, genera confusión y dificultad para identificar perfiles concretos de vulnerabilidad laboral en trabajadores informales con empleos de subsistencia, que venden sus productos en las calles y aceras de las ciudades. No disponer de un concepto claro y un perfil de vulnerabilidad laboral para este tipo de trabajadores genera restricción en acciones concretas, para reducir la vulnerabilidad laboral. Los perfiles podrían facilitar el acceso a la adquisición de activos que apoyen su estructura de oportunidades, facilitando y mediando en el paso de la vulnerabilidad a la movilidad social, con oportunidades. Se propone como concepto de vulnerabilidad laboral para trabajadores del sector informal con empleos de subsistencia, la condición de aquellos que deben trabajar de día para comer de noche, que presentan una escasa o inexistente posesión de activos y una mínima estructura de oportunidades para prevenir, hacer frente y resistir las situaciones críticas que se les presentan cotidianamente, poniendo en riesgo su subsistencia y la de las personas que tienen a su cargo, conectándose así vulnerabilidad social y laboral.

Características sociodemográficas, económicas, ocupacionales y de percepción de salud que explican la disfuncionalidad familiar de trabajadores informales "vendedores" del centro de Medellín / Sociodemographic, economic, occupational and health perception characteristics which explain the dysfunctional family of informal "sellers" who work of the center of Medellín

Objetivo: Identificar características sociodemográficas, económicas, ocupacionales y de percepción de salud que expliquen la disfuncionalidad familiar de trabajadores informales "vendedores" del centro de Medellín. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal con fuentes primarias de información, muestra de 170 trabajadores en el año 2009 con encuesta que incluía el SF-36 y el APGAR familiar. Resultados: El 35% presentó riesgo de disfunción familiar leve o severa, siendo menor la prevalencia para quienes no eran cabeza de familia (RP: 0,59. IC95%:0,38;94) y vendían bebidas-picadura y dulce (RP:0,29. IC-95%: 0,11;0,77), fue mayor para quienes percibían menos ingresos mes (Me: $300.000; Rq: 242,000), tenían menor número de personas a su cargo (Me:2; Rq: 2) y eran del estrato socioeconómico bajo (RP:2,82. IC-95%:1,40;5,67). Se observaron diferencias para siete de los ocho dominios del SF-36. Conclusiones: Factores laborales y extra laborales en esta población trabajadora aportan a la explicación de la prevalencia de riesgo de disfuncionalidad familiar, ayudando a configurar su condición de vulnerabilidad laboral.

Objective: Identify socio-demographic, economic, occupational and health perception characteristics which explain the dysfunctional family of informal "sellers" who work in the center of Medellín. Materials and methods: A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was performed using primary sources of information to a sample of 170 workers in the year 2009 with a survey that included the SF-36 and the family APGAR. Results: The 35% of those polled presented risk of mild or severe dysfunction family, being less the prevalence for those who were not householders (RP: 0.59.) CI95%:0, 38; 94) and sold drinks - bite and sweet (RP: 0, 29. CI-95%: 0.11; 0.77), it was greater for those who perceived less income in the month (Me: $300,000; RQ: 242,000), had fewer dependants (Me:2; Rq: 2) and belonged to a low socio-economic strata (RP: 2, 82. CI - 95%:1, 40; 5.67). The differences for seven of the eight domains of the SF-36 were observed. Conclusions: The labor and extra labor factors in this working population provide information to the explanation of the prevalence of risk of dysfunctional family, helping to configure their condition of labor vulnerability.

[Design and comparative analysis of an inventory of avoidable mortality indicators specific to health conditions in Colombia]. / Diseño y análisis comparativo de un inventario de indicadores de mortalidad evitable adaptado a las condiciones sanitarias de Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a list of indicators of avoidable mortality (LIAM) in order to analyze failed efforts to control the mortality risks prevalent in Colombia, and to compare its results to those of two widely-used approaches. METHODS: The official mortality records of Colombia for 1985-2001 were reviewed; the basic causes of death were classified according to the ICD-9. Indicators of avoidable mortality (AM) were selected using an algorithm that combined the lists of Holland and Taucher, the definition of Rutstein and colleagues, and the principle of Uemura. The proportions of avoidable deaths that resulted from applying the LIAM and the two AM lists were compared to a database containing Colombia's official death records from 1993-1996. RESULTS: Of the 680 617 deaths registered during the study period, 18.2% were classified as avoidable according to Holland's list, and 51.3%, by Taucher's list. According to the LIAM, avoidable mortality rose to 76.7%. This pattern remained relatively stable in 1993-1996. The differences observed between the proportions of avoidable deaths according to the LIAM and that of the two other lists were related to the local epidemiological profile and the conceptual approach of each list. CONCLUSIONS: The differences between the LIAM and the AM lists of Taucher and of Holland attest to the consequences of using one or another classification in the Colombian context. The LIAM can be a valuable resource for undergirding and evaluating health policies, but must be adjusted to the specific situation in which it is applied.

Diseño y análisis comparativo de un inventario de indicadores de mortalidad evitable adaptado a las condiciones sanitarias de Colombia / Design and comparative analysis of an inventory of avoidable mortality indicators specific to health conditions in Colombia

OBJETIVOS: Elaborar un inventario de indicadores de mortalidad evitable (INIME) que permita analizar las fallas en el control de los riesgos de mortalidad predominantes en Colombia y comparar los resultados de su aplicación con los obtenidos mediante dos enfoques ampliamente utilizados. MÉTODOS: Se revisaron los registros oficiales de mortalidad de Colombia de 1985 a 2001; las causas básicas de muerte se clasificaron según la CIE-9. Se seleccionaron los indicadores de mortalidad evitable (ME) mediante un algoritmo que combinó las listas de Holland y de Taucher, la definición de Rutstein y colaboradores y el principio de Uemura. Se compararon las proporciones de muertes evitables resultantes de aplicar el INIME y las dos listas de ME a una base de datos con los registros oficiales de defunciones de Colombia de 1993 a 1996. RESULTADOS: De las 680617 defunciones registradas en el período de estudio, se clasificaron como evitables 18,2 por ciento según la lista de Holland y 51,3 por ciento según la lista de Taucher. La ME según el INIME ascendió a 76,7 por ciento. Este patrón se mantuvo relativamente estable entre 1993 y 1996. Las diferencias observadas en la proporción de muertes evitables según el INIME y las dos listas de ME se relacionaron con el perfil epidemiológico local y el enfoque conceptual de cada lista. CONCLUSIONES: Las diferencias entre el INIME y las listas de ME de Holland y de Taucher muestran las consecuencias de usar una u otra clasificación en el contexto colombiano. El INIME puede constituir un recurso valioso para fundamentar y evaluar políticas sanitarias, pero debe ajustarse a la situación específica en que se aplique.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a list of indicators of avoidable mortality (LIAM) in order to analyze failed efforts to control the mortality risks prevalent in Colombia, and to compare its results to those of two widely-used approaches. METHODS: The official mortality records of Colombia for 1985-2001 were reviewed; the basic causes of death were classified according to the ICD-9. Indicators of avoidable mortality (AM) were selected using an algorithm that combined the lists of Holland and Taucher, the definition of Rutstein and colleagues, and the principle of Uemura. The proportions of avoidable deaths that resulted from applying the LIAM and the two AM lists were compared to a database containing Colombia's official death records from 1993-1996. RESULTS: Of the 680 617 deaths registered during the study period, 18.2 percent were classified as avoidable according to Holland's list, and 51.3 percent, by Taucher's list. According to the LIAM, avoidable mortality rose to 76.7 percent. This pattern remained relatively stable in 1993-1996. The differences observed between the proportions of avoidable deaths according to the LIAM and that of the two other lists were related to the local epidemiological profile and the conceptual approach of each list. CONCLUSIONS: The differences between the LIAM and the AM lists of Taucher and of Holland attest to the consequences of using one or another classification in the Colombian context. The LIAM can be a valuable resource for undergirding and evaluating health policies, but must be adjusted to the specific situation in which it is applied.

Indicadores y condiciones de salud enun grupo de trabajadores informales venteros del centro de Medellín (Colombia) 2008–2009 / Health indicators and conditions in an informal working group innkeepers of a downtown Medellín 2008-2009

Introducción: percepción de salud y condiciones socio-demográficas, ocupacionales y familiares de trabajadores ‘venteros’ del centro de Medellín (Colombia) Métodos: estudio transversal sobre una muestra aleatoria de 170 ‘venteros’ en 2009, con aplicación de entrevista individual.Resultados: predominaron los varones (65 por ciento) y mayores de 35 años (85 por ciento); 88 por ciento eran cabeza de familia, pertenecían a los estratos más pobres 1 y 2; su nivel de escolaridad fue bajo (5 ± 3,3 años); número semanal de horas trabajadas entre 60 y 119, con antigüedad en el oficio de ventero (M = 18,5 años); los hombres percibían mayores ingresos que las mujeres; 35 por ciento de los trabajadores presentaba disfunción familiar leve o severa. Los puntajes totales del SF-36 fueron relativamente satisfactorios (entre 58,59 y 82,06). Las mujeres presentaron peores condiciones de trabajo y de percepción de salud que los hombres. Conclusión: los trabajadores presentaron condiciones socio-económicas, ocupacionales y familiares desfavorables y como población vulnerable ameritan el desarrollo de políticas públicas.

Mortalidad evitable y políticas en salud: Colombia, 1985-2002 / Avoidable mortality and health policies: Colombia, 1985-2002

Introducción: La confianza en la capacidad de evitar algunas muertes o diferir su aparición es el fundamento de toda política de salud, uno de cuyos principales resultados debe ser reducir las muertes evitables, y controlar las condiciones que aumentan el riesgo de morir. Objetivos: Establecer variaciones en la tendencia de la mortalidad evitable (ME) registrada en Colombia entre 1985 y 2002, como indicadoras del impacto efectivo que las reformas en la política sanitaria pudieran haber tenido sobre sus determinantes. Métodos: Estudio de la ME con base en los registros oficiales de defunción y en las proyecciones censales de Colombia entre 1985-2002. Para determinar la evitabilidad, se aplicó un inventario de causas de ME (ICME) ajustado a las condiciones epidemiológicas del país durante el período que se analiza. Resultados: De las muertes registradas, 75.3% se clasificaron como evitables. Se identificaron siete patrones de tendencia que reflejan, de manera particular, los efectos de las políticas públicas sobre los determinantes de la mortalidad. Conclusiones: En general, la ME viene disminuyendo en Colombia desde 1985 en la población general y entre los hombres, sin variaciones significativas durante el período. Las variaciones en la tendencia de las tasas ajustadas de varios grupos de causas hacen pensar en un deterioro en el control de sus determinantes, especialmente desde 1990. Los cambios aplicados en las políticas públicas durante los últimos años no se reflejaron en un mejor control de las muertes evitables, aunque el gasto en salud aumentó de modo muy notable en el país.

Introduction: Confidence in the capacity to avoid some deaths or to defer their occurrence is the foundation of any health public policy, one of whose main results should be to reduce avoidable mortality by controlling conditions that increase the risk of dying. Objectives: To establish trend variations in avoidable mortality (AM), registered in Colombia between 1985 and 2002, as an indicator of the effective impact that recent health reforms could have produced on the determinants of mortality. Methods: This is a study of AM, based on Colombian official registries of death and census projections, between 1985 and 2002. To determine the avoidability, an inventory of causes of AM (ICAM), based on the Holland and Taucher models, was applied to the data during the period analyzed. Results: Of the number of deaths registered, 75.3% were classified as avoidable. Seven tendency patterns were identified and each of them reflects, in particular, public-policy effects on mortality determinants. Conclusions: On the whole, AM has diminished in Colombia since 1985 among the general population and among men, without significant variations during the period. The trend variations observed of adjusted rates suggest deterioration in the control of AM determinants, particularly since 1990. Public policy changes applied in Colombia during the period have not been reflected in a better control of avoidable deaths, although health expenses have increased remarkably.