Diagnostic performance of a point of care high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay and single measurement evaluation to rule out and rule in acute coronary syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: About 10 million individuals in USA presented annually in the emergency department (ED) with chest pain or with signs and symptoms of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The advent of point of care (POC) devices, able to measure high sensitivity troponin, are a very interesting tool in the ED setting for its rapid turnaround time (<10 min). METHODS: The present study evaluates the diagnostic performance of the Atellica VTLi (Siemens) in real life setting using the clinical data derived from integrated diagnoses of emergency room staff and cardiologist and in comparison with standard laboratory hs-cTnT assay (Cobas 8000, Elecsys, Roche). 966 patients admitted to the emergency department of "G. Mazzini Hospital" in Teramo, Italy, from July 27, 2022, through June 09, 2023, were enrolled. RESULTS: The diagnostic performance of POC hs-cTnI was evaluated. An appropriate POC hs-cTnI threshold values <4 ng/L supplied a sensitivity and an NPV of 100 % (95 % CI: 99.5-100) in order to achieve rapid rule out for MI through a single measurement at patient presentation in the ED. Furthermore, a derivation POC hs-cTnI concentration >54 ng/L provided a specificity of 97.2 % (95 % CI: 95.9-98.1) and a PPV of 43.5 % (95 % CI: 40.3-46.7) for ruling in MI. CONCLUSIONS: This platform showed comparable diagnostic performance for myocardial infarction to the central laboratory. Our data suggest the possible use of the Atellica VTLi hs-cTnI POC assay either in emergency department of urban medical centre, either in rural hospital for triage and patient management.

Expanding the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of CHD2-related disease: From early neurodevelopmental disorders to adult-onset epilepsy.

CHD2 encodes the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 2, an ATP-dependent enzyme that acts as a chromatin remodeler. CHD2 pathogenic variants have been associated with various early onset phenotypes including developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, self-limiting or pharmacoresponsive epilepsies and neurodevelopmental disorders without epilepsy. We reviewed 84 previously reported patients carrying 76 different CHD2 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants and describe 18 unreported patients carrying 12 novel pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants, two recurrent likely pathogenic variants (in two patients each), three previously reported pathogenic variants, one gross deletion. We also describe a novel phenotype of adult-onset pharmacoresistant epilepsy, associated with a novel CHD2 missense likely pathogenic variant, located in an interdomain region. A combined review of previously published and our own observations indicates that although most patients (72.5%) carry truncating CHD2 pathogenic variants, CHD2-related phenotypes encompass a wide spectrum of conditions with developmental delay/intellectual disability (ID), including prominent language impairment, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autistic spectrum disorder. Epilepsy is present in 92% of patients with a median age at seizure onset of 2 years and 6 months. Generalized epilepsy types are prevalent and account for 75.5% of all epilepsies, with photosensitivity being a common feature and adult-onset nonsyndromic epilepsy a rare presentation. No clear genotype-phenotype correlation has emerged.

Real-life survey of pitfalls and successes of precision medicine in genetic epilepsies.

OBJECTIVE: The term 'precision medicine' describes a rational treatment strategy tailored to one person that reverses or modifies the disease pathophysiology. In epilepsy, single case and small cohort reports document nascent precision medicine strategies in specific genetic epilepsies. The aim of this multicentre observational study was to investigate the deeper complexity of precision medicine in epilepsy. METHODS: A systematic survey of patients with epilepsy with a molecular genetic diagnosis was conducted in six tertiary epilepsy centres including children and adults. A standardised questionnaire was used for data collection, including genetic findings and impact on clinical and therapeutic management. RESULTS: We included 293 patients with genetic epilepsies, 137 children and 156 adults, 162 females and 131 males. Treatment changes were undertaken because of the genetic findings in 94 patients (32%), including rational precision medicine treatment and/or a treatment change prompted by the genetic diagnosis, but not directly related to known pathophysiological mechanisms. There was a rational precision medicine treatment for 56 patients (19%), and this was tried in 33/56 (59%) and was successful (ie, >50% seizure reduction) in 10/33 (30%) patients. In 73/293 (25%) patients there was a treatment change prompted by the genetic diagnosis, but not directly related to known pathophysiological mechanisms, and this was successful in 24/73 (33%). SIGNIFICANCE: Our survey of clinical practice in specialised epilepsy centres shows high variability of clinical outcomes following the identification of a genetic cause for an epilepsy. Meaningful change in the treatment paradigm after genetic testing is not yet possible for many people with epilepsy. This systematic survey provides an overview of the current application of precision medicine in the epilepsies, and suggests the adoption of a more considered approach.

Efficacy and safety of Fenfluramine hydrochloride for the treatment of seizures in Dravet syndrome: A real-world study.

OBJECTIVE: Dravet syndrome (DS) is a drug-resistant, infantile onset epilepsy syndrome with multiple seizure types and developmental delay. In recently published randomized controlled trials, fenfluramine (FFA) proved to be safe and effective in DS. METHODS: DS patients were treated with FFA in the Zogenix Early Access Program at four Italian pediatric epilepsy centers. FFA was administered as add-on, twice daily at an initial dose of 0.2 mg/kg/d up to 0.7 mg/kg/d. Seizures were recorded in a diary. Adverse events and cardiac safety (with Doppler echocardiography) were investigated every 3 to 6 months. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients were enrolled, with a median age of 8.6 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 4.1-13.9). Forty-five (86.5%) patients completed the efficacy analysis. The median follow-up was 9.0 months (IQR = 3.2-9.5). At last follow-up visit, there was a 77.4% median reduction in convulsive seizures. Thirty-two patients (71.1%) had a ≥50% reduction of convulsive seizures, 24 (53.3%) had a ≥75% reduction, and five (11.1%) were seizure-free. The most common adverse event was decreased appetite (n = 7, 13.4%). No echocardiographic signs of cardiac valvulopathy or pulmonary hypertension were observed. There was no correlation between type of genetic variants and response to FFA. SIGNIFICANCE: In this real-world study, FFA provided a clinically meaningful reduction in convulsive seizure frequency in the majority of patients with DS and was well tolerated.

Otogenic Lateral Sinovenous Thrombosis in Children: A Case Series from a Single Centre and Narrative Review.

AIM: We aimed to describe otogenic lateral sinovenous thrombosis (OLST), a rare, potentially life-threatening complication of otomastoiditis. METHODS: Children diagnosed with OLST in a tertiary-care Hospital from 2014 to 2019 was retrospectively selected. Clinical and radiological features, timing of diagnosis, treatment and outcome are reported. RESULTS: Seven children (5 males) were studied. Fever and neurological symptoms (headache, lethargy, diplopia, dizziness and papilledema) were always present. Otalgia and/or otorrhea were found in 6 children; none had signs of mastoiditis. Diagnosis was reached after 7 days (median) from clinical onset. Brain CT-scan was performed in 5 children being diagnostic for 3. Venography-MRI detected OLST and mastoiditis in all cases without parenchymal lesions. Treatment was based on intravenous rehydration, antibiotic and low-molecular weight heparin; acetazolamide was added in 3 children. Mastoidectomy and ventriculoperitoneal-shunting were selectively performed. Patients were discharged after 26 days (median). Follow-up neuroimaging showed sinus recanalization after a median time of 6 months. CONCLUSION: A multidisciplinary approach is needed to optimize diagnostic-therapeutic protocols of pediatric OLST.

Long-term efficacy of add-on stiripentol treatment in children, adolescents, and young adults with refractory epilepsies: A single center prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term efficacy and tolerability of stiripentol (STP) as an adjunctive treatment in different forms of refractory epilepsies. METHODS: The medical records of all individuals consecutively treated with STP as add-on therapy for refractory epilepsies, irrespective of their being focal, generalized, or both, and followed at Meyer Children's Hospital between January 2007 and May 2018, were reviewed. The drug scheme administration consisted of a starting dose of STP of 10-15 mg/kg/d with increments every week, up to a maximum of 50 mg/kg/d, based on both age and weight. Etiology of epilepsy was codified as structural, genetic, infectious, immune, metabolic, and unknown. Responders were defined as patients who achieved a seizure frequency reduction of ≥50%. Retention rate was defined as the probability of continuing STP without additional therapy. Tolerability was assessed by reporting adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 132 individuals aged from 5 months to 43 years received add-on STP, including 30 patients with Dravet syndrome (DS). The median follow-up was 14.8 months (range = 4 months-18 years, interquartile range = 25.72). Twenty-nine individuals (22%) received more than two antiepileptic drugs. Benzodiazepines, mainly clobazam, were the most commonly used add-on drugs. Sixty-six patients (50%) were responders, and 13 of them (9.8%) were seizure-free. Responder rate was higher in the genetic etiology group (57%), especially in DS (18/30; 60%), and in patients with refractory focal onset epilepsy without bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (5/15; 33%). The median relapse-free survival was 27 months in the 66 responders. The median time to STP failure was 24.6 months in all 132 individuals. SIGNIFICANCE: This study confirms the long-term efficacy of add-on STP treatment in patients with different types of refractory epilepsies, including focal onset epilepsy without bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Further confirmations based on prospectively designed studies are required to confirm STP efficacy in focal epilepsy.

HCN1 mutation spectrum: from neonatal epileptic encephalopathy to benign generalized epilepsy and beyond.

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels control neuronal excitability and their dysfunction has been linked to epileptogenesis but few individuals with neurological disorders related to variants altering HCN channels have been reported so far. In 2014, we described five individuals with epileptic encephalopathy due to de novo HCN1 variants. To delineate HCN1-related disorders and investigate genotype-phenotype correlations further, we assembled a cohort of 33 unpublished patients with novel pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants: 19 probands carrying 14 different de novo mutations and four families with dominantly inherited variants segregating with epilepsy in 14 individuals, but not penetrant in six additional individuals. Sporadic patients had epilepsy with median onset at age 7 months and in 36% the first seizure occurred during a febrile illness. Overall, considering familial and sporadic patients, the predominant phenotypes were mild, including genetic generalized epilepsies and genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) spectrum. About 20% manifested neonatal/infantile onset otherwise unclassified epileptic encephalopathy. The study also included eight patients with variants of unknown significance: one adopted patient had two HCN1 variants, four probands had intellectual disability without seizures, and three individuals had missense variants inherited from an asymptomatic parent. Of the 18 novel pathogenic missense variants identified, 12 were associated with severe phenotypes and clustered within or close to transmembrane domains, while variants segregating with milder phenotypes were located outside transmembrane domains, in the intracellular N- and C-terminal parts of the channel. Five recurrent variants were associated with similar phenotypes. Using whole-cell patch-clamp, we showed that the impact of 12 selected variants ranged from complete loss-of-function to significant shifts in activation kinetics and/or voltage dependence. Functional analysis of three different substitutions altering Gly391 revealed that these variants had different consequences on channel biophysical properties. The Gly391Asp variant, associated with the most severe, neonatal phenotype, also had the most severe impact on channel function. Molecular dynamics simulation on channel structure showed that homotetramers were not conducting ions because the permeation path was blocked by cation(s) strongly complexed to the Asp residue, whereas heterotetramers showed an instantaneous current component possibly linked to deformation of the channel pore. In conclusion, our results considerably expand the clinical spectrum related to HCN1 variants to include common generalized epilepsy phenotypes and further illustrate how HCN1 has a pivotal function in brain development and control of neuronal excitability.

Long-term efficacy of add-on lacosamide treatment in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsies: A single-center observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess long-term efficacy and tolerability of lacosamide (LCM) as adjunctive treatment through a retrospective study in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsies. METHODS: All patients consecutively treated with LCM as add-on for refractory focal and generalized epilepsy and followed at the Neuroscience Center of Excellence of the Meyer Children's Hospital of Florence between January 2011 and September 2015 were included in the study. Responder rate, relapse-free survival, and retention rate were calculated. Tolerability was assessed by reporting adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 88 individuals (41 female) aged 4 months to 18 years (median 10.5 years; mean ± SD 10.6 ± 4.8 years) received add-on LCM treatment for refractory epilepsy. Thirty-four patients (38.6%) were responders with a median time to relapse of 48 months. Nine (26.4%) of the 34 responders were seizure-free. For all 88 patients, the probability of remaining on LCM without additional therapy was 74.4% at 6 months, 47.7% at 12 months, 27.9% at 24 months, 18.0% at 48 months, and 8.2% at 72 months of follow-up. No statistically significant differences in relapse and retention time were observed with regard to epilepsy and seizure types, duration and course of epilepsy, number and type of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs; sodium channel blockers vs others) used in add-on. The most frequent adverse events were dermatological (4/11) and behavioral (3/11). SIGNIFICANCE: This study documents a real-world progressive and significant loss of LCM efficacy over time in a pediatric population. Further prospective studies on larger populations are required to confirm the remarkable loss of LCM efficacy over time.

Comparative efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in children and adolescents: A network meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the comparative efficacy among antiepileptic drugs in the pediatric population (0-18 years). METHODS: Using the Embase and MEDLINE databases, we updated to February 2017 the search strategy of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines for epilepsy. We only included randomized clinical trials conducted in children and mixed-age populations. According to the PRISMA network meta-analysis guideline, the study-level quality assessment was made with the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Three investigators independently selected articles. The efficacy outcome was considered to be seizure freedom or ≥50% seizure reduction. RESULTS: We selected 46 randomized clinical trials. A total of 5652 individuals were randomized to 22 antiepileptic drugs and placebo. The point estimates of carbamazepine and lamotrigine efficacy showed their superiority with respect to all comparator antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of newly diagnosed focal epilepsy. In refractory focal epilepsy, levetiracetam (odds ratio [OR] = 3.3, 95% credible interval [CrI] = 1.3-7.6) and perampanel (OR = 2.5, 95% CrI = 1.1-5.8) were more effective compared to placebo. Ethosuximide and valproic acid were both superior to lamotrigine against absence seizures. The OR point estimate showed the superiority of adrenocorticotropic hormone over all comparators in infantile spasms. A wide heterogeneity in the length of follow-up was observed among the studies. SIGNIFICANCE: This network meta-analysis suggests that the quality of studies should be improved through the use of comparative designs, relevant outcomes, appropriate follow-up length, and more reliable inclusion criteria.

Diagnostic Targeted Resequencing in 349 Patients with Drug-Resistant Pediatric Epilepsies Identifies Causative Mutations in 30 Different Genes.

Targeted resequencing gene panels are used in the diagnostic setting to identify gene defects in epilepsy. We performed targeted resequencing using a 30-genes panel and a 95-genes panel in 349 patients with drug-resistant epilepsies beginning in the first years of life. We identified 71 pathogenic variants, 42 of which novel, in 30 genes, corresponding to 20.3% of the probands. In 66% of mutation positive patients, epilepsy onset occurred before the age of 6 months. The 95-genes panel allowed a genetic diagnosis in 22 (6.3%) patients that would have otherwise been missed using the 30-gene panel. About 50% of mutations were identified in genes coding for sodium and potassium channel components. SCN2A was the most frequently mutated gene followed by SCN1A, KCNQ2, STXBP1, SCN8A, CDKL5, and MECP2. Twenty-nine mutations were identified in 23 additional genes, most of them recently associated with epilepsy. Our data show that panels targeting about 100 genes represent the best cost-effective diagnostic option in pediatric drug-resistant epilepsies. They enable molecular diagnosis of atypical phenotypes, allowing to broaden phenotype-genotype correlations. Molecular diagnosis might influence patients' management and translate into better and specific treatment recommendations in some conditions.

Ketamine in refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children avoids endotracheal intubation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to report on the efficacy and safety of intravenous ketamine (KE) in refractory convulsive status epilepticus (RCSE) in children and highlight its advantages with particular reference to avoiding endotracheal intubation. METHODS: Since November 2009, we have used a protocol to treat RCSE including intravenous KE in all patients referred to the Neurology Unit of the Meyer Children's Hospital. RESULTS: From November 2009 to February 2015, 13 children (7 females; age: 2 months-11 years and 5 months) received KE. Eight patients were treated once, two were treated twice, and the remaining three were treated 3 times during different RCSE episodes, for a total of 19 treatments. Most of the RCSE episodes were generalized (14/19). A malformation of cortical development was the most frequent etiology (4/13 children). Ketamine was administered from a minimum of 22 h to a maximum of 17 days, at doses ranging from 7 to 60 mcg/kg/min, obtaining a resolution of the RCSE in 14/19 episodes. Five patients received KE in lieu of conventional anesthetics, thus, avoiding endotracheal intubation. Ketamine was effective in 4 of them. Suppression-burst pattern was observed after the initial bolus of 3mg/kg in the majority of the responder RCSE episodes (10/14). CONCLUSIONS: Ketamine is effective in treating RCSE and represents a practical alternative to conventional anesthetics for the treatment of RCSE. Its use avoids the pitfalls and dangers of endotracheal intubation, which is known to worsen RCSE prognosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Status Epilepticus".

Recurrent drop attacks in early childhood as presenting symptom of benign hereditary chorea caused by TITF1 gene mutations.

Drop attacks are sudden, spontaneous falls without loss of consciousness, followed by rapid recovery. Causes in children include severe epilepsies, movement disorders, cataplexy, and psychiatric disorders. We describe two children (a 3-year-old female and a 12-year-old male) with mild neuromotor delay and sudden falls appearing upon starting to walk. Extensive clinical and laboratory investigation was unremarkable. Twenty to 22 months after the onset of falls, both children developed subtle choreiform movements, affecting all four limbs, leading to frequent falls, at times causing traumatic injury. A heterozygous mutation of the TITF1/NKX2-1 gene (14q13) was detected in both patients, allowing the diagnosis of benign hereditary chorea (BHC). Treatment with levodopa attenuated abnormal movements and led to disappearance of drop attacks. A diagnosis of BHC should be considered in young children with recurrent and unexplained drop attacks, especially if associated with neuromotor delay, even in the absence of choreiform movements.

Risk of seizures in children receiving busulphan-containing regimens for stem cell transplantation.

Busulphan (BU) is associated with neurotoxicity and risk of seizures. Hence, seizure prophylaxis is routinely utilized during BU administration for stem cell transplantation (SCT). We collected data on the incidence of seizures among children undergoing SCT in Italy. Fourteen pediatric transplantation centers agreed to report unselected data on children receiving BU as part of the conditioning regimen for SCT between 2005 and 2012. Data on 954 pediatric transplantation procedures were collected; of them, 66% of the patients received BU orally, and the remaining 34%, i.v. All the patients received prophylaxis of seizures, according to local protocols, consisting of different schedules and drugs. A total of 13 patients (1.3%) developed seizures; of them, 3 had a history of epilepsy (or other seizure-related pre-existing condition); 3 had documented brain lesions potentially causing seizures per se; 1 had febrile seizures, 1 severe hypo-osmolality. In the remaining 5 patients, seizures were considered not explained and, thus, potentially related to BU administration. The incidence of seizures in children receiving BU-containing regimen was very low (1.3%); furthermore, most of them had at least 1-either pre-existing or concurrent-associated risk factor for seizures.

Adjunctive zonisamide therapy in the long-term treatment of children with partial epilepsy: results of an open-label extension study of a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety/tolerability and efficacy of long-term adjunctive zonisamide and its impact on growth and development in children (6-18 years) with partial epilepsy. METHODS: Open-label extension of a phase III, placebo-controlled trial. Started with double-blind transition period (2-11 weeks), during which patients on zonisamide continued at the same dose and those on placebo switched to zonisamide 1 mg/kg/day, up-titrated to 8 mg/kg/day (maximum 500 mg/day). During the subsequent open-label period (45-57 weeks), zonisamide dosing could be adjusted according to tolerability/response. Safety assessments included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), clinical laboratory parameters, and vital signs. Efficacy assessments included responder rate (primary assessment) and seizure freedom rate during the open-label period. Growth and development assessments comprised Tanner stages, hand x-rays, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 6/18), School Performance questionnaire, Physician and Parent/Guardian Global Impression of Change, and Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT). RESULTS: One hundred forty-four children entered the study; 99 (68.8%) of 144 children completed it, and 108 (75.0%) of 144 received zonisamide for ≥1 year. TEAEs occurred in 39 (27.1%) of 144 patients. There were low incidences of serious TEAEs (2.1%) and TEAEs leading to discontinuation (2.8%). Bicarbonate level decreases >3.5 mm occurred in 64 patients (44.4%), and 24 patients (16.7%) had a weight decrease of ≥10% from baseline. During the open-label period, 81 (56.3%) of 144 patients were responders and 16 (11.1%) of 144 achieved seizure freedom. Tanner staging and skeletal development were as expected for the study population. Changes were minimal for CBCL 6/18 and School Performance scores. Most patients were "much improved"/"very much improved" on Physician (73.8%) and Parent/Guardian (75.4%) Global Impressions of Change. Median changes in COWAT Category and Letter Fluency scores were 2.0 and 0.5, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE: Adjunctive zonisamide was well tolerated and efficacious over a period of at least 1 year in children with partial epilepsy, with no unexpected safety concerns and no consistent detrimental effects on growth and development. A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.

Structural brain abnormalities in Pallister-Killian syndrome: a neuroimaging study of 31 children.

BACKGROUND: Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mosaic tetrasomy of 12p with wide neurological involvement. Intellectual disability, developmental delay, behavioral problems, epilepsy, sleep disturbances, and brain malformations have been described in most individuals, with a broad phenotypic spectrum. This observational study, conducted through brain MRI scan analysis on a cohort of patients with genetically confirmed PKS, aims to systematically investigate the neuroradiological features of this syndrome and identify the possible existence of a typical pattern. Moreover, a literature review differentiating the different types of neuroimaging data was conducted for comparison with our population. RESULTS: Thirty-one individuals were enrolled (17 females/14 males; age range 0.1-17.5 years old at first MRI). An experienced pediatric neuroradiologist reviewed brain MRIs, blindly to clinical data. Brain abnormalities were observed in all but one individual (compared to the 34% frequency found in the literature review). Corpus callosum abnormalities were found in 20/30 (67%) patients: 6 had callosal hypoplasia; 8 had global hypoplasia with hypoplastic splenium; 4 had only hypoplastic splenium; and 2 had a thin corpus callosum. Cerebral hypoplasia/atrophy was found in 23/31 (74%) and ventriculomegaly in 20/31 (65%). Other frequent features were the enlargement of the cisterna magna in 15/30 (50%) and polymicrogyria in 14/29 (48%). Conversely, the frequency of the latter was found to be 4% from the literature review. Notably, in our population, polymicrogyria was in the perisylvian area in all 14 cases, and it was bilateral in 10/14. CONCLUSIONS: Brain abnormalities are very common in PKS and occur much more frequently than previously reported. Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria was a main aspect of our population. Our findings provide an additional tool for early diagnosis.Further studies to investigate the possible correlations with both genotype and phenotype may help to define the etiopathogenesis of the neurologic phenotype of this syndrome.

Corrigendum: The new Italian registry of infantile thrombosis (RITI): a reflection on its journey, challenges and pitfalls.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1094246.].

A randomized phase III trial of adjunctive zonisamide in pediatric patients with partial epilepsy.

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and safety/tolerability of adjunctive zonisamide treatment in pediatric patients with partial epilepsy. METHODS: In this phase III, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial, 207 patients (age 6-17 years) with partial epilepsy, receiving one or two antiepileptic drugs, were randomized to receive adjunctive zonisamide or placebo. Zonisamide was initiated at 1 mg/kg/day, titrated to a target dose of 8 mg/kg/day over 8 weeks (one down-titration permitted), and maintained for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy end point was the proportion of responders (≥ 50% seizure frequency reduction from baseline) during the 12-week maintenance period. Safety/tolerability assessments included the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). KEY FINDINGS: In total, 93 (86.9%) of 107 patients randomized to zonisamide and 90 (90.0%) of 100 patients randomized to placebo completed the trial. Responder rates were 50% for zonisamide versus 31% for placebo (p = 0.0044; intention-to-treat population, last observation carried forward). The overall incidence of TEAEs was similar for zonisamide (55.1%) versus placebo (50.0%), with low rates of serious TEAEs with zonisamide and placebo (3.7% vs. 2.0%) and TEAEs leading to withdrawal (0.9% vs. 3.0%). TEAEs reported more frequently with zonisamide versus placebo were decreased appetite (6.5% vs. 4.0%), decreased weight (4.7% vs. 3.0%), somnolence (4.7% vs. 2.0%), vomiting (3.7% vs. 2.0%), and diarrhea (3.7% vs. 1.0%). SIGNIFICANCE: Adjunctive zonisamide treatment was shown to be effective and well tolerated in pediatric patients with partial epilepsy. No new or unexpected safety findings emerged.

The medical and surgical treatment of tumoral seizures: current and future perspectives.

Epilepsy surgery represents the main treatment option for epileptogenic brain tumors. Scalp video-electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may suffice for defining lesional area and seizure-onset zone in discrete, surgically resectable lesions. The choice of timing for surgery requires a multidisciplinary evaluation, especially in children, when a "wait and see" approach is chosen. Discordant electroclinical and neuroimaging data and an ill-defined epileptogenic lesion require invasive investigations. A multimodal integrated approach may maximize the extent of resection while preserving cerebral function in the eloquent cortex. Radical removal of the tumor is the most important predictor of seizure freedom. Additional predictors include histopathology, age at surgery, duration of epilepsy, and seizure type. Patients with brain tumors are highly vulnerable in relation to the frequent drug-resistance of seizures, the potential interactions between antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and chemotherapeutic agents (CMTs), and the risk of AED-related cognitive adverse events (24% higher than in the rest of the epilepsy population), in addition to brain damage resulting from tumor itself, surgery, and radiotherapy. No robust, randomized, controlled evidence supports the choice of AEDs for the treatment of seizures in patients with brain tumors. Newer AEDs have limited or no enzyme-inducing profile, prevalent renal excretion, lower plasma protein binding and, consequently, fewer interactions with CMTs. Enzyme-inducing AEDs can lower serum levels of concomitantly administered CMTs. Class I evidence suggests that in patients with brain tumors who do not have a history of seizures, prophylactic use of AEDs is neutral or ineffective.