ABSTRACT
As the SARS-COV-2 becomes a global pandemic, many researchers have a concern about the long COVID-19 complications. Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is a persistent, debilitating, and unexplained fatigue disorder. We investigated psychological morbidities such as CFS and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among survivors of COVID-19 over 6 months. All COVID-19 survivors from the university-affiliated hospital of Tehran, Iran, were assessed 6 months after infection onset by a previously validated questionnaire based on the Fukuda guidelines for CFS/EM and DSM-5 Checklist for PTSD (The Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 or PCL-5) to determine the presence of stress disorder and chronic fatigue problems. A total of 120 patients were enrolled. The prevalence rate of fatigue symptoms was 17.5%. Twelve (10%) screened positive for chronic idiopathic fatigue (CIF), 6 (5%) for CFS-like with insufficient fatigue syndrome (CFSWIFS), and 3 (2.5%) for CFS. The mean total scores in PCL-5 were 9.27 ± 10.76 (range:0-44), and the prevalence rate of PTSD was 5.8%. There was no significant association after adjusting between CFS and PTSD, gender, comorbidities, and chloroquine phosphate administration. The obtained data revealed the prevalence of CFS among patients with COVID-19, which is almost similar to CFS prevalence in the general population. Moreover, PTSD in patients with COVID-19 is not associated with the increased risk of CFS. Our study suggested that medical institutions should pay attention to the psychological consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/psychology , Cough/psychology , Dementia/psychology , Dyspnea/psychology , Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/psychology , Fever/psychology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Adult , Aged , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/virology , Cough/complications , Cough/drug therapy , Cough/virology , Dementia/complications , Dementia/drug therapy , Dementia/virology , Drug Combinations , Dyspnea/complications , Dyspnea/drug therapy , Dyspnea/virology , Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/complications , Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/drug therapy , Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/virology , Female , Fever/complications , Fever/drug therapy , Fever/virology , Humans , Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use , Lopinavir/therapeutic use , Male , Middle Aged , Oseltamivir/therapeutic use , Research Design , Ritonavir/therapeutic use , SARS-CoV-2/drug effects , SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity , Severity of Illness Index , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/complications , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/drug therapy , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/virology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Survivors/psychology , COVID-19 Drug TreatmentABSTRACT
Bromelain is a plant-based molecule with antioxidant, antithrombotic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Bromelain has been shown to reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines. This study aimed to determine whether bromelain can prevent ataxia in rats caused by 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP). Thirty-six albino rats were divided into the control, 3-AP, and 3-AP + Brom groups. In the 3-AP + Brom group, bromelain was injected intraperitoneally at 40 mg/kg daily for 30 days. Various techniques such as rotarod, electromyography (EMG), elevated plus maze, IHC, and Sholl analysis were used to evaluate the possible effects of bromelain on cerebellar neurons and glial cells. The results demonstrated significant improvements in most of the 3-AP + Brom, including motor coordination, neuromuscular response, anxiety, oxidative capacity, microgliosis, astrogliosis, cell death, and morphological variables compared to the 3-AP group. The mechanism of action of bromelain in restoring cerebellar ataxia needs further investigation, but it may be a candidate to help restore degeneration in animals with ataxia.