Severity of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant compared with the previous lineages: A systematic review.

The Omicron variant was first detected in October 2021, which evolved from the original SARS-CoV-2 strain and was found to possess many mutations. Immune evasion was one of the notable consequences of these mutations. Despite Omicron exhibiting increased transmissibility, the rates of hospitalizations and deaths among patients infected with this variant were substantially lower when compared to other strains. However, concluding that the Omicron variant is less severe than other variants of SARS-CoV-2 requires consideration of multiple factors, including the vaccination status of infected patients as well as any previous infections with other variants. This review compiled data about any reported indicators of severity in Omicron-infected patients, including studies comparing Omicron with other variants while adjusting for confounders. A comprehensive search was conducted using different databases to target any studies about Omicron. In total, 62 studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in this study. Many studies reported a significantly reduced risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, need for oxygenation/ventilation, and death in Omicron-infected patients compared to patients infected with other variants, such as Delta. Some studies, however, reported comparable severity in Omicron infected patients as to other variants emphasizing a substantial risk for severe illness. Furthermore, the COVID-19 vaccines were less effective against Omicron relative to previous lineages, except after receiving the booster dose. One study recommended vaccination during pregnancy, which may help prevent future cases of severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in neonates and young infants due to the transfer of humoral response from the mother.

Cardiovascular and haematological events post COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review.

Since COVID-19 took a strong hold around the globe causing considerable morbidity and mortality, a lot of effort was dedicated to manufacturing effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Many questions have since been raised surrounding the safety of the vaccines, and a lot of media attention to certain side effects. This caused a state of vaccine hesitancy that may prove problematic in the global effort to control the virus. This review was undertaken with the aim of putting together all the reported cardiovascular and haematological events post COVID-19 vaccination in published literature and to suggest possible mechanisms to explain these rare phenomena.

Systemic inflammation in COVID-19 patients may induce various types of venous and arterial thrombosis: A systematic review.

COVID-19 is a global pandemic with a daily increasing number of affected individuals. Thrombosis is a severe complication of COVID-19 that leads to a worse clinical course with higher rates of mortality. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that hyperinflammation plays a crucial role in disease progression. This review compiles clinical data of COVID-19 patients who developed thrombotic complications to investigate the possible role of hyperinflammation in inducing hypercoagulation. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, Medline and Scopus to identify relevant clinical studies that investigated thrombotic manifestations and reported inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers in COVID-19 patients. Only 54 studies met our inclusion criteria, the majority of which demonstrated significantly elevated inflammatory markers. In the cohort studies with control, D-dimer was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients with thrombosis as compared to the control. Pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis and strokes were frequently reported which could be attributed to the hyperinflammatory response associated with COVID-19 and/or to the direct viral activation of platelets and endothelial cells, two mechanisms that are discussed in this review. It is recommended that all admitted COVID-19 patients should be assessed for hypercoagulation. Furthermore, several studies have suggested that anticoagulation may be beneficial, especially in hospitalized non-ICU patients. Although vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been approved and distributed in several countries, research should continue in the field of prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and its severe complications including thrombosis due to the emergence of new variants against which the efficacy of the vaccines is not yet clear.

The role of gut microbiota in atopic asthma and allergy, implications in the understanding of disease pathogenesis.

Asthma is a clinical syndrome characterized by chronic airway inflammation. There is mounting evidence on the role of microbiota in the development of asthma. This review focuses on the role of microbiota in maintaining the integrity of the epithelia and their role in regulating the immune response. The review compiles data from multiple studies on the role of microbiota in the innate immune response and the development and differentiation of CD4+ T cells, a major component of the adaptive arm of the immune response. As a result of dysbiosis, invariant natural killer T cells may induce T helper 2 cell differentiation and immunoglobulin E isotype switching through the release of interleukin-4 and interleukin-13. Furthermore, degradation of immunoglobulin A antibodies, increased circulating mast cells and basophils, and inflammation are among other mechanisms by which dysbiosis can induce or exacerbate asthma. After explaining the underlying mechanisms, the review derives conclusions from studies that investigate dysbiosis in infancy and the development of asthma later in life. The review also includes studies that investigate asthmatic mothers and the development of asthma in children and the role of dysbiosis in that regard. Finally, the review explains the statistical relationship between eczema and asthma through multiple studies that investigate the role of dysbiosis in both atopic states. This review provides insight into the role of dysbiosis in asthma, and an understanding that is required to establish clinical trials which aim to modulate the gut microbiota as a means of preventing and treating asthma.

Targeting the gut microbiome: A brief report on the awareness, practice, and readiness to engage in clinical interventions in Qatar.

BACKGROUND: There has been a growing global interest in the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of diseases and the potentials of targeting the microbiome in clinical interventions. Very few clinical studies in Qatar focused on gut microbiome. This study aimed to assess the awareness of healthcare professionals, scientists, and the general public on the role of gut microbiota in health and diseases and, more specifically, in disorders of the gut-brain axis such as neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) or gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. It also aimed to evaluate the readiness of the population to engage in clinical trials involving dietary interventions or fecal transplants. METHODS: A total of 156 participants were recruited to answer questionnaires-from healthcare professionals and scientists (HSs; n = 44) and the general public (n = 112). Participants from the general public self-reported their diagnosis of NDDs-autism or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (n = 36)-or GI diseases or disorders (n = 18) or as having none of them (n = 58). Two questionnaires for HSs and for the general public were distributed, and basic descriptive and statistical analyses were conducted using the Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Among the participating HSs, 95% admitted that they had minimum to no knowledge on the role of gut microbes in health and diseases, and only 15.9% felt that their peers were knowledgeable about it. Nevertheless, 97.7% of HSs thought that gut microbiota should be considered when devising treatment plans as 79.1% believed that gut dysbiosis is involved in the pathogenesis of diseases. For the general public, 54% stated that they have read about studies on the potential benefits of microbes in the prevention, treatment, and management of diseases, with a higher proportion of them belonging to the GI group (p = 0.0523). The GI group was also more aware of the existence of the use of fecal transplants for treating their condition (p = 0.01935). Awareness was also reflected in participants' attempts to engage in dietary changes, as 40% tried a dietary intervention, which has noticeably changed their or their child's symptoms. This study reported a highly significant association between being exposed to multiple antibiotic courses before three years of age and being part of the NDD group (p = 0.0003). Public readiness to engage in interventions that target the gut microbiome, such as intensive dietary interventions or even fecal transplants, was perceived by HSs to be lower than what was stated by the public, with 87.96% of public being ready to engage in intensive dietary interventions and 66.98% in fecal transplants. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that the role of gut microbes in health and diseases, and especially through the gut-brain axis, is still unclear in both the scientific community and general public. While acknowledging the importance of gut microbes, the lack of information regarding the link between lifestyle and gut microbes is considered to hold the public in the precontemplation/contemplation stages of the transtheoretical model of behavioral change. An interdisciplinary approach to new knowledge produced by microbiome studies is needed to run awareness campaigns and continue professional development activities on the benefits of lifestyle-based modulation of gut microbiome, thus engaging the general public in lifestyle changes and facilitating clinical research in human microbiome investigations in Qatar.

Correlation between antifungal consumption and the distribution of Candida species in different hospital departments of a Lebanese medical Centre.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the incidence of fungal infections attributed to Candida species worldwide, with a major shift toward non-albicans Candida (NAC). In this study, we have described the distribution of Candida species among different hospital departments and calculated the antifungal consumption in our facility. We also correlated the consumption of certain antifungals and the prevalence of specific Candida species. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of all the Candida isolates recovered from the computerised microbiology laboratory database of Makassed General Hospital, a tertiary care centre in Beirut, Lebanon, between January 2010 and December 2015. Data on antifungal consumption between January 2008 and December 2015 were extracted from the hospital pharmacy electronic database. We used Spearman's coefficient to find a correlation between Candida species distribution and antifungal consumption. RESULTS: Between 2008 and 2015, we observed that the highest antifungal consumption was in the haematology/oncology department (days of therapy/1000 patient days = 348.12 ± 85.41), and the lowest was in the obstetrics/gynaecology department (1.36 ± 0.47). In general, the difference in antifungal consumption among various departments was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Overall, azoles were the most common first-line antifungals in our hospital. Echinocandins and amphotericin B were mostly prescribed in the haematology/oncology department. As for Candida species distribution, a total of 1377 non-duplicate isolates were identified between 2010 and 2015. A non-homologous distribution of albicans vs. non-albicans was noted among the different departments (P = 0.02). The most commonly isolated NAC was Candida glabrata, representing 14% of total Candida species and 59% of NAC. Candida famata (9% of NAC), Candida parapsilosis (3.6% of NAC) and Candida krusei (3% of NAC) were recovered unequally from the different departments. The total antifungal consumption correlated positively with the emergence of NAC. The use of azoles correlated positively with Candida glabrata, while amphotericin B formulations correlated negatively with it. None of these correlations reached statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Different Candida species were unequally distributed among different hospital departments, and this correlated with consumption of antifungals in respective departments, highlighting the need for antifungal stewardship.

Safety of fixed-dose heparin titration boluses in underweight patients.

INTRODUCTION: At UNC, venous thromboembolism (VTE) patients are treated with a heparin nomogram including fixed-dose titration boluses to correct subtherapeutic heparin correlation values (HCVs). The bolus dose often exceeds the recommended loading dose in underweight patients, therefore raising concern for an increased bleeding risk. This evaluation aims to assess the safety of these titration boluses for underweight patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult patients receiving intravenous heparin for VTE treatment and requiring at least one titration bolus were included. The underweight patients had a body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m2 while the patients in the control group had a BMI of 18.5-29.9 kg/m2. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients with a supratherapeutic HCV after the first titration bolus. Secondary outcomes included the percentage of patients with a supratherapeutic HCV requiring holding of the infusion, time to stable HCV, and clinically significant bleeding. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-eight patients met inclusion criteria, with similar baseline characteristics between groups. There were 13.9 % of patients in both groups who had a supratherapeutic HCV after the first titration bolus. More underweight patients required holding of heparin. All patients took over 48 h to reach a stable HCV. There was no difference in clinically significant bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Despite finding no significant difference, there remains clinical concern for increased bleeding risk in underweight patients as this population required heparin to be held due to supratherapeutic HCVs more often. More evidence is needed to evaluate the safety of fixed-dose heparin titration boluses in underweight patients due to the limited scope of this study.

Papillary Thyroid Cancer Trends in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Is There a Shift toward a More Aggressive Entity?

BACKGROUND: Globally, the incidence of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has been increasing over the last few decades and it has become the second most common cancer in women in the UAE. There is some evidence to suggest that COVID-19 infection might be directly linked to the development of aggressive variants of PTC. The primary goal of this study was to compare the clinical and pathologic characteristics of thyroid cancer patients treated at the largest endocrine surgery center in Abu Dhabi before and after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. METHODS: This retrospective cohort analysis included patients who underwent elective thyroid surgery at Burjeel Hospital between January 2018 and December 2022. Patients were divided into two groups based on when the COVID-19 outbreak started: group one, comprising patients who had surgery between January 2018 and December 2019 (the "pre-pandemic group"), and group two, comprising patients who had surgery between January 2021 and December 2022 (the "post-pandemic group"). In addition to demographic data, clinicopathological factors, such as aggressive cell type, multifocality, tumor size and location, laterality, lympho-vascular invasion, and extrathyroidal extension, were assessed. We utilized the t-paired test for parametric variables and the Chi-square test for the cross-table analysis. RESULTS: During the study, 1141 people had thyroid surgery, with an annual average of 285 procedures. PTC cases recorded in the final histopathological samples rose from 111 in the pre-pandemic era to 182 in the post-pandemic era. Neither the female-to-male gender ratio, which was 90:21 in the pre-pandemic group and 142:40 in the post-pandemic group (p = 0.532), nor the median age, which was 39.1 and 40.1 years, respectively, varied significantly between the two groups. However, there was a significant increase between pre-pandemic and post-pandemic in the aggressive PTC variants (3% vs. 11.5%, p = 0.001), increased poor prognostic factors such as bilateral multifocality (10.8% vs. 32.4%, p = 0.000), as well as increased capsule-vascular tumor invasion (19.8% vs. 27%); on the other hand, the size of the single foci was 17 mm in the pre-pandemic group compared to 13 mm in the post-pandemic group (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A significant rise in unfavorable prognostic markers and aggressive subtypes of PTC was seen post-pandemic in thyroidectomy patients operated on at a leading endocrine surgery center in the United Arab Emirates.

Predictive factors for readmission after bariatric surgery: Experience of an obesity center.

Avoidable readmissions after bariatric surgery are a major burden on the healthcare systems. Rates of readmission after bariatric surgery have ranged from 1% up to 20%, but the factors that predict readmission have not been well studied. The objective of this study was to determine readmission rates following bariatric surgery and identify factors that contribute to early (within 90 days of surgery) and late readmission. A retrospective cohort study of 736 patients undergoing either Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy or Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Jordan University Hospital from 2016 to 2019. Demographic characteristics, co-morbidities, and readmissions were extracted from their medical records and analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which factors predict readmission. A total of 736 patients had bariatric surgery (Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy 89% vs Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass 11%) during the study period. Thirty-day readmission rate was 6.62% and an overall readmission rate of 23.23%. Common reasons for early readmission (within 90 days of surgery) were nausea, vomiting, and dehydration. Late readmissions were mainly caused by gallbladder stones. Three risk factors were identified that independently predicted readmission: the type of procedure being performed (P-value = .003, odds ratio [OR] 2.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32-3.49), depression (P-value = .028, OR 6.49, 95% CI 1.18-52.9) and preoperative body mass index (P-value = .011, OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05). Several factors were identified that cause patients to represent and subsequently admitted into hospitals. Early readmission was usually due to nausea, vomiting, and dehydration, whereas late admissions were mostly due to biliary complications. Preoperative body mass index and depression were independent risk factors for readmission.

Effectiveness of the pre-Omicron COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron in reducing infection, hospitalization, severity, and mortality compared to Delta and other variants: A systematic review.

Despite widespread mass rollout programs, the rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant called into question the effectiveness of the existing vaccines against infection, hospitalization, severity, and mortality compared to previous variants. This systematic review summarizes and compares the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines, with respect to the above outcomes in adults, children, and adolescents. A comprehensive literature search was undertaken on several databases. Only 51 studies met our inclusion criteria, revealing that the protection from primary vaccination against Omicron infection is inferior to protection against Delta and Alpha infections and wanes faster over time. However, mRNA vaccine boosters were reported to reestablish effectiveness, although to a lower extent against Omicron. Nonetheless, primary vaccination was shown to preserve strong protection against Omicron-associated hospitalization, severity, and death, even months after last dose. However, boosters provide more robust and longer-lasting protection against hospitalizations due to Omicron as compared to only primary series.

Cancer Patients and the COVID-19 Vaccines: Considerations and Challenges.

Few guidelines exist for COVID-19 vaccination amongst cancer patients, fostering uncertainty regarding the immunogenicity, safety, and effects of cancer therapies on vaccination, which this review aims to address. A literature review was conducted to include the latest articles covering the immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with solid and hematologic cancers receiving various treatments. Lower seropositivity following vaccination was associated with malignancy (compared to the general population), and hematologic malignancy (compared to solid cancers). Patients receiving active cancer therapy (unspecified), chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunosuppressants generally demonstrated lower seropositivity compared to healthy controls; though checkpoint inhibition, endocrine therapy, and cyclin dependent kinase inhibition did not appear to affect seropositivity. Vaccination appeared safe and well-tolerated in patients with current or past cancer and those undergoing treatment. Adverse events were comparable to the general population, but inflammatory lymphadenopathy following vaccination was commonly reported and may be mistaken for malignant etiology. Additionally, radiation recall phenomenon was sporadically reported in patients who had received radiotherapy. Overall, while seropositivity rates were decreased, cancer patients showed capacity to generate safe and effective immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination, thus vaccination should be encouraged and hesitancy should be addressed in this population.

Atrial Septal Defect Repair in Adolescent and Adult Patients, a Cross Sectional Study at Jordan University Hospital, a Tertiary Hospital in a Developing Country.

Objective: We aim to report our heart team's experience in repair of Secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) in adolescent and adult patients at Jordan University Hospital (JUH). Methodology: A retrospective observational study of 44 patients who underwent secundum ASD closure by transcatheter closure (TCC) or Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery (MICS) at JUH. Patients who were treated at an age of 14 years or older regardless of the age of diagnosis were included. SPSS and Microsoft Excel were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 44 patients with secundum ASD were treated during the period of (January 2015 and December 2019). The mean age was 34.1 (±14.3) years. Thirty-four patients underwent TCC, 9 underwent surgical closure and one had a hybrid procedure. We had no mortality and 2 minor morbidities. After a mean follow-up period of 13.2-/+13.6 months, most patients experienced improved symptoms, and there was a significant reduction of right ventricular dimension from 33.1 (±8.74) to 24 (±4.67) mm (p=0.0001). Conclusion: ASD closure whether TCC or MICS is a safe procedure with very low morbidity. A heart team approach is a necessity in the era of advances in both MICS surgery and TCC approach. A heart team provides the patients with a variety of safe and cosmetic solutions that allow the patients to have a fast management and recovery phase in rapid time through providing the merits and avoiding the complications of each modality, the team allows low volume centers in developing countries to achieve an excellent outcome.

Neurological Immune-Related Adverse Events After COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected millions of individuals worldwide. The global scientific effort to design an effective vaccine against this virus has led to the development of several vaccine candidates. The expedited rollout of these vaccines has created some public distrust regarding the safety of these new vaccines. This review compiles clinical data from reports of diagnosed immune-related neurological events that have occurred after COVID-19 vaccine administration with the exception of those secondary to hematological abnormalities. A systematic literature search was performed, using several databases, to identify reports of postvaccination adverse neurological events. The search resulted in 18 studies that met our criteria. These studies included 61 patients who had received COVID-19 vaccines and experienced at least 1 neurological adverse effect. The most common neurological event was facial nerve palsy (50% of all events). Other less frequently reported events included the reactivation of herpes zoster, Guillain-Barre syndrome, other demyelinating diseases, and neuropathy. The underlying mechanism was hypothesized to be related to vaccine-induced type 1 interferon production leading to decreased tolerance of the myelin sheath antigens. Other hypotheses include vaccine-induced transient lymphopenia and immune dysregulation. Most of the reported events were time limited and resolved spontaneously. Given the rarity of reported neurological events compared to the total number of vaccines administered, and the similarity in the incidence of events between COVID-19 vaccines and other more common vaccines, there is little evidence to support a causal relationship between COVID-19 vaccines and adverse neurological events.

Risk factors associated with sickle cell retinopathy: findings from the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease.

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell retinopathy (SCR) is one of the most important ocular manifestations of sickle cell disease (SCD). This study aims to assess the prevalence of SCR in SCD, identify risk factors for its development and progression to proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (PSCR), and evaluate the potential implications of these results on clinical practice. METHODS: This research is a secondary analysis of patients diagnosed with SCD from the epidemiological, multicenter Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease (CSSCD). We included all patients who completed a full ophthalmic evaluation. We identified clinical and laboratory SCD characteristics associated with SCR using multivariate logistic regression models. Proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (PSCR) was diagnosed according to the Goldberg classification system. RESULTS: Of the 1904 study participants with SCD who met the inclusion criteria, 953 (50.1%) had retinopathy; of which 642 (67.3%) had bilateral disease. SCR was associated with older age (p < 0.001), history of smoking (p = 0.001), hematuria (p = 0.050), and a lower hemoglobin F (HbF) level (p < 0.001). PSCR risk increased with smoking (p = 0.005), older age (p < 0.001) higher hemoglobin level (p < 0.001) and higher white blood cell count (p = 0.011). Previous blood transfusion (p = 0.050), higher reticulocyte count (p = 0.019) and higher HbF level (p < 0.001) were protective factors against the development of PSCR. Ocular symptoms were associated with progression to PSCR in patients with SCR (p = 0.021). CONCLUSION: In this cohort of individuals with SCD, half of the participants had signs of SCR. Smoking and blood hemoglobin level were the two modifiable risk factors associated with increased retinopathy progression. Screening to identify the different stages of retinopathy, actively promoting smoking cessation, and optimizing the hematological profile of patients with SCD should guide treatment protocols designed to prevent the vision-threatening complications of the disease.

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on emergency surgery in a tertiary hospital in Jordan. A cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Since the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic, governments around the world reacted by implementing curfews and sometimes nation-wide lockdowns intended to control the spread of the disease and help the already overwhelmed healthcare systems from imminent collapse. The Jordanian government was one of those countries that implemented a complete nation-wide lockdown which lasted for 3 months during the peak months of 2020. The aim of this study is to shed the light on the impact of this lockdown on the surgical emergency practice at a tertiary referral center in Amman, the capital of Jordan. METHODS: A retrospective review of the medical records of the patients who were admitted to the hospital through the emergency department over the lock-down months in 2020 and compare them to the records of the patients admitted within the same period in 2019. RESULTS: A total of 143 patients were admitted in the 2020 group, compared to 201 patients in the 2019 group, marking a 28% reduction in admission rate. The average duration of symptoms before the ER visit was significantly longer in the 2020 period compared to 2019 (95.32 ± 148.62 min, 57 ± 64.4 min respectively, p = 0.01) which resulted in a Significant increase in the ICU admission in the same period (P=.00001). As for the type of management, there was no difference between the two groups with similar percentage of surgeries performed in the two periods (p = 0.333). Additionally, the average length of stay did not also differ (p = 0.141). CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected the health care systems around the world to the point of collapse in some countries. This study has demonstrated its effects on the emergency surgery practice at our institution which was mainly related to the delay in getting medical care caused by the strict lock-down laws implemented in the country. Thus, we recommend that special measures should be taken to improve the access to medical care during future events that may require limiting the movement of people and vehicles in the country.

Laparoscopic treatment of pudendal nerve and artery entrapment improves erectile dysfunction in healthy young males.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is increasingly becoming more common in young healthy males and is attributed mainly to psychogenic causes in these patients. Recent studies have reported that ED could be secondary to pudendal nerve or artery entrapment. This perspective assessed the efficacy of laparoscopic pudendal nerve and artery decompression in young patients suffering from refractory ED, associated to a pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome. After excluding patients with psychological ED and venous leakage, five young male patients with a history of both ED and pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome diagnosed based on the Nantes criteria were recruited. Pudendal nerve and artery release was performed using a laparoscopic transperitoneal approach. International Index for Erectile Function (IIEF-5) and erectile hardness score (EHS) improved significantly in all patients, 3 months after surgery. Pudendal nerve and artery entrapment could be therefore a reversible cause of ED in young healthy males, and its treatment by laparoscopic pudendal nerve and artery decompression seems to be safe and effective.

A Comparative Pilot Study of Bacterial and Fungal Dysbiosis in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Gastrointestinal Disorders: Commonalities, Specificities and Correlations with Lifestyle.

Gastrointestinal disorders (GIDs) are a common comorbidity in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), while anxiety-like behaviors are common among patients with gastrointestinal diseases. It is still unclear as to which microbes differentiate these two groups. This pilot study aims at proposing an answer by exploring both the bacteriome and the mycobiome in a cohort of 55 volunteers with NDD, GID or controls, while accounting for additional variables that are not commonly included such as probiotic intake and diet. Recruited participants answered a questionnaire and provided a stool sample using the Fisherbrand collection kit. Bacterial and fungal DNA was extracted using the Qiagen Stool minikit. Sequencing (16sRNA and ITS) and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the PE300 Illumina Miseq v3 sequencing. Statistical analysis was performed using the R package. Results showed a significant decrease in bacterial alpha diversity in both NDD and GID, but an increased fungal alpha diversity in NDD. Data pointed at a significant bacterial dysbiosis between the three groups, but the mycobiome dysbiosis is more pronounced in NDD than in GID. Fungi seem to be more affected by probiotics, diet and antibiotic exposure and are proposed to be the main key player in differentiation between NDD and GID dybiosis.

Correlation between antifungal consumption and distribution of Candida spp. in different departments of a Lebanese hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Recently there has been a significant increase in the incidence of fungal infections attributed to Candida species worldwide, with a major shift toward non-albicans Candida (NAC). Herein, we described the distribution of Candida species among different departments in a Lebanese hospital and calculated the antifungal consumption in this facility. We, then, correlated the consumption of antifungals and the prevalence of Candida species. METHODOLOGY: This was a retrospective study of Candida isolates recovered from the hospital microbiology laboratory database between 2010 and 2015. Data on antifungal consumption between 2008 and 2015 were extracted from the hospital pharmacy database. Spearman's coefficient was employed to find a correlation between Candida species distribution and antifungal consumption. RESULTS: The highest antifungal consumption was seen in the haematology/oncology department (days of therapy/1000 patient days = 348.12 ± 85.41), and the lowest in the obstetrics department (1.36 ± 0.47). The difference in antifungal consumption among various departments was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Azoles were the most common first-line antifungals. A non-homologous distribution of albicans vs. non-albicans was noted among different departments (p = 0.02). The most commonly isolated NAC was Candida glabrata, representing 14% of total isolates and 59% of NAC. The total antifungal consumption correlated positively with the emergence of NAC. The use of azoles correlated positively with Candida glabrata, while amphotericin B formulations correlated negatively with it. None of these correlations reached statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Different Candida species were unequally distributed among different hospital departments, and this correlated with consumption of antifungals in respective departments, highlighting the need for antifungal stewardship.

Unit-based interprofessional leadership models in six US hospitals.

The landscape of hospital-based care has shifted to place greater emphasis on improving quality and delivering value. In response, hospitals and healthcare organizations must reassess their strategies to improve care delivery in their facilities and beyond. Although these institutional goals may be defined at the executive level, implementation takes place at local sites of care. To lead these efforts, hospitals need to appoint effective leaders at the frontlines. Hospitalists are well poised to take on the role of the local clinical care improvement leader based on their experiences as direct frontline caregivers and their integral roles in hospital-wide quality and safety initiatives. A unit-based leadership model consisting of a medical director paired with a nurse manager has been implemented in several hospitals to function as an effector arm in response to the changing landscape of inpatient care. We provide an overview of this new model of leadership and describe the experiences of 6 hospitals that have implemented it.