Endovascular therapy versus best medical management in distal medium middle cerebral artery acute ischaemic stroke: a multinational multicentre propensity score-matched study.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of endovascular treatment (EVT) in acute ischaemic stroke due to distal medium vessel occlusion (DMVO) remains uncertain. Our study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of EVT compared with the best medical management (BMM) in DMVO. METHODS: In this prospectively collected, retrospectively reviewed, multicentre cohort study, we analysed data from the Multicentre Analysis of primary Distal medium vessel occlusions: effect of Mechanical Thrombectomy registry. Patients with acute ischaemic stroke due to DMVO in the M2, M3 and M4 segments who underwent EVT or received BMM were included. Primary outcome measures comprised 10 co-primary endpoints, including functional independence (mRS 0-2), excellent outcome (mRS 0-1), mortality (mRS 6) and haemorrhagic complications. Propensity score matching was employed to balance the cohorts. RESULTS: Among 2125 patients included in the primary analysis, 1713 received EVT and 412 received BMM. After propensity score matching, each group comprised 391 patients. At 90 days, no significant difference was observed in achieving mRS 0-2 between EVT and BMM (adjusted OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.50, p>0.99). However, EVT was associated with higher rates of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (8.4% vs 3.0%, adjusted OR 3.56, 95% CI 1.69 to 7.48, p<0.001) and any intracranial haemorrhage (37% vs 19%, adjusted OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.81 to 3.78, p<0.001). Mortality rates were similar between groups (13% in both, adjusted OR 1.48, 95% CI 0.87 to 2.51, p=0.15). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that while EVT does not significantly improve functional outcomes compared with BMM in DMVO, it is associated with higher risks of haemorrhagic complications. These results support a cautious approach to the use of EVT in DMVO and highlight the need for further prospective randomised trials to refine treatment strategies.

Dual Layer vs Single Layer Woven EndoBridge Device in the Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The Woven EndoBridge (WEB) devices have been used for treating wide neck bifurcation aneurysms (WNBAs) with several generational enhancements to improve clinical outcomes. The original device dual-layer (WEB DL) was replaced by a single-layer (WEB SL) device in 2013. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of these devices in managing intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: A multicenter cohort study was conducted, and data from 1,289 patients with intracranial aneurysms treated with either the WEB SL or WEB DL devices were retrospectively analyzed. Propensity score matching was utilized to balance the baseline characteristics between the two groups. Outcomes assessed included immediate occlusion rate, complete occlusion at last follow-up, retreatment rate, device compaction, and aneurysmal rupture. RESULTS: Before propensity score matching, patients treated with the WEB SL had a significantly higher rate of complete occlusion at the last follow-up and a lower rate of retreatment. After matching, there was no significant difference in immediate occlusion rate, retreatment rate, or device compaction between the WEB SL and DL groups. However, the SL group maintained a higher rate of complete occlusion at the final follow-up. Regression analysis showed that SL was associated with higher rates of complete occlusion (OR: 0.19; CI: 0.04 to 0.8, p = 0.029) and lower rates of retreatment (OR: 0.12; CI: 0 to 4.12, p = 0.23). CONCLUSION: The WEB SL and DL devices demonstrated similar performances in immediate occlusion rates and retreatment requirements for intracranial aneurysms. The SL device showed a higher rate of complete occlusion at the final follow-up.

Treatment of large intracranial aneurysms using the Woven EndoBridge (WEB): a propensity score-matched analysis.

The Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device is primarily used for treating wide-neck intracranial bifurcation aneurysms under 10 mm. Limited data exists on its efficacy for large aneurysms. We aim to assess angiographic and clinical outcomes of the WEB device in treating large versus small aneurysms. We conducted a retrospective review of the WorldWide WEB Consortium database, from 2011 to 2022, across 30 academic institutions globally. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to compare small and large aneurysms on baseline characteristics. A total of 898 patients were included. There was no significant difference observed in clinical presentations, smoking status, pretreatment mRS, presence of multiple aneurysms, bifurcation location, or prior treatment between the two groups. After PSM, 302 matched pairs showed significantly lower last follow-up adequate occlusion rates (81% vs 90%, p = 0.006) and higher retreatment rates (12% vs 3.6%, p < 0.001) in the large aneurysm group. These findings may inform treatment decisions and patient counseling. Future studies are needed to further explore this area.

Balloon-mounting stent versus balloon angioplasty for intracranial arterial stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Intracranial artery atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) is a major cause of stroke, especially in Asian countries. Current treatment options, including balloon-mounted stent (BMS) and balloon angioplasty (BA), lack sufficient evidence to determine a preferred approach. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of BMS and BA in treating ICAS. METHODS: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus up to December 1, 2023. Eligible studies compared BMS with BA in patients diagnosed with ICAS. Primary outcomes included the success rate and occurrence of stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic). Secondary outcomes were perforator occlusion, in-stent thrombosis, death, and restenosis. Statistical analysis was conducted using R software version 4.3.1, employing a random-effects model. RESULTS: Five high-quality studies involving 707 patients (515 males, 192 females) were included. BMS had a significantly higher success rate compared to BA (Risk Ratio [RR]: 1.13; CI: 1.03 to 1.24, p < 0.01; I2 = 14 %). The overall risk for stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic) was significantly higher in BMS (RR: 2.97; CI: 1.32 to 6.67, p < 0.01; I2 = 0 %). However, no significant difference was found between BMS and BA regarding ischemic stroke (RR: 2.33; CI: 0.80 to 6.74, p = 0.12; I2 = 0 %). Additionally, no significant differences were observed in terms of perforator occlusion, in-stent thrombosis, dissection, minor and major strokes, and mortality rates. BMS was associated with a lower risk of restenosis (RR: 0.31; 95 % CI: 0.12 to 0.83, p = 0.02; I2 = 0 %). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that BMS might be associated with higher success and lower restenosis rates than BA in the treatment of ICAS but with an increased overall risk of stroke. No significant differences were observed in ischemic stroke, perforator occlusion, in-stent thrombosis, dissection, minor and major strokes, and mortality rates. The choice of treatment should consider these findings, alongside the technical challenges and desired angiographic outcomes. Future randomized controlled trials are necessary to further elucidate these results.

Off-Label Use of Woven EndoBridge Device for Intracranial Brain Aneurysm Treatment: Modeling of Occlusion Outcome.

INTRODUCTION: The Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device is emerging as a novel therapy for intracranial aneurysms, but its use for off-label indications requires further study. Using machine learning, we aimed to develop predictive models for complete occlusion after off-label WEB treatment and to identify factors associated with occlusion outcomes. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective study included 162 patients who underwent off-label WEB treatment for intracranial aneurysms. Baseline, morphological, and procedural variables were utilized to develop machine-learning models predicting complete occlusion. Model interpretation was performed to determine significant predictors. Ordinal regression was also performed with occlusion status as an ordinal outcome from better (Raymond Roy Occlusion Classification [RROC] grade 1) to worse (RROC grade 3) status. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. RESULTS: The best performing model achieved an AUROC of 0.8 for predicting complete occlusion. Larger neck diameter and daughter sac were significant independent predictors of incomplete occlusion. On multivariable ordinal regression, higher RROC grades (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.25-2.82), larger neck diameter (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.09-2.65), and presence of daughter sacs (OR 2.26, 95% CI 0.99-5.15) were associated with worse aneurysm occlusion after WEB treatment, independent of other factors. CONCLUSION: This study found that larger neck diameter and daughter sacs were associated with worse occlusion after WEB therapy for aneurysms. The machine learning approach identified anatomical factors related to occlusion outcomes that may help guide patient selection and monitoring with this technology. Further validation is needed.

Comparative outcomes of middle meningeal artery embolization with statins versus embolization alone in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is common among the elderly, with surgical evacuation as a prevalent treatment, facing recurrence rates up to 30%. Recently, middle meningeal artery embolization (MMAE) has emerged as a promising approach, offering reduced treatment failures and recurrence rates. Additionally, statins, known for their anti-inflammatory properties, have been considered as a potential adjunctive or sole treatment for cSDH. However, the combination of MMAE with statins remains understudied. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the comparative outcomes of MMAE with statins versus MMAE alone in the treatment of cSDH. A comprehensive systematic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria were: studies published in English between the dates of inception of each database and August 2023, studies comparing the treatment of cSDH with either MMAE + statin or MMAE alone were included. Main outcome measures were complete resolution of the hematoma at follow-up and the recurrence rates. Two studies comprising 715 patients were included; 408 patients underwent MMAE + statin; and 307 underwent MMAE alone. MMAE + statin was not significantly superior to MMAE alone in achieving complete resolution of the hematoma at follow-up (RR: 0.99; CI: 0.91 to 1.07, P = 0.84), nor was it a significant difference in rates of recurrence (RR: 1.35; CI: 0.83 to 2.17, P = 0.21) between the two groups. MMAE + statin did not demonstrate significant superiority over MMAE alone for achieving complete resolution and decreasing the recurrence rates in cSDH patients. Further research with larger, randomized studies may be required to fully elucidate the potential synergistic effects of MMAE and statins in this patient population.

Hidden in Plain Sight: A Case Series of Inflammatory Bowel Disease With Dermatologic Lesions As Initial or Concurrent Manifestations.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) and erythema nodosum (EN) are rare skin conditions associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with increasing incidence as the disease progresses. We describe three cases of newly diagnosed IBD with cutaneous extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) at the time of diagnosis. Three previously healthy patients presented with bloody diarrhea and concomitant nodular and ulcerating skin lesions at the onset of diarrhea. Dermatopathology showed PG and EN with endoscopic confirmation of ulcerative colitis. Clinical improvement was achieved with steroids and biological agents. These cases display the importance of a proper review of symptoms and a detailed workup of dermatological lesions prior to assuming infectious etiology.

The Impact of Polypill on Adherence and Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Polypills, containing various combinations of medications for primary and secondary CVD prevention, have been developed to enhance medication adherence and reduce the healthcare burden of CVD. However, their effectiveness compared to usual care remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of polypills on cardiovascular risk factors, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and medication adherence. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search for large-scale randomized controlled trials and observational studies comparing the effects of polypills versus usual care on CVD risk factors and events. Outcomes included changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), lipid profiles, occurrence of MACE, and medication adherence. RESULTS: The use of polypills led to a statistically significant yet clinically modest reduction in SBP (mean difference -1.47 mmHg, 95% CI: -2.50 to -0.44, p<0.01) and DBP (mean difference- 1.10 mmHg, 95% CI: -1.68 to -0.51, p< 0.01) compared to usual care. Polypills also showed a significant reduction in the risk of MACE (RR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.77 -0.95, p<0.01). There was a non-significant reduction in LDL and HDL levels. Adherence to medication improved by up to 17% in polypill users compared to those on usual care (p < 0.01). A multivariable metaregression analysis suggested that adherence may be the underlying factor responsible for the observed effect of the polypills on blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Polypills were found to significantly reduce SBP, DBP and MACE. An improvement in medication adherence was also observed among polypill users, which might be responsible for the significant reduction in SBP observed users. Future research might benefit from exploring a more personalized approach to the composition of polypills, which could reveal a more clinically significant impact of increased adherence on CVD outcomes.

Brentuximab-induced pneumonitis and organizing pneumonia: a case report with literiture review.

Introduction and importance: Brentuximab vedotin (BV) is an anti-CD30 antibody approved for various cancers, including refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) among others. In general, BV has been found to be well-tolerated, with the most frequently reported side effects being peripheral neuropathy and neutropenia. BV-induced pneumonitis is extremely rare. To the best of our knowledge, this is the sixth reported instance of BV-induced lung toxicity. Case presentation: This case presents a female patient in her forties diagnosed with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma undergoing BV treatment. She developed acute hypoxic respiratory failure, ultimately, underwent a diagnostic evaluation including a computed tomography (CT) scan, which showed bilateral airspace consolidations and ground-glass opacities, suggestive of organizing pneumonia and diffuse alveolar damage. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy ruled out infection, and pulmonary lymphoma and confirmed the diagnosis of BV-induced pneumonitis. The patient had significant clinical improvement after stopping the offending agent, and starting steroids, with optimal clinical recovery at 8 weeks follow-up. Clinical discussion: Drug-related pneumonitis poses a significant concern in the management of cancer patients. Numerous chemotherapeutic agents, such as bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, thalidomide, and others, have been associated with pulmonary-related toxicities. These adverse effects primarily stem from direct toxicity or immunosuppression-related infections. Less commonly, immune-mediated injury may occur. Conclusion: Physicians must have a high index of suspicion for BV-induced pneumonitis, hence, early recognition with subsequent holding of the causative agent, initiation of immunosuppression with steroids, and occasionally steroid-sparing medications, prevent an otherwise fatal outcome.

Bevacizumab-induced pulmonary cystic disease.

The use of Bevacizumab has significantly advanced the treatment of various malignancies. Bevacizumab's inhibition of angiogenesis is a known mechanism that impedes tumour growth and facilitates chemotherapy delivery; however, its association with the development of cystic lung disease is not fully understood. We report a unique case of a 73-year-old woman with a past medical history of metastatic endometrial adenocarcinoma status post-chemotherapy with bevacizumab that presented with worsening respiratory symptoms. A follow-up chest CT scan post chemotherapy showed the transformation of the metastatic lesions into cystic formations. After further extensive evaluation, she was diagnosed with pulmonary cystic disease secondary to bevacizumab. This case illustrates a rare presentation of secondary pulmonary cystic disease following Bevacizumab therapy in a patient with metastatic endometrial adenocarcinoma. It highlights the importance of recognizing uncommon side effects of targeted immunotherapy and underscores the need for ongoing research to understand the underlying mechanisms and manage such complications effectively.

Antithrombotic Therapy in Cerebral Cavernous Malformations: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Network Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral cavernous malformations are complex vascular anomalies in the central nervous system associated with a risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Traditional guidelines have been cautious about the use of antithrombotic therapy in this patient group, citing concerns about potential bleeding risk. However, recent research posits that antithrombotic therapy may actually be beneficial. This study aims to clarify the association between antithrombotic therapy, including antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications, and the risk of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with cerebral cavernous malformations. METHODS AND RESULTS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Nine single-center, nonrandomized cohort studies involving 2709 patients were included. Outcomes were analyzed using random-effects model, and a network meta-analysis was conducted for further insight. Of the 2709 patients studied, 388 were on antithrombotic therapy. Patients on antithrombotic therapy had a lower risk of presenting with intracranial hemorrhage (odds ratio [OR], 0.56 [95% CI, 0.45-0.7]; P<0.0001). In addition, the use of antithrombotic therapy was associated with lower risk of intracranial hemorrhage from a cerebral cavernous malformation on follow-up (OR, 0.21 [95% CI, 0.13-0.35]; P<0.0001). A network meta-analysis revealed a nonsignificant OR of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.23-2.56) when antiplatelet therapy was compared with anticoagulant therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our study explores the potential benefits of antithrombotic therapy in cerebral cavernous malformations. Although the analysis suggests a possible role for antithrombotic agents, it is critical to note that the evidence remains preliminary. Fundamental biases in study design, such as ascertainment and assignment bias, limit the weight of our conclusions. Therefore, our findings should be considered hypothesis-generating and not definitive for clinical practice change.

Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in the management of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a prevalent neurosurgical condition, particularly among the elderly. Various treatment options exist, but recurrence rates remain high. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid (TXA) in the management of CSDH. METHODS: The authors conducted a comprehensive literature search adhering to the 2020 PRISMA guidelines, involving three primary databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science) that were searched for articles compiled from inception until October 20, 2023. The primary outcome was recurrence of CSDH, and secondary outcomes included complications and SDH volume following TXA treatment. The mean difference and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the random-effects model. RESULTS: A total of 5 studies, involving 643 patients in the TXA group and 736 patients in the non-TXA group, met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed that TXA use led to a significantly lower CSDH recurrence (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.23-0.53; p < 0.01) without increasing complications (OR 1.84, 95% CI 0.43-7.95; p = 0.42). Additionally, TXA users had a significantly lower CSDH volume compared to the non-TXA group at 3-month follow-up (mean difference -4.56, 95% CI -8.76 to -0.36; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that TXA might be a promising agent for reducing the risk of CSDH recurrence without elevating the risk of complications. However, these results should be interpreted cautiously due to the limited number of studies included and the methodological heterogeneity. Further large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.

The feasibility of mechanical thrombectomy versus medical management for acute stroke with a large ischemic territory.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for acute ischemic stroke is generally avoided when the expected infarction is large (defined as an Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score of <6). OBJECTIVE: To perform a meta-analysis of recent trials comparing MT with best medical management (BMM) for treatment of acute ischemic stroke with large infarction territory, and then to determine the cost-effectiveness associated with those treatments. METHODS: A meta-analysis of the RESCUE-Japan, SELECT2, and ANGEL-ASPECT trials was conducted using R Studio. Statistical analysis employed the weighted average normal method for calculating mean differences from medians in continuous variables and the risk ratio for categorical variables. TreeAge software was used to construct a cost-effectiveness analysis model comparing MT with BMM in the treatment of ischemic stroke with large infarction territory. RESULTS: The meta-analysis showed significantly better functional outcomes, with higher rates of patients achieving a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-3 at 90 days with MT as compared with BMM. In the base-case analysis using a lifetime horizon, MT led to a greater gain in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) of 3.46 at a lower cost of US$339 202 in comparison with BMM, which led to the gain of 2.41 QALYs at a cost of US$361 896. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was US$-21 660, indicating that MT was the dominant treatment at a willingness-to-pay of US$70 000. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that, besides having a better functional outcome at 90-days' follow-up, MT was more cost-effective than BMM, when accounting for healthcare cost associated with treatment outcome.

Follow-up infarct volume on fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging in distal medium vessel occlusions: the role of cerebral blood volume index.

BACKGROUND: Distal medium vessel occlusions (DMVOs) contribute substantially to the incidence of acute ischemic strokes (AIS) and pose distinct challenges in clinical management and prognosis. Neuroimaging techniques, such as Fluid Attenuation Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) imaging and cerebral blood volume (CBV) index derived from perfusion imaging, have significantly improved our ability to assess the impact of strokes and predict their outcomes. The primary objective of this study was to investigate relationship between follow-up infarct volume (FIV) as assessed by FLAIR imaging in patients with DMVOs. METHODS: This prospectively collected, retrospective reviewed cohort study included patients from two comprehensive stroke centers within the Johns Hopkins Medical Enterprise, spanning August 2018-October 2022. The cohort consisted of adults with AIS attributable to DMVO. Detailed imaging analyses were conducted, encompassing non-contrast CT, CT angiography (CTA), CT perfusion (CTP), and FLAIR imaging. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models were employed to assess the association between different factors and FIV. RESULTS: The study included 79 patients with DMVO stroke with a median age of 69 years (IQR, 62-77 years), and 57% (n = 45) were female. There was a negative correlation between the CBV index and FIV in a univariable linear regression analysis (Beta = - 16; 95% CI, - 23 to - 8.3; p < 0.001) and a multivariable linear regression model (Beta = - 9.1 per 0.1 change; 95% CI, - 15 to - 2.7; p = 0.006). Diabetes was independently associated with larger FIV (Beta = 46; 95% CI, 16 to 75; p = 0.003). Additionally, a higher baseline ASPECTS was associated with lower FIV (Beta = - 30; 95% CI, - 41 to - 20; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings underscore the CBV index as an independent association with FIV in DMVOs, which highlights the critical role of collateral circulation in determining stroke outcomes in this patient population. In addition, our study confirms a negative association of ASPECTS with FLAIR FIV and identifies diabetes as independent factor associated with larger FIV. These insights pave the way for further large-scale, prospective studies to corroborate these findings, thereby refining the strategies for stroke prognostication and management.

Comparison of pipeline embolization device and flow redirection endoluminal device in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Advancements in flow diversion technology have revolutionized the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. The pipeline embolization device (PED) and the flow redirection endoluminal device (FRED) have emerged as prominent tools in this field. This study aims to compare the safety and efficacy profiles of PED and FRED in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Studies comparing PED and FRED were included and data extraction focused on study characteristics, patient demographics, and clinical and radiological outcomes. Primary outcomes were favorable outcomes, described as modified Rankin scale (mRS) 0-2 score, and complete/near-complete occlusion, while secondary outcomes included retreatment rate and thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications. RESULTS: Five studies, comprising 1238 patients, were included. No significant differences were found between PED and FRED in terms of complete occlusion at 6 months and 1 year, complete/near-complete occlusion at the last follow up, retreatment rates, and thromboembolic, in-stent thrombosis and hemorrhagic complications. However, FRED was significantly associated with higher favorable outcomes compared to PED (odds ratio: 0.37; confidence interval: 0.17 to 0.81; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study showed that both PED and FRED had comparable rates of complete occlusion, retreatment and complications, and FRED also demonstrated a higher likelihood of achieving favorable outcomes. The study underscores the need for further research with larger cohorts and longer follow up to consolidate these findings.

Lower admission stroke severity is associated with good collateral status in distal medium vessel occlusion stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Distal medium vessel occlusions (DMVOs) are a significant contributor to acute ischemic stroke (AIS), with collateral status (CS) playing a pivotal role in modulating ischemic damage progression. We aimed to explore baseline characteristics associated with CS in AIS-DMVO. METHODS: This retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database enrolled 130 AIS-DMVO patients from two comprehensive stroke centers. Baseline characteristics, including patient demographics, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, admission Los Angeles Motor Scale (LAMS) score, and co-morbidities, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, and history of transient ischemic attack or stroke, were collected. The analysis was dichotomized to good CS, reflected by hypoperfusion index ratio (HIR) <.3, versus poor CS, reflected by HIR ≥.3. RESULTS: Good CS was observed in 34% of the patients. As to the occluded location, 43.8% occurred in proximal M2, 16.9% in mid M2, 35.4% in more distal middle cerebral artery, and 3.8% in distal anterior cerebral artery. In multivariate logistic analysis, a lower NIHSS score and a lower LAMS score were both independently associated with a good CS (odds ratio [OR]: 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82-0.95, p < .001 and OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62-0.96, p = .018, respectively). Patients with poor CS were more likely to manifest as moderate to severe stroke (29.1% vs. 4.5%, p < .001), while patients with good CS had a significantly higher chance of having a minor stroke clinically (40.9% vs. 12.8%, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: CS remains an important determinant in the severity of AIS-DMVO. Collateral enhancement strategies may be a worthwhile pursuit in AIS-DMVO patients with more severe initial stroke presentation, which can be swiftly identified by the concise LAMS and serves as a proxy for underlying poor CS.

CT Perfusion Derived rCBV < 42% Lesion Volume Is Independently Associated with Followup FLAIR Infarct Volume in Anterior Circulation Large Vessel Occlusion.

Pretreatment CT Perfusion (CTP) parameter rCBV < 42% lesion volume has recently been shown to predict 90-day mRS. In this study, we aim to assess the relationship between rCBV < 42% and a radiographic follow-up infarct volume delineated on FLAIR images. In this retrospective evaluation of our prospectively collected database, we included acute stroke patients triaged by multimodal CT imaging, including CT angiography and perfusion imaging, with confirmed anterior circulation large vessel occlusion between 9 January 2017 and 10 January 2023. Follow-up FLAIR imaging was used to determine the final infarct volume. Student t, Mann-Whitney-U, and Chi-Square tests were used to assess differences. Spearman's rank correlation and linear regression analysis were used to assess associations between rCBV < 42% and follow-up infarct volume on FLAIR. In total, 158 patients (median age: 68 years, 52.5% female) met our inclusion criteria. rCBV < 42% (ρ = 0.56, p < 0.001) significantly correlated with follow-up-FLAIR infarct volume. On multivariable linear regression analysis, rCBV < 42% lesion volume (beta = 0.60, p < 0.001), ASPECTS (beta = -0.214, p < 0.01), mTICI (beta = -0.277, p < 0.001), and diabetes (beta = 0.16, p < 0.05) were independently associated with follow-up infarct volume. The rCBV < 42% lesion volume is independently associated with FLAIR follow-up infarct volume.

Incidence and clinical outcomes of perforations during mechanical thrombectomy for medium vessel occlusion in acute ischemic stroke: A retrospective, multicenter, and multinational study.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) has revolutionized the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusion (LVO), but its efficacy and safety in medium vessel occlusion (MeVO) remain less explored. This multicenter, retrospective study aims to investigate the incidence and clinical outcomes of vessel perforations (confirmed by extravasation during an angiographic series) during MT for AIS caused by MeVO. METHODS: Data were collected from 37 academic centers across North America, Asia, and Europe between September 2017 and July 2021. A total of 1373 AIS patients with MeVO underwent MT. Baseline characteristics, procedural details, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence of vessel perforation was 4.8% (66/1373). Notably, our analysis indicates variations in perforation rates across different arterial segments: 8.9% in M3 segments, 4.3% in M2 segments, and 8.3% in A2 segments (p = 0.612). Patients with perforation had significantly worse outcomes, with lower rates of favorable angiographic outcomes (TICI 2c-3: 23% vs 58.9%, p < 0.001; TICI 2b-3: 56.5% vs 88.3%, p < 0.001). Functional outcomes were also worse in the perforation group (mRS 0-1 at 3 months: 22.7% vs 36.6%, p = 0.031; mRS 0-2 at 3 months: 28.8% vs 53.9%, p < 0.001). Mortality was higher in the perforation group (30.3% vs 16.8%, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: This study reveals that while the occurrence of vessel perforation in MT for AIS due to MeVO is relatively rare, it is associated with poor functional outcomes and higher mortality. The findings highlight the need for increased caution and specialized training in performing MT for MeVO. Further prospective research is required for risk mitigation strategies.

Comparative Efficacy of Flow Diverter Devices in the Treatment of Carotid Sidewall Intracranial Aneurysms: a Retrospective, Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: The comparative efficacy and safety of first-generation flow diverters (FDs), Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) (Medtronic, Irvine, California), Silk (Balt Extrusion, Montmorency, France), Flow Re-direction Endoluminal Device (FRED) (Microvention, Tustin, California), and Surpass Streamline (Stryker Neurovascular, Fremont, California), is not directly established and largely inferred. PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of different FDs in treating sidewall ICA intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of prospectively maintained databases from eighteen academic institutions from 2009-2016, comprising 444 patients treated with one of four devices for sidewall ICA aneurysms. Data on demographics, aneurysm characteristics, treatment outcomes, and complications were analyzed. Angiographic and clinical outcomes were assessed using various imaging modalities and modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Propensity score weighting was employed to balance confounding variables. The data analysis used Kaplan-Meier curves, logistic regression, and Cox proportional-hazards regression. RESULTS: While there were no significant differences in retreatment rates, functional outcomes (mRS 0-1), and thromboembolic complications between the four devices, the probability of achieving adequate occlusion at the last follow-up was highest in Surpass device (HR: 4.59; CI: 2.75-7.66, p < 0.001), followed by FRED (HR: 2.23; CI: 1.44-3.46, p < 0.001), PED (HR: 1.72; CI: 1.10-2.70, p = 0.018), and Silk (HR: 1.0 ref. standard). The only hemorrhagic complications were with Surpass (1%). CONCLUSION: All the first-generation devices achieved good clinical outcomes and retreatment rates in treating ICA sidewall aneurysms. Prospective studies are needed to explore the nuanced differences between these devices in the long term.

Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in proximal and distal medium middle cerebral artery occlusion patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy.

BACKGROUND: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by distal medium vessel occlusions (DMVOs) represents a significant proportion of overall stroke cases. While intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) has been a primary treatment, advancements in endovascular procedures have led to increased use of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in DMVO stroke patients. However, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) remains a critical complication of AIS, particularly after undergoing intervention. This study aims to identify factors associated with sICH in DMVO stroke patients undergoing MT. METHODS: This retrospective analysis utilized data from the Multicenter Analysis of Distal Medium Vessel Occlusions: Effect of Mechanical Thrombectomy (MAD-MT) registry, involving 37 centers across North America, Asia, and Europe. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) DMVO stroke patients were included. The primary outcome measured was sICH, as defined per the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify factors independently associated with sICH. RESULTS: Among 1708 DMVO stroke patients, 148 (8.7%) developed sICH. Factors associated with sICH in DMVO patients treated with MT included older age (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.01, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.00 to 1.03, P=0.048), distal occlusion site (M3, M4) compared with medium occlusions (M2) (aOR 1.71, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.74, P=0.026), prior use of antiplatelet drugs (aOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.41 to 2.99, P<0.001), lower Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Scores (ASPECTS) (aOR 0.75, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.84, P<0.001), higher preoperative blood glucose level (aOR 1.00, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.01, P=0.012), number of passes (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.39, P<0.001), and successful recanalization (Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 2b-3) (aOR 0.43, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.66, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study provides novel insight into factors associated with sICH in patients undergoing MT for DMVO, emphasizing the importance of age, distal occlusion site, prior use of antiplatelet drugs, lower ASPECTS, higher preoperative blood glucose level, and procedural factors such as the number of passes and successful recanalization. Pending confirmation, consideration of these factors may improve personalized treatment strategies.