Performance bonuses and the quality of primary health care delivered by family health teams in Brazil: A difference-in-differences analysis.

BACKGROUND: Pay-for-performance (P4P) programmes to incentivise health providers to improve quality of care have been widely implemented globally. Despite intuitive appeal, evidence on the effectiveness of P4P is mixed, potentially due to differences in how schemes are designed. We exploited municipality variation in the design features of Brazil's National Programme for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality (PMAQ) to examine whether performance bonuses given to family health team workers were associated with changes in the quality of care and whether the size of bonus mattered. METHODS AND FINDINGS: For this quasi-experimental study, we used a difference-in-differences approach combined with matching. We compared changes over time in the quality of care delivered by family health teams between (bonus) municipalities that chose to use some or all of the PMAQ money to provide performance-related bonuses to team workers with (nonbonus) municipalities that invested the funds using traditional input-based budgets. The primary outcome was the PMAQ score, a quality of care index on a scale of 0 to 100, based on several hundred indicators (ranging from 598 to 660) of health care delivery. We did one-to-one matching of bonus municipalities to nonbonus municipalities based on baseline demographic and economic characteristics. On the matched sample, we used ordinary least squares regression to estimate the association of any bonus and size of bonus with the prepost change over time (between November 2011 and October 2015) in the PMAQ score. We performed subgroup analyses with respect to the local area income of the family health team. The matched analytical sample comprised 2,346 municipalities (1,173 nonbonus municipalities; 1,173 bonus municipalities), containing 10,275 family health teams that participated in PMAQ from the outset. Bonus municipalities were associated with a 4.6 (95% CI: 2.7 to 6.4; p < 0.001) percentage point increase in the PMAQ score compared with nonbonus municipalities. The association with quality of care increased with the size of bonus: the largest bonus group saw an improvement of 8.2 percentage points (95% CI: 6.2 to 10.2; p < 0.001) compared with the control. The subgroup analysis showed that the observed improvement in performance was most pronounced in the poorest two-fifths of localities. The limitations of the study include the potential for bias from unmeasured time-varying confounding and the fact that the PMAQ score has not been validated as a measure of quality of care. CONCLUSIONS: Performance bonuses to family health team workers compared with traditional input-based budgets were associated with an improvement in the quality of care.

Understanding the municipal-level design and adaptation of pay-for-performance schemes across two states of Brazil.

The design of complex health systems interventions, such as pay for performance (P4P), can be critical to determining such programmes' success. In P4P programmes, the design of financial incentives is crucial in shaping how these programmes work. However, the design of such schemes is usually homogenous across providers within a given scheme. Consequently, there is a limited understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of P4P design elements from the implementers' perspective. This study takes advantage of the unique context of Brazil, where municipalities adapted the federal incentive design, resulting in variations in incentive design across municipalities. The study aims to understand why municipalities in Brazil chose certain P4P design features, the associated challenges and the local adaptations made to address problems in scheme design. This study was a multiple case study design relying on qualitative data from 20 municipalities from two states in Northeastern Brazil. We conducted two key informant interviews with municipal-level stakeholders and focus group discussions with primary care providers. We also reviewed municipal Primary Care Access and Quality laws in each municipality. We found substantial variation in the design choices made by municipalities regarding 'who was incentivized', the 'payment size' and 'frequency'. Design choices affected relationships within municipalities and within teams. Challenges were chiefly associated with fairness relating to 'who received the incentive', 'what is incentivized' and the 'incentive size'. Adaptations were made to improve fairness, mostly in response to pressure from the healthcare workers. The significant variation in design choices across municipalities and providers' response to them highlights the importance of considering local context in the design and implementation of P4P schemes and ensuring flexibility to accommodate local preferences and emerging needs. Attention is needed to ensure that the choice of 'who is incentivized' and the 'size of incentives' are inclusive and fair and the allocation and 'use of funds' are transparent.

Does pay-for-performance design matter? Evidence from Brazil.

Pay-for-performance (P4P) schemes have been shown to have mixed effects on health care outcomes. A challenge in interpreting this evidence is that P4P is often considered a homogenous intervention, when in practice schemes vary widely in their design. Our study contributes to this literature by providing a detailed depiction of incentive design across municipalities within a national P4P scheme in Brazil [Primary Care Access and Quality (PMAQ)] and exploring the association of alternative design typologies with the performance of primary health care providers. We carried out a nation-wide survey of municipal health managers to characterize the scheme design, based on the size of the bonus, the providers incentivized and the frequency of payment. Using OLS regressions and controlling for municipality characteristics, we examined whether each design feature was associated with better family health team (FHT) performance. To capture potential interactions between design features, we used cluster analysis to group municipalities into five design typologies and then examined associations with quality of care. A majority of the municipalities included in our study used some of the PMAQ funds to provide bonuses to FHT workers, while the remaining municipalities spent the funds in the traditional way using input-based budgets. Frequent bonus payments (monthly) and higher size bonus allocations (share of 20-80%) were strongly associated with better team performance, while who within a team was eligible to receive bonuses did not in isolation appear to influence performance. The cluster analysis showed what combinations of design features were associated with better performance. The PMAQ score in the 'large bonus/many workers/high-frequency' cluster was 8.44 points higher than the 'no bonus' cluster, equivalent to a difference of 21.7% in the mean PMAQ score. Evidence from our study shows how design features can potentially influence health provider performance, informing the design of more effective P4P schemes.

Pay-for-performance for primary health care in Brazil: A comparison with England's Quality Outcomes Framework and lessons for the future.

Pay-for-performance (P4P) has been widely applied in OECD countries to improve the quality of both primary and secondary care, and is increasingly being implemented in low- and middle-income countries. In 2011, Brazil introduced one of the largest P4P schemes in the world, the National Programme for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality (PMAQ). We critically assess the design of PMAQ, drawing on a comparison with England's quality and outcome framework which, like PMAQ, was implemented at scale relatively rapidly within a nationalised health system. A key feature of PMAQ was that payment was based on the performance of primary care teams but rewards were given to municipalities, who had autonomy in how the funds could be used. This meant the incentives felt by family health teams were contingent on municipality decisions on whether to pass the funds on as bonuses and the basis upon which they allocated the funds between and within teams. Compared with England's P4P scheme, performance measurement under PMAQ focused more on structural rather than process quality of care, relied on many more indicators, and was less regular. While PMAQ represented an important new funding stream for primary health care, our review suggests that theoretical incentives generated were unclear and could have been better structured to direct health providers towards improvements in quality of care.

Sociodemographic, Behavioral and Oral Health Factors in Maternal and Child Health: An Interventional and Associative Study from the Network Perspective.

Oral healthcare during pregnancy needs to be part of the assistance routine given to pregnant women by health professionals as a way to encourage self-care and strengthen the general health of the mother and the baby. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated oral healthcare intervention for pregnant women and to analyze the association of sociodemographic, behavioral, oral health and general maternal and child health factors in prenatal care at usual risk in primary care in a city in the northeast of Brazil, in 2018-2019. A controlled, randomized, single-blinded community trial was conducted. The intervention group (IG) received dental assistance and collective health education actions in conversation circles, while the control group (CG) received the usual assistance. All pregnant women (146 in total, 58 from IG and 88 from CG) that took part in the trial answered a questionnaire and underwent a dental examination at the beginning of prenatal care and at the puerperal visit. To assess the effect of the intervention, a network analysis was used. The results have shown that being in the control group was associated with neonatal complications (0.89) and prematurity (0.54); the use of tobacco and alcohol are associated with high risk in initial and final oral health; lower educational level of the pregnant women implicates high risk for initial oral health (-0.19), final oral health (-0.26), pregnancy complications (-0.13), low birth weight (-0.23), prematurity (-0.19) and complications in the newborn (-0.14). Having a low family income (≤261.36 USD) has shown a high risk for initial oral health (-0.14), final oral health (-0.20) and prematurity (-0.15). The intervention based on integrated oral healthcare for pregnant women indicated that socioeconomic and behavioral factors must be considered as determinants for the quality of women and children's health and that multi-professional performance during prenatal care contributes to the positive outcomes of pregnancy.

[Mapping the intricacies of care networks for persons with disabilities, from the perspectives of users-citizens-guides]. / Cartografiar el tejido de redes de atención para personas con discapacidad, desde la perspectiva de usuarias-ciudadanas-guías.

This article presents an analysis of the production of care networks for persons with disabilities in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. We employed a qualitative methodology with a cartographic approach, involving the participation of four users-citizens-guides. Weekly virtual meetings were held throughout the second half of 2020, in which we were able to collect, systematize, and theorize on four issues: 1) guilt and (non) life expectancy on the part of persons with disabilities; 2) the place of disability in family dynamics; 3) the production of specific core relational dependency networks; and 4) the public vs. private care offerings for persons with disabilities. Based on these findings, we were able to lend visibility to and explicitly affirm the ways in which these user-citizens participate in the complex process of care building for persons with disabilities and their families.

En este artículo analizamos la producción de redes de atención para personas con discapacidad, en el estado de Paraíba, Brasil. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, con enfoque cartográfico, en el que participaron cuatro usuarias-ciudadanas-guías. Se realizaron reuniones virtuales semanales a lo largo del segundo semestre de 2020, en las que pudimos recolectar, sistematizar y producir consistencia teórica, a partir de cuatro analizadores: 1) culpabilidad y (no) esperanza de vida de la persona con discapacidad; 2) el lugar de la discapacidad en la dinámica familiar; 3) la producción de núcleos de dependencia relacional específicos; y 4) el público vs. ofertas privadas de atención para las personas con discapacidad. A partir de ellos, fue posible producir visibilidades y enunciabilidades sobre las formas en que estas usuarias-ciudadanas son parte del complejo proceso de construcción de cuidados para las personas con discapacidad y sus familias.

Socioeconomic inequalities in the quality of primary care under Brazil's national pay-for-performance programme: a longitudinal study of family health teams.

BACKGROUND: Many governments have introduced pay-for-performance programmes to incentivise health providers to improve quality of care. Evidence on whether these programmes reduce or exacerbate disparities in health care is scarce. In this study, we aimed to assess socioeconomic inequalities in the performance of family health teams under Brazil's National Programme for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality (PMAQ). METHODS: For this longitudinal study, we analysed data on the quality of care delivered by family health teams participating in PMAQ over three rounds of implementation: round 1 (November, 2011, to March, 2013), round 2 (April, 2013, to September, 2015), and round 3 (October, 2015, to December, 2019). The primary outcome was the percentage of the maximum performance score obtainable by family health teams (the PMAQ score), based on several hundred (ranging from 598 to 914) indicators of health-care delivery. Using census data on household income of local areas, we examined the PMAQ score by income ventile. We used ordinary least squares regressions to examine the association between PMAQ scores and the income of each local area across implementation rounds, and we did an analysis of variance to assess geographical variation in PMAQ score. FINDINGS: Of the 40 361 family health teams that were registered as ever participating in PMAQ, we included 13 934 teams that participated in the three rounds of PMAQ in our analysis. These teams were located in 11 472 census areas and served approximately 48 million people. The mean PMAQ score was 61·0% (median 61·8, IQR 55·3-67·9) in round 1, 55·3% (median 56·0, IQR 47·6-63·4) in round 2, and 61·6% (median 62·7, IQR 54·4-69·9) in round 3. In round 1, we observed a positive socioeconomic gradient, with the mean PMAQ score ranging from 56·6% in the poorest group to 64·1% in the richest group. Between rounds 1 and 3, mean PMAQ performance increased by 7·1 percentage points for the poorest group and decreased by 0·8 percentage points for the richest group (p<0·0001), with the gap between richest and poorest narrowing from 7·5 percentage points (95% CI 6·5 to 8·5) to -0·4 percentage points over the same period (-1·6 to 0·8). INTERPRETATION: Existing income inequalities in the delivery of primary health care were eliminated during the three rounds of PMAQ, plausibly due to a design feature of PMAQ that adjusted financial payments for socioeconomic inequalities. However, there remains an important policy agenda in Brazil to address the large inequities in health. FUNDING: UK Medical Research Council, Newton Fund, and CONFAP (Conselho Nacional das Fundações Estaduais de Amparo à Pesquisa).

Pay for performance in primary care: the contribution of the Programme for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care (PMAQ) on avoidable hospitalisations in Brazil, 2009-2018.

BACKGROUND: Evidence on the effect of pay-for-performance (P4P) schemes on provider performance is mixed in low-income and middle-income countries. Brazil introduced its first national-level P4P scheme in 2011 (PMAQ-Brazilian National Programme for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality). PMAQ is likely one of the largest P4P schemes in the world. We estimate the association between PMAQ and hospitalisations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs) based on a panel of 5564 municipalities. METHODS: We conducted a fixed effect panel data analysis over the period of 2009-2018, controlling for coverage of primary healthcare, hospital beds per 10 000 population, education, real gross domestic product per capita and population density. The outcome is the hospitalisation rate for ACSCs among people aged 64 years and under per 10 000 population. Our exposure variable is defined as the percentage of family health teams participating in PMAQ, which captures the roll-out of PMAQ over time. We also provided several sensitivity analyses, by using alternative measures of the exposure and outcome variables, and a placebo test using transport accident hospitalisations instead of ACSCs. RESULTS: The results show a negative and statistically significant association between the rollout of PMAQ and ACSC rates for all age groups. An increase in PMAQ participating of one percentage point decreased the hospitalisation rate for ACSC by 0.0356 (SE 0.0123, p=0.004) per 10 000 population (aged 0-64 years). This corresponds to a reduction of approximately 60 829 hospitalisations in 2018. The impact is stronger for children under 5 years (-0.0940, SE 0.0375, p=0.012), representing a reduction of around 11 936 hospitalisations. Our placebo test shows that the association of PMAQ on the hospitalisation rate for transport accidents is not statistically significant, as expected. CONCLUSION: We find that PMAQ was associated with a modest reduction in hospitalisation for ACSCs.

Orofacial outcomes in adolescents with perinatally infected HIV in antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of orofacial outcomes in adolescents with perinatally infected HIV in treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART). DESIGN: A Brazilian institution-based retrospective study analyzing medical charts and medication dispensing data. METHODS: Medical records of 137 adolescents were reviewed. HIV viral load, CD4 T-cell count (CD4), ART regimen, nonadherence events, and prolonged ART discontinuation were recorded. The frequency of each outcome was determined. Associations between the most frequent outcomes and both records of undetectable viral load and CD4 at least 500 cells/µl were carried out. Associations of lymphadenitis, Group 1 orofacial manifestations and Group 2 orofacial manifestations with records of Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) category C illness were also performed. Odds ratio (OR), confidence intervals (CI) and P values were provided. RESULTS: Cervical and submandibular lymphadenitis (45.25%), dental caries (32.84%) and periodontal issues (11.67%) were the most frequent orofacial outcomes. A detectable viral load (OR = 2.61, 95% CI 1.16--5.88) and CD4 less than 500 cells/µl (OR = 2.34, 95% CI 1.13--4.82) were associated with a greater risk of lymphadenitis. Orofacial outcomes associated with HIV were found in adolescents with longer ART discontinuation and a greater number of ART discontinuation events (P < 0.05). No association was found between records of CDC category C illness and group 1 orofacial manifestations, group 2 manifestations or lymphadenitis (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Orofacial outcomes, in particular, cervical and submandibular lymphadenitis were common among the adolescents assessed. Long-term ART and long-term exposure to HIV virus may have altered the orofacial outcome profile in adolescents perinatally infected by HIV.

[Physicians' job satisfaction with the More Doctors Program in the State of Paraíba, Brazil: assessment with structural equation modeling]. / Satisfação dos médicos do Programa Mais Médicos na Paraíba, Brasil: avaliação por modelagem de equações estruturais.

This study aimed to build a job quality assessment model for the More Doctors Program (PMM, in Portuguese) based on participating physicians' job satisfaction, using structural equation modeling. The assessment drew on a database with answers to a questionnaire developed by a group of the program's supervisors in the State of Paraíba, Brazil, and applied to physicians between December 2015 and September 2016. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to extract significant attributes and form final dimensions, and later confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the relationship between variables. The initially proposed satisfaction model underwent some changes based on the analyses, and the final model consisted of 49 variables grouped in 6 dimensions: medications, structure, characteristics of the program, support, printed materials, and equipment. Medications and structure were the constructs with the greatest effect on physician satisfaction (0.53 and 0.39), followed by program characteristics and support (both with 0.29). The instrument proposed in this article should allow a comprehensive view of aspects involved in physicians' job satisfaction, providing a point of departure for future analyses and validations on job quality in primary care.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi construir um modelo de avaliação da qualidade do trabalho no Programa Mais Médicos (PMM), baseado na satisfação do médico participante, utilizando a abordagem da modelagem de equações estruturais. Para isso, foi usado o banco de dados de respostas de um questionário desenvolvido por um grupo de supervisores do programa no Estado da Paraíba, Brasil, e aplicado aos médicos do estado entre dezembro de 2015 e setembro de 2016. Foi realizada análise fatorial exploratória para extrair os atributos significativos e formar as dimensões finais e, após, a análise fatorial confirmatória para avaliar a relação entre as variáveis. O modelo de satisfação proposto inicialmente sofreu algumas modificações com base nas análises, e o modelo final foi composto por 49 variáveis indicadoras agrupadas em seis dimensões: medicamentos, estrutura, aspectos do PMM, apoio, impressos e equipamentos. Medicamentos e estrutura foram os construtos com maior efeito direto na satisfação do médico (0,53 e 0,39), seguidos pelos aspectos do PMM e apoio (ambos com 0,29). Acredita-se que o instrumento proposto neste artigo possibilita uma visão ampla sobre os aspectos envolvidos na satisfação do trabalho do médico, sintetizando um ponto de partida para análises e validações posteriores sobre a qualidade do trabalho na atenção básica.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue construir un modelo de evaluación de la calidad del trabajo en el Programa Más Médicos (PMM), basado en la satisfacción del médico participante, utilizando el abordaje del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. Con este fin, se utilizó el banco de datos de respuestas de un cuestionario desarrollado por un grupo de supervisores del programa en el Estado de Paraíba, Brasil, y aplicado a los médicos del estado entre diciembre de 2015 y setiembre de 2016. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio para extraer los atributos significativos y formar las dimensiones finales y, posteriormente, el análisis factorial confirmatorio para evaluar la relación entre las variables. El modelo de satisfacción propuesto inicialmente sufrió algunas modificaciones a partir de los análisis y el modelo final estuvo compuesto por 49 variables indicadoras agrupadas en 6 dimensiones: medicamentos, estructura, aspectos del PMM, apoyo, impresos y equipamientos. Medicamentos y estructura fueron los constructos con mayor efecto directo en la satisfacción del médico (0,53 y 0,39), seguidos por los aspectos del PMM y apoyo (ambos con 0,29). Se cree que el instrumento propuesto en este artículo posibilita una visión amplia sobre los aspectos implicados en la satisfacción del trabajo del médico, sintetizando un punto de partida para el análisis y validaciones posteriores sobre la calidad del trabajo en la atención básica.

When basic supplies are missing, what to do? Specific demands of the local street population in times of coronavirus - a concern of social psychiatry.

BACKGROUND: Homeless experts and some federal housing officials are sounding the alarm that the patchwork of government efforts to address the coronavirus outbreak risks leaving out one group of acutely vulnerable people: the homeless. In terms of isolation, it is too unclear what that looks like if you normally sleep on the streets. In this tough moment, when people should be turned away, not only it feels inhumane, but it is also a big public health risk, because where are they going to go? METHOD: The studies were identified using large-sized newspapers with international circulation RESULTS: With more cities suspecting community transmission of the novel coronavirus, people who sleep in shelters or hunker down outside already have a lower life expectancy and often have underlying health conditions that put them at greater risk if they develop COVID-19 (Global News, 2020). These people face lack of sleep, malnutrition, and "extreme stress levels just to meet their daily needs", all of which weakens the immune system. Along with mental illness or substance abuse disorders, they are "incredibly vulnerable to this virus". CONCLUSIONS: Health organizations are well aware of the risks involved in mental health. A large population of homeless people experience their pain and psychological distress intermittently. For low-income patients, the various borderline situations related to health/illness involve growing expectations regarding the basic needs. This is a serious concern when linked to the pandemic.

Clinical and histological impact of previous hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND: Recent reports suggest that hepatitis C virus (HCV) carriers with serological markers of prior hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have more advanced liver fibrosis, irrespective of HBV-DNA detection. AIMS: We sought to assess the prevalence and impact of previous HBV infection in patients with HCV chronic infection. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included hepatitis B surface antigen- and human immunodeficiency virus-negative subjects with positive HCV-RNA. All patients had prior parenteral exposure as the probable source of HCV infection. Serum samples were tested for HBV-DNA using a commercial assay. The METAVIR system was used for histological analysis. RESULTS: One-hundred and eleven patients were evaluated. Thirty-one out of 111 patients (28%) tested positive for antihepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). HBV-DNA was not detected in any sample. Anti-HBc-positive patients showed higher histological grading, staging and a higher fibrosis progression rate. By multivariate analysis, anti-HBc-positivity was predictive of moderate to severe activity [odds ratio (OR)=3.532; P=0.032] and significant hepatic fibrosis (OR=3.364; P=0.017). After approximately 20 years of infection, advanced liver fibrosis (F3/F4) can be expected in 13% of anti-HBc-negative subjects who acquired HCV before the age of 30 and in 57% of those anti-HBc-positive patients who were infected by HCV after 30 years of age (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Previous HBV infection is common among HCV carriers and may exert a negative impact on the natural history of HCV infection, independently of the presence of significant HBV replication.

Efeitos do treinamento físico supervisionado na ansiedade, estresse e depressão após a Covid-19 / Effects of supervised physical training on anxiety, stress and depression after Covid-19 / Efectos del entrenamiento físico supervisado en la ansiedad, el estrés y la depresión después de la Covid-19

Objetivo: avaliar ansiedade, estresse e depressão antes e após o treinamento físico em acometidos pela Covid-19. Método: estudo quase-experimental realizado em Goiânia com pacientes que tiveram Covid-19 moderada a grave, após internação. Investigou-se ansiedade, estresse e depressão por meio da DASS-21. Os participantes realizaram dezoito sessões de treinamento físico, três vezes/semana composto por exercícios aeróbios, resistidos e de flexibilidade. Utilizou-se teste Shapiro Wilk para distribuição e os testes t pareado e Wilcoxon com nível de significância de p<0,05 para comparações. Resultado: participaram dezessete indivíduos com 55,59(±5,20) anos, predominantemente mulheres (64,7%), média de dezessete dias internados, maioria obesos (52,9%) com alguma doença prévia à Covid-19 (76,5%). Houve redução da ansiedade (mediana de 9,0 para 2,0 [p=0,001]), estresse de 10,0 para 2,0 (p=0,001) e depressão de 6,0 para 2,0 (p<0,001) após treinamento físico. Conclusão: o treinamento físico foi eficaz para melhora da ansiedade, estresse e depressão após dezoito sessões.

Objective: to assess anxiety, stress and depression before and after physical training in people affected by Covid-19. Method: a quasi-experimental study carried out in Goiania with patients who had moderate to severe Covid-19 after hospitalization. Anxiety, stress and depression were investigated using the DASS-21. The participants underwent eighteen physical training sessions, three times a week, consisting of aerobic, resistance and flexibility exercises. The Shapiro Wilk test was used for distribution and the paired t-test and Wilcoxon test with a significance level of p<0.05 were used for comparisons. Results: seventeen individuals took part, aged 55.59 (±5.20) years, predominantly women (64.7%), an average of seventeen days in hospital, the majority obese (52.9%) with some illness prior to Covid-19 (76.5%). There was a reduction in anxiety (median from 9.0 to 2.0 [p=0.001]), stress from 10.0 to 2.0 (p=0.001) and depression from 6.0 to 2.0 (p<0.001) after physical training. Conclusion: physical training was effective in improving anxiety, stress and depression after eighteen sessions.

Objetivo: evaluar la ansiedad, el estrés y la depresión antes y después del entrenamiento físico en afectados por la Covid-19. Método: estudio cuasi-experimental realizado en Goiânia con pacientes que tuvieron Covid-19 moderada a grave, tras hospitalización. Se investigó la ansiedad, el estrés y la depresión mediante el DASS-21. Los participantes realizaron dieciocho sesiones de entrenamiento físico, tres veces por semana compuesto por ejercicios aeróbicos, de resistencia y de flexibilidad. Se utilizó la prueba Shapiro Wilk para distribución y las pruebas t pareada y Wilcoxon con nivel de significancia de p<0,05 para comparaciones. Resultado: participaron diecisiete individuos con 55,59 (±5,20) años, predominantemente mujeres (64,7%), media de diecisiete días hospitalizados, mayoría obesos (52,9%) con alguna enfermedad previa a la Covid-19 (76,5%). Hubo reducción de la ansiedad (mediana de 9,0 a 2,0 [p=0,001]), estrés de 10,0 a 2,0 (p=0,001) y depresión de 6,0 a 2,0 (p<0,001) tras el entrenamiento físico. Conclusión: el entrenamiento físico fue eficaz para mejorar la ansiedad, el estrés y la depresión después de dieciocho sesiones.

Entre baques e atraques: cenas de uma pesquisa cartográfica entre o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e a saúde suplementar / Blows and clinches: scenes of a cartographic study between the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) and supplementary health / Entre caídas y golpes: escenas de una investigación cartográfica entre el Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS) y la Salud suplementaria

A pesquisa cartográfica se caracteriza pela imersão da pessoa pesquisadora no território afetivo-existencial a ser pesquisado. Este artigo põe em análise, por meio dessa proposta metodológica, as implicações e sobreimplicações de um pesquisador negro, bissexual e médico de Família e Comunidade em um contexto de trabalho e pesquisa entre uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) e uma clínica de atenção primária de um plano privado de saúde localizada no município de Natal, RN. Ele desvela, por meio da "escrevivência" de quatro cenas, a precarização do processo de trabalho, a deterioração de algumas ferramentas clínicas e a forte presença de um racismo estrutural e institucional.(AU)

In cartographic research, researchers immerse themselves in the affective-existential setting being studied. Using cartographic methods, this study analyzed the implications and superimplications of a black, bisexual family and community doctor working and conducting research in a public health center and private primary care clinic in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. Based on "escrevivências" of four cenas-de-viragem (milestones), the analysis reveals worsening working terms and conditions, the deterioration of certain clinical tools and the strong presence of structural and institutional racism.(AU)

La investigación cartográfica se caracteriza por la inmersión de la persona investigadora en el territorio afectivo-existencial a investigar. Este artículo analiza por medio de esta propuesta metodológica las implicaciones y sobreimplicaciones de un investigador negro, bisexual, médico de familia y comunidad en un contexto de trabajo e investigación entre una Unidad Básica de Salud y una clínica de atención primaria de un plan privado de salud localizada en el municipio de Natal (Estado de Rio Grande do Norte). Desvela por medio de la "escritura-vivencia" de cuatro puntos de inflexión la precarización del proceso de trabajo, el deterioro de algunas herramientas clínicas y la fuerte presencia de un racismo estructural e institucional.(AU)

Morte em vida de Severina: uma cartografia do cuidado com as pessoas (com deficiência) / The Death in Life of Severina: a cartography of care for people (with disabilities)

Resumo Neste artigo, analisa-se o acesso ao cuidado da saúde que produz vulnerabilidades, bem como as estratégias de resistência de usuários(as). No estudo, fruto de pesquisa qualitativa com abordagem cartográfica, recorre-se ao conceito-ferramenta "usuária-guia", ao analisar a trajetória de uma mulher de 48 anos de idade com deficiência visual, acompanhada em pesquisa num centro especializado em reabilitação da cidade de João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil. Entre outubro de 2020 e abril de 2021, foram realizados 12 encontros virtuais com a usuária e duas entrevistas com profissionais do serviço, registrados em diários de campo. A análise gerou os seguintes eixos de interpretação: Várias mortes em vida, Severina; A fabricação de um corpo Severina: marcas de uma saúde prescritora do viver; e Teima a vida Severina, em sua produção de redes vivas de cuidado. Evidenciou-se que a organização da atenção à saúde direcionada a certos grupos leva à produção de vulnerabilidades e promove a morte (ou mesmo muitas mortes) em vida. Ao mesmo tempo, identificaram-se possibilidades de construção de outros fluxos, em que seria possível constituir, para si, meios de romper com o que se estrutura para nossas rotas, permitindo produzir furos nos muros.

Abstract This article analyzes the access to health care that produces vulnerability, as well as the resistance strategies of users. The study, resulting from qualitative research with a cartographic approach, uses the concept-tool "guide-user" to analyze the trajectory of a 48-year-old woman, with visual impairment, accompanied in research at a specialized center in rehabilitation in the municipality of João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil. Between October 2020 and April 2021, 12 virtual meetings were held with the user and two interviews with service professionals, recorded in field diaries. The analysis generated the following interpretation axes: Several Deaths in Life, Severina; The fabrication of a Severina body: marks of a prescriptive health of living; and Severina insists on life, in her production of living networks of care. It was evidenced that the organization of health care directed at certain groups of people leads to the production of vulnerabilities and promotes death (or even many deaths) during life. At the same time, possibilities for the construction of other flows were identified, in which it would be possible to constitute, for themselves, means of breaking with what is structured for our routes, allowing to produce holes in the walls.

Reflexos do pagamento por desempenho na atuação do(a)s profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde, Paraíba, Brasil / Effects of pay-for-performance on the work of primary health care professionals in the state of Paraíba, Brazil / Reflejos del pago por desempeño en la actuación de los y las profesionales de la atención primaria de la salud, Paraíba, Brasil

O estudo buscou compreender a influência da estratégia do Pay for Performance (P4P), por meio do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB), na atuação do(a)s trabalhadore(a)s. Trata-se de um estudo de caso qualitativo realizado com o(a)s trabalhadore(a)s das Estratégias de Saúde da Família. A análise foi realizada mediante a técnica de construção de narrativas. Constatou-se que o P4P contribuiu para qualificação do processo de trabalho, ao mesmo tempo que estimulou competição e conflito entre as equipes, aflorando sentimentos de culpa e injustiça e, devido à precarização do trabalho, o estímulo financeiro se descaracteriza, tornando-se complemento salarial. Problemas macroestruturais afetam as condições de trabalho e a motivação do(a)s trabalhadore(a)s, de modo que modelos de incentivo financeiro, isoladamente, não são suficientes para reverter tal cenário.(AU)

This study sought to understand the influence of pay-for-performance (P4P) on worker performance using data from the National Program for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality (PMAQ-AB). We conducted a qualitative case study with professionals working in family health strategy teams. The data were analyzed using the narrative construction technique. The findings show that P4P contributed to the improvement of work processes, while at the same time stimulating competition and conflict between the teams, causing feelings of guilt and injustice. However, the original purpose of the financial incentive is defeated due to poor working terms and conditions, becoming akin to a salary supplement. Macrostructural problems affect working conditions and worker motivation, showing that financial incentive models alone are not sufficient to reverse this situation.(AU)

El estudio buscó comprender la influencia de la estrategia Pay for Performance (P4P), por medio del Programa de Mejora del Acceso y Calidad de la Atención Básica (Pmaq-AB), en la actuación de los trabajadores y las trabajadoras. Se trata de un estudio de caso, cualitativo, realizado con los trabajadores y las trabajadoras de las Estrategias de Salud de la Familia. El análisis se realizó mediante la construcción de narrativas. Se constató que el P4P contribuyó para la calificación del proceso de trabajo, al mismo tiempo que incentivó competencia y conflicto entre los equipos, haciendo aflorar los sentimientos de culpa e injusticia y, debido a la precarización del trabajo, el incentivo financiero se descaracteriza pasando a ser complemento salarial. Problemas macroestructurales afectan las condiciones de trabajo y la motivación de los trabajadores y de las trabajadoras, de modo que los modelos de incentivo económico, aisladamente, no son suficientes para revertir ese escenario.(AU)

Optimized cutoffs improve performance of the aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index for predicting significant liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus co-infection.

AIM: To assess the diagnostic value of modified cutoffs for aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) to predict significant liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included consecutive patients with HIV/HCV co-infection who underwent percutaneous liver biopsy. The accuracy of APRI for the diagnosis of significant fibrosis (F2/F3/F4 METAVIR) was evaluated by estimating the positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV respectively) and by measuring the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC). RESULTS: One hundred and eleven patients were included (73% men, mean age 40.2+/-7.8 years). Significant fibrosis was observed in 45 patients (41%). To discriminate these subjects, the AUROC of APRI was 0.774+/-0.045. An APRI > or = 1.8 showed a PPV of 75% for the presence of significant fibrosis, and an index < 0.6 excluded significant fibrosis with an NPV of 87%. If biopsy indication was based only on APRI and restricted to scores in the intermediate range (> or = 0.6 and < 1.8), 46% of liver biopsies could have been avoided as compared with 40% using the classical cutoffs. CONCLUSION: APRI with adjusted cutoffs can predict significant liver fibrosis in patients with HIV/HCV co-infection and might obviate the need to perform a biopsy in a considerable percentage of those subjects.

Qual família e qual comunidade? Reconfigurações da Medicina de Família e Comunidade na saúde suplementar / ¿Qué familia y qué comunidad? Reconfiguraciones de la Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria en salud complementaria / Which family and which community? Reconfigurations of Family and Community Medicine in supplementary health

RESUMO: Trata-se de um estudo cartográfico que buscou analisar a atuação de médicos(as) de família e comunidade na Atenção Primária da saúde suplementar, realizado por meio de diários e entrevistas cartográficas entre março de 2021 e janeiro de 2022, processados semanalmente em reuniões de pesquisa. Tal estudo se deu com base nos analisadores: 'território', 'família' e 'comunidade'. Notou-se que a territorialização e a abordagem familiar ganham outros contornos na Medicina de Família e Comunidade praticada na saúde suplementar. Além disso, verificou-se que algumas das ferramentas típicas da Atenção Básica - como visita domiciliar, educação em saúde, genograma, ecomapa e vigilância em saúde - não eram utilizadas na atenção suplementar ou tiveram outras aplicabilidades dissonantes do modelo preconizado. Concluiu-se que a Medicina de Família e Comunidade na saúde suplementar se aproxima de uma atuação mais clínica, com perda da potência das linhas de força que constituem tal especialidade, tendendo a uma medicina menos familiar e comunitária.

RESUMEN: Se trata de un estudio cartográfico que buscó analizar el desempeño de los médicos de familia y comunidad en atención primaria de salud complementaria, realizado a través de diarios y entrevistas cartográficas entre marzo de 2021 y enero de 2022, que fueron procesados semanalmente en reuniones de investigación. Este estudio se basó en los analizadores: 'territorio', 'familia' y 'comunidad'. Se observó que la territorialización y el enfoque familiar adquieren otros contornos en la Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria practicada en salud complementaria. Además, se encontró que algunas de las herramientas típicas de la atención básica, como las visitas domiciliarias, la educación sanitaria, el genograma, el ecomap y la vigilancia sanitaria, no se utilizaron en la atención complementaria o tenían otra aplicabilidad disonante del modelo recomendado. Se concluyó que la Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria en salud complementaria se aproxima a una práctica más clínica, con pérdida de potencia de las líneas eléctricas que constituyen dicha especialidad, tendiendo a una medicina menos familiar y comunitaria.

ABSTRACT: This is a cartographic study that sought to analyze the performance of family and community physicians in primary care of supplementary health, carried out through diaries and cartographic interviews between March 2021 and January 2022, which were weekly processed in research meetings. This study was based on the analyzers: 'territory', 'family' and 'community'. It was noticed that territorialization and family approach gain other contours in Family and Community Medicine practiced in supplementary health. In addition, it was found that some of the typical tools of basic care - such as home visits, health education, genogram, ecomap and health surveillance - were not used in supplementary care or had other dissonant applicabilities of the recommended model. It was concluded that Family and Community Medicine in supplementary health approaches a more clinical practice, with loss of power from the power lines that constitute such specialty, tending to a less familiar and community medicine.

Domestic violence against women: construction and validation of content for applicability of a decision model / Violência doméstica contra a mulher: construção e validação de conteúdo para aplicabilidade de modelo de decisão

Introduction: domestic violence is characterized as a growing public health problem that has major consequences, in addition to violating the human rights of women who are in situations of violence.Objective: describe the construction and content validation of an instrument to identify domestic violence against women from the perspective of the applicability of a decision model.Methods: this is a methodological study composed of two phases: the first was the elaboration of the instrument, based on an integrative review of the literature; the second, content validation, through the evaluation of the instrument by ten specialists, with expertise in the area of domestic violence against women. For analysis, the Content Validity Index (CVI≥0.80) was calculated.Results: of the 23 items initially submitted to validation, 65.2% (n = 15) achieved CVI equal to or greater than (0.80) and 34.8% (n = 8) had CVI lower than (0.80). After making the changes suggested by the experts in the first round, a second version of the instrument was constructed and sent back to the participating judges, adjusting the proposed items. In this second evaluation round, the adjusted and added items reached CVI equal to or greater than 0.90.Conclusion: the instrument was considered valid and adequate to identify domestic violence against women, serving as a source for the construction of health indicators and for coping with this problem.

Introdução: a violência doméstica é caracterizada como um problema crescente de saúde pública que gera grandes consequências, além da violação aos direitos humanos das mulheres que se encontram em situação de violencia.Objetivo: descrever a construção e validação de conteúdo de um instrumento visando identificar a violência doméstica contra a mulher na perspectiva da aplicabilidade de um modelo de decisão.Método: trata-se de um estudo metodológico composto de duas fases: a primeira foi a elaboração do instrumento, a partir de revisão integrativa da literatura; a segunda, de validação de conteúdo, mediante a avaliação do instrumento por dez especialistas, com expertise na área de violência doméstica contra a mulher. Para análise, calculou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC≥0,80).Resultados: dos 23 itens submetidos inicialmente à validação, 65,2% (n = 15) alcançaram IVC igual ou maior que (0,80) e 34,8% (n = 8) obtiveram IVC inferior a (0,80). Após realizar as alterações sugeridas pelas especialistas na primeira rodada foi construída uma segunda versão do instrumento e reenviada às juízas participantes, ajustando-se os itens propostos. Nesta segunda rodada de avaliação, os itens ajustados e acrescentados alcançaram IVC igual ou maior que 0.90.Conclusão: o instrumento foi considerado válido e adequado para identificar a violência doméstica contra a mulher, servindo como fonte para a construção de indicadores de saúde e para o enfrentamento dessa problemática.

O financiamento da Atenção Básica no Brasil: um balanço de duas décadas (2000-2020) / The financing primary care in Brazil: a balance of two decades (2000-2020)

Este artigo analisa o financiamento da Atenção Básica do Brasil entre 2000 e 2020 a partir de uma revisão integrativa das produções científicas disponíveis nas bases científicas eletrônicas BVS, SciELO e MEDLINE. Foram elegíveis artigos com acesso gratuito e situados no Brasil, excluindo duplicados e textos não científicos. Após aplicados os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados dez artigos, os quais foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática e organizados em duas categorias: (1) "Diferenças municipais no financiamento da Atenção Básica" e (2) "Financiamento tripartite da Atenção Básica". Os resultados apontam para diversas desigualdades no financiamento desse nível de atenção. Apesar do crescimento da participação federal, as transferências ocorreram por incentivos à adoção de programas federais que não alcançaram os municípios homogeneamente. Houve maior dependência das transferências federais em municípios pequenos e nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, além de baixa participação estadual no financiamento. Um dos limites do estudo foi não alcançar, pelo recorte temporal, estudos analisando os impactos das atuais políticas que agravaram o desfinanciamento da Atenção Básica, que provavelmente tem piorado o contexto apresentado e colocado ainda mais em risco a qualidade e preservação dela.

This article analyzes the primary healthcare financing in Brazil between 2000 and 2020. We conducted an integrative review of the scientific productions available in the electronic scientific databases BVS, Scielo, and MEDLINE in December 2020. After including articles undertaken in Brazil, with free access, and excluding duplicates and non-scientific texts, ten articles were selected. Those articles were submitted to Thematic Content Analysis and organized into two categories (1) "Municipal differences in the financing of Primary Care" and (2) "Tripartite Financing of Primary Care". The results of this review pointed out several inequalities in the financing of primary healthcare. Although federal participation in the budget has grown during the analyzed period, the transfers occurred due to incentives for the adoption of federal programs that did not reach the municipalities homogeneously. Compared to the South and Southeast, small municipalities in the North and Northeast regions had greater dependence on federal transfers. In addition, there was lower state participation in the overall financing in the North and Northeast regions. The main limitation of our review was not including studies published since 2021 analyzing the impacts of recent policies that aggravated the underfunding of primary healthcare in Brazil, which could have potentially worsened the results presented in this study and put primary healthcare quality and preservation even more at risk.