Indirect impact of PCV10 children vaccination on the serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in adults over 50 in Colombia, 2005-2019: Observational analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) into childhood vaccination programmes has reduced the prevalence of vaccine serotypes (VTs) that cause invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children. In the elderly population, an impact has also been seen through indirect protection (herd effect). The aim of this study was to estimate the changes in serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates recovered from adult IPD and to evaluate the indirect effect of immunization with PCV10 based on laboratory records by analyzing the period from 2005 to 2019 for six years before and eight years after the universal PCV10 administration to Colombian children. METHODS: A total of 2204 S. pneumoniae isolates from adults (≥50 years) with IPD were analyzed. The analysis examined the percentage changes in proportions (prevalence) and percentage variations in population rates (annual reported rates - ARR) of VTs between the pre-PCV10 (2005-2009) and post-PCV10 (2015-2019) periods. RESULTS: The findings were (1) evidence of a significant percentage decrease of pneumococcal VT10 causing IPD in adults (50% pre-PCV10 and 16% post-PCV10); (2) significant increase of serotype 19A (from 1.6% to 14.8%) and less important increase of serotype 3 (from 10.5% to 14.5%) and non-vaccine serotypes (NVT) (from 21.4% to 38.4%) non-significant; and (3) meningitis and non-meningitis multidrug resistant isolates associated with serotype 19A. An improvement in the surveillance system is associated with the immunization of children, as noted by the increased ARRs across the analysis period. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show the indirect impact of PCV10 vaccination in children on the VT10 distribution and antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae causing IPD in Colombian adults over 50 when comparing the pre-PCV10 (2005-2009) and post-PCV10 (2015-2019) periods.

[Streptococcus pneumoniae: serotype evolution and patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility in invasive isolates from 11 years surveillance (1994 -2004) in Colombia]. / Streptococcus pneumoniae: evolución de los serotipos y los patrones de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en aislamientos invasores en 11 años de vigilancia en colombia (1994 -2004).

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adults in the world. OBJECTIVE: Analysis of data from laboratory surveillance of S. pneumoniae, invasive isolates recovered from 1994 to 2004. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Database of invasive isolates of S. pneumoniae, sent to the Microbiology Group through the national surveillance laboratory network of acute bacterial meningitis and acute respiratory infections, from 1994 to 2004. The isolates had epidemiological data, serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and some of them molecular typing. RESULTS: The data of 2,022 isolates from 120 hospitals of different regions of the country were analyzed. The isolates were recovered mainly from blood cultures (50.7%) and cerebrospinal fluid (42%). The most important serotypes were 14, 6B, 23F, 1, 5, 6A, 19F, 18C y 9V, which account for 83.6% of isolates obtained from children under 6 years of age, 74% from the 6 -14 year age group and 61.4% from children over 14 years of age. Overall, 29.8% of isolates presented diminished susceptibility to penicillin (DSP), 44.3% to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, 32.4% to tetracycline, 8.2% to chloramphenicol and 3.8% to erythromycin. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and 13% were multiresistant. Six hundred two DSP isolates were molecularly typed, 27 (4.5%), were related with the Spain23F-1 clone, 38 (6.3%) with the Spain6B-2, 301 (50%) with the Spain9V-3 and 75 (12.5%) with the Colombia23F-26 clone. Moreover, all 138 isolates with capsular type 5 were related to the Colombia5-19 clone. CONCLUSION: The results provide basic information necessary to design and implement strategies for prevention of pneumococcal disease.

Challenges in the control of gonorrhea in South America and the Caribbean: monitoring the development of resistance to antibiotics.

OBJECTIVE: : The objective of this study was to ascertain the antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from 6 South American and 13 Caribbean countries participating in the Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (GASP) from 1990 to 1999. STUDY: : A GASP network of laboratories was launched in the Americas and the Caribbean during the 1990s. Standardized methods and interpretative criteria were established for the isolation of N. gonorrhoeae, strain identification, and determination, and quality control of antimicrobial susceptibility. RESULTS: : Two countries (Argentina and Uruguay) maintained continuous surveillance during the study period. Some countries gathered data periodically and several others were unable to initiate antimicrobial surveillance as a result of lack of resources. The percentage of penicillin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae isolated in the region over the decade varied considerably (1.0-11.9% carried chromosomal resistance and 17.9-38.8% produced beta-lactamase) with an overall trend to declining numbers of penicillin-resistant isolates. For tetracycline, 7.4% to 36.3% carried chromosomal resistance, whereas 12.0% to 27.4% carried plasmid-mediated resistance. There were no reports of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, although N. gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin as well as spectinomycin-resistant isolates were identified in some countries.

Streptococcus pneumoniae: evolución de los serotipos y los patrones de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en aislamientos invasores en 11 años de vigilancia en Colombia (1994 –2004) / Streptococcus pneumoniae: evolución de los serotipos y los patrones de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en aislamientos invasores en 11 años de vigilancia en Colombia (1994 –2004)

Introducción. Streptococcus pneumoniae es una las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en niños y adultos en el mundo. Objetivo. Realizar un análisis de los datos de la vigilancia por el laboratorio de los aislamientos invasores de S. pneumoniae recuperados entre 1994 y 2004. Materiales y métodos. Se empleó la información de los aislamientos invasores de S. pneumoniae recibidos en el Grupo de Microbiología del Instituto Nacional de Salud durante la vigilancia de meningitis bacteriana aguda e infección respiratoria aguda entre 1994 y 2004. Los aislamientos contaban con datos epidemiológicos, serotipo, patrones de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y algunos con tipificación molecular. Resultados. Se analizaron los datos de 2.022 aislamientos procedentes de 120 hospitales de diferentes regiones del país, recuperados principalmente de hemocultivos (50,7 por ciento) y líquido cefalorraquídeo (42 por ciento). Los serotipos más importantes fueron el 14, 6B, 23F, 1, 5, 6A, 19F, 18C y 9V, los cuales corresponden al 83,6 por ciento en niños menores de 6 años, al 74,0 por ciento en el grupo de 6 a 14 años y al 61,4 por ciento en mayores de 14 años. El 29,8 por ciento de los aislamientos presentó susceptibilidad disminuida a la penicilina (SDP), 44,3 por ciento a trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, 32,4 por ciento a tetraciclina, 8,2 por ciento a cloranfenicol, 3,8 por ciento a eritromicina; todos fueron sensibles a vancomicina y el 13 por ciento fue multirresistente. Se tipificaron 602 aislamientos con SDP, de los cuales 27 (4,5 por ciento)se relacionaron con el clon 1-España23F, 38 (6,3 por ciento) con el clon 2-España6B, 301 (50 por ciento) con el 3- España9V y 75 (12,5 por ciento) con el clon 26-Colombia23F, además, los 138 aislamientos con tipo capsular 5 se relacionaron con el clon 19-Colombia5. Conclusiones. Los resultados proporcionan información básica necesaria para el diseño e implementación de estrategias para la prevención de la enfermedad neumocócica en nuestro país.

Susceptibilidad de aislamientos de Neisseria gonorrhoeae a la penicilina y a la tetraciclina / Neisseria gonorrhoae isolat susceptibility to penicillin and tetracycline

La vigilancia de la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de los aislamientos de Neisseria gonorrhoeae es necesaria, debido a la capacidad de este patógeno para desarrollar resistencia por varios mecanismos, con las consecuentes fallas en el tratamiento. En un trabajo anterior, realizado en el Laboratorio de Microbiología del Instituto Nacional de Salud, en el que se empleó la prueba de difusión de disco (Kirby-Bauer), se determinó en 43 aislamientos de N. gonorrheae no productores de beta-lactamasa, susceptibilidad intermedia a la penicilina en 42 y resistencia a la tetraciclina en 26. Por tal razón, se decidió establecer en todos los aislamientos de N. gonorrhoeae, remitidos al INS como parte del programa de red de ETS bacterianas, los niveles de resistencia a la penicilina y a la tetraciclina, expresados como la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM). De 100 aislamientos estudiados, 49 fueron no productores de beta-lactamasa (NPBL) y 51 productores (PBL). La CIM de la penicilina de los aislamientos NPBL fue menor o igual a 0,06 µg/mL (sensible) en 3; de 0,12-1 µg/mL (intermedia) en 41; y mayor o igual a 2 µg/mL en 5. La CIM de los aislamientos PBL señaló que 4 eran intermedios y 47 resistentes. La CIM de tetraciclina fue menor o igual a 0,25 µg/mL (sensible) en 4, de 0,5 a µg/mL (intermedia) en 18 y mayor o igual a 2 µg/mL (resistente) en 78. Los datos destacan la importancia de mantener la vigilancia de la resistencia de N. gonorrhoeae a estos antimicrobianos para que, con base en ellos, se replanteen los esquemas de tratamiento