Association of left pulmonary vein trunk and subclinical atrial fibrillation in patients with cardiac implantable electronic device.

The relationship between subclinical atrial fibrillation (SCAF) and left pulmonary vein anatomy is unknown. This study sought to investigate whether left pulmonary vein trunk predict the development of SCAF in patients with cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED). We also examined the relationship between the duration of SCAF and left pulmonary vein trunk. We retrospectively enrolled 162 patients who underwent implantation of dual-chamber CIEDs and follow-up by remote monitoring system. Computed tomography was used to measure the length of the left pulmonary vein. During median follow up of 2.7 years, the episodes of > 6 min and > 24 h SCAF were observed in 61 (37.7%) and 24 (14.8%) patients, respectively. The diagnosis of sinus node disease (HR: 3.66 [2.06-6.52], P < 0.01 and HR: 2.68 [1.09-6.62], P = 0.04) and left atrial diameter (HR: 1.04 [1.00-1.07], P = 0.04 and HR: 1.05 [1.00-1.10], P = 0.04) were independent predictors for > 6 min and > 24 h SCAF, respectively. Length of the left pulmonary vein trunk was an independent predictor for > 6 min SCAF (HR: 1.06 [1.02-1.10], P < 0.01), but not for > 24 h SCAF (P = 0.06). Sinus node disease, size of the left atrium and length of the left pulmonary vein trunk were related to SCAF. The left pulmonary vein trunk might especially contribute as a trigger rather than as a driver of development of atrial fibrillation.

Calcium Fracture After Intravascular Lithotripsy as Assessed With Optical Coherence Tomography.

BACKGROUND: Plaque characteristics associated with effective intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) treatment of calcification have not been investigated. This study identified calcified plaque characteristics that favor the use of IVL.Methods and Results: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed in 16 calcified lesions in 16 patients treated with IVL and coronary stenting. Cross-sectional OCT images in 262 segments matched across pre-IVL, post-IVL, and post-stenting time points were analyzed. After IVL, 66 (25%) segments had calcium fracture. In multivariable analysis, calcium arc (odds ratio [OR] 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.32; P<0.0001), superficial calcification (OR 6.98; 95% CI 0.07-55.57; P=0.0182), minimum calcium thickness (OR 0.66; 95% CI 0.51-0.86; P=0.0013), and nodular calcification (OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.08-0.70; P=0.0056) were associated with calcium fracture. After stenting, stent area was larger for segments with fracture (8.0 [6.9-10.6] vs. 7.1 [5.2-8.9] mm2; P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Post-IVL calcium fracture is more likely in calcified lesions with lower thickness, a larger calcium arc, superficial calcification, and non-nodular calcification, leading to a larger stent area.

Characteristics of Discharged Elderly Patients with Acute Heart Failure Followed by Board-Certified-Cardiologists in a Rural Area of Japan.

The worldwide incidence rates of heart failure (HF) are approaching pandemic status due to aging societies. Board-certified cardiologists (BCCs) of the Japanese Circulation Society (JCS) are cardiologists who have completed the respective fellowship program and passed the examination. However, in rural areas, patients have limited access to medical care for social or geographical reasons. The clinical features of the specialist's follow-up for HF patients in rural areas are unclear.This study consists of 205 consecutive discharged elderly patients who were admitted to our hospital due to acute HF (AHF). All patients were recommended for follow-up with BCCs-JCS by the multidisciplinary HF team at the discharge-care planning meeting. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features and impact of BCC follow-up for discharged elderly patients with AHF in rural areas.A total of 156 patients chose follow-up with BCCs-JCS (BCC group), and 49 patients chose follow-up with non-BCCs-JCS (non-BCC group). Patients in the BCC group were younger (83 [76-86] versus 89 [75-93] years old, P < 0.001) and had more frequent use of ß-blockers (67% versus 39%, P < 0.001). The degree of frailty assessed by the clinical frailty scale was more severe in the non-BCC group than in the BCC group (4 [3-5] versus 6 [4-7], P < 0.001). The non-BCC group lived in nursing homes more frequently than the BCC group (16% versus 5%, P = 0.011).The HF patients followed by BCCS-JCS in rural areas were younger and had less frailty.

Vascular Response After Everolimus-Eluting Stent in Acute Myocardial Infarction Caused by Calcified Nodule.

BACKGROUND: Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) caused by calcified nodules (CN) have worse clinical outcomes following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study investigated the late vascular response after everolimus-eluting stent (EES) implantation assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with AMI caused by CN, by comparing with plaque rupture (PR) and plaque erosion (PE).Methods and Results: Based on the OCT findings in AMI culprit lesions before PCI, a total of 141 patients were categorized into 3 groups (PR, PE, or CN), and the OCT findings immediately and 10 months after PCI were compared. The frequency of PR, PE, and CN was 85 (60%), 45 (32%), and 11 patients (8%), respectively. In the 10-month follow-up OCT, the frequency of lesions with uncovered struts and lesions with malapposed struts were highest in the CN group, followed by the PR and PE groups (82% vs. 52% vs. 40%, P=0.042 and 73% vs. 26% vs. 16%, P<0.001, respectively). The incidence of intra-stent thrombus, re-appearance of CN within the stent, and target lesion revascularization were higher in the CN group compared with the PR and PE groups (36% vs. 9% vs. 7%, P=0.028; 27% vs. 0% vs. 0%, P<0.001; and 18% vs. 2% vs. 2%, P=0.024, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Late arterial healing response at 10 months after EES implantation in the CN was worse compared with PR and PE in patients with AMI.

Long-Term Outcomes in Elderly Patients After Deferral of Coronary Revascularization Guided by Fractional Flow Reserve.

BACKGROUND: Little evidence is available regarding the long-term outcome in elderly patients after deferral of revascularization based on fractional flow reserve (FFR).Methods and Results: From the J-CONFIRM registry (long-term outcomes of Japanese patients with deferral of coronary intervention based on fractional flow reserve in multicenter registry), 1,262 patients were divided into 2 groups according to age: elderly and younger patients (aged ≥75 or <75 years, respectively). The primary endpoint was the cumulative 5-year incidence of target vessel failure (TVF), defined as a composite of cardiac death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction (TVMI), and clinically driven target vessel revascularization (CDTVR). Cumulative 5-year incidence of TVF was not significantly different between elderly and younger patients (14.3% vs. 10.8%, P=0.12). Cardiac death occurred more frequently in elderly patients than younger patients (4.4% vs. 0.8%, P<0.001), whereas TVMI and CDTVR did not differ between groups (1.3% vs. 0.9%, P=0.80; 10.7% vs. 10.1%, P=0.80, respectively). FFR values in lesions with diameter stenosis <50% were significantly higher in elderly patients than in younger patients (0.88±0.07 vs. 0.85±0.07, P=0.01), whereas this relationship was not observed in those with diameter stenosis ≥50%. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients had no excess risk of ischemic events related to the deferred coronary lesions by FFR, although FFR values in mild coronary artery stenosis were modestly different between elderly and younger patients.

Usefulness of optical coherence tomography with angiographic coregistration in the guidance of coronary stent implantation.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT)-angiography coregistration during stent implantation may be useful to avoid geographical mismatch and incomplete lesion coverage. Untreated lipid-rich plaque at stent edge is associated with subsequent stent edge restenosis. The present study sought to compare the frequency of untreated lipid-rich plaque at the stent edge between OCT-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with and without OCT-angiography coregistration. We investigated 398 patients who underwent OCT-guided stent implantation (n = 198 in the coregistration group, and n = 200 in the no coregistration group). In OCT after PCI, untreated lipid-lich plaque was identified by the maximum lipid arc > 180˚ in the 5-mm stent edge segment. The PCI-targeted lesion characteristics and stent length were not different between the coregistration group and the no coregistration group. The frequency of untreated lipid-rich plaque in either proximal or distal stent edge segment was significantly lower in the coregistration group than in the no coregistration group (16% vs. 26%, P = 0.015). The frequency of stent-edge dissection (5% vs. 6%, P = 0.516) and untreated stenosis (2% vs. 3%, P = 0.724) was low and without significant differences between the two groups. In OCT-guided PCI, the use of OCT-angiography coregistration was associated with a reduced frequency of untreated lipid-rich plaque at stent edges. OCT-angiography coregistration has a positive impact on PCI results.

Real-time venography-guided extrathoracic puncture technique for cardiovascular implantable electronic device implantation.

Central venous access is an essential technique for cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation, and the use of axillary vein approach has recently been increasing. This study sought to examine whether real-time venography-guided extrathoracic puncture facilitates the procedure. We retrospectively analyzed 179 consecutive patients who underwent CIED implantation using the axillary vein puncture method. Patients were divided into two groups: the conventional method group (CG, n = 107) and the real-time venography-guided group (RG, n = 82). The application of real-time venography was at the discretion of individual operators. Operators with experience of less than 50 CIED implantations were defined as inexperienced operators in this study. Puncture duration and number of attempts were significantly less in the RG group than in the CG group (283 ± 198 vs. 421 ± 361 s, p < 0.01, and 3.19 ± 2.00 vs. 4.18 ± 2.85, p < 0.01). These benefits of real-time venography were observed in inexperienced operators, but not in experienced operators. In addition, the success rate without extra attempts at puncture was higher in the RG group (54% vs. 32%, p < 0.01). Although the total amount of contrast medium was higher in the RG group (16.3 ± 4.1 mL vs. 11.9 ± 6.6 mL, p < 0.01), serum levels of creatinine pre- and post-operation were not different in the two groups (p = NS). We concluded that real-time venography is a safe and effective method for axillary vein puncture, especially in inexperienced operators.

Impact of Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging on Decision-Making During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients Presented With Acute Coronary Syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides valuable information to guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) regarding lesion preparation, stent sizing, and optimization. The aim of the present study was to compare lumen expansion of stent-treated lesions immediately after the procedure for ACS between OCT-guided PCI and angiography-guided PCI.Methods and Results:This study investigated stent-treated lesions immediately after PCI for ACS by using quantitative coronary angiography in 390 patients; 260 patients with OCT-guided PCI and 130 patients with angiography-guided PCI. Before stenting, the frequency of pre-dilatation and thrombus aspiration were not different between the OCT-guided and angiography-guided PCI groups. Stent diameter was significantly larger as a result of OCT-guided PCI (3.11±0.44 mm vs. 2.99±0.45 mm, P=0.011). In post-dilatation, balloon pressure-up (48% vs. 31%, P=0.001) and balloon diameter-up (33% vs. 6%, P<0.001) were more frequently performed in the OCT-guided PCI group. Minimum lumen diameter (2.55±0.35 mm vs. 2.13±0.50 mm, P<0.001) and acute lumen gain (2.18±0.54 mm vs. 1.72±0.63 mm, P<0.001) were significantly larger in the OCT-guided PCI group. Percent diameter stenosis (14±4% vs. 24±10%, P<0.001) and percent area stenosis (15±5% vs. 35±17%, P<0.001) were significantly smaller in the OCT-guided PCI group. CONCLUSIONS: OCT-guided PCI potentially results in larger lumen expansion of stent-treated lesions immediately after PCI in the treatment of ACS compared with angiography-guided PCI.

Impact of left ventricular ejection fraction and preoperative hemoglobin level on perioperative adverse cardiovascular events in noncardiac surgery.

The prediction of a perioperative adverse cardiovascular event (PACE) is an important clinical issue in the medical management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Although several predictors have been reported, simpler and more practical predictors of PACE have been needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictors of PACE in noncardiac surgery. We retrospectively analyzed 723 patients who were scheduled for elective noncardiac surgery and underwent preoperative examinations including 12-lead electrocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, and blood test. PACE was defined as cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia attack that needs emergency treatment (rapid atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and bradycardia), acute pulmonary embolism, asystole, pulseless electrical activity, or stroke during 30 days after surgery. PACE occurred in 54 (7.5%) of 723 patients. High-risk operation (11% vs. 3%, p = 0.003) was more often seen, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (55 ± 8% vs. 60 ± 7%, p = 0.001) and preoperative hemoglobin level (11.8 ± 2.2 g/dl vs. 12.7 ± 2.0 g/dl, p = 0.001) were lower in patients with PACE compared to those without PACE. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, high-risk operation (odds ratio (OR): 7.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.16-23.00, p = 0.001), LVEF (OR 1.06, every 1% decrement, 95% CI 1.03-1.09, p = 0.001), and preoperative hemoglobin level (OR 1.22, every 1 g/dl decrement, 95% CI 1.07-1.39, p = 0.003) were identified as independent predictors of PACE. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that LVEF of 58% (sensitivity = 80%, specificity = 61%, area under the curve (AUC) = 0.723) and preoperative hemoglobin level of 12.2 g/dl (sensitivity = 63%, specificity = 64%, AUC = 0.644) were optimal cut-off values for predicting PACE. High-risk operation, reduced LVEF, and reduced preoperative hemoglobin level were independently associated with PACE in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.

Global longitudinal strain evaluated by speckle-tracking echocardiography as a surrogate marker for predicting replacement fibrosis detected by magnetic resonance-late gadolinium enhancement in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate whether left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) evaluated by speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) can be used as a surrogate marker for the detection of replacement fibrosis by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). METHODS: This study analyzed 41 NICM patients who successfully underwent both STE and CMR, and were divided into those with (Group A, n = 18) and those without CMR-LGE (Group B, n = 23). Echocardiographic indexes, including GLS, were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indexes, LV ejection fraction, mitral E/A, deceleration time, E/e', left atrial volume index, and the systolic trans-tricuspid pressure gradient between Groups A and B. STE-GLS was significantly worse in Group A than in Group B (-7.6% ± 3.0% vs -9.9% ± 3.2%, P = .01). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that STE-GLS of -7.9% was the best cut-off value for detection of CMR-LGE (sensitivity, 78%; specificity, 74%; and area under the curve, 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: STE-GLS may be a potential surrogate marker for the detection of CMR-LGE-derived replacement fibrosis in patients with NICM.

Optical Coherence Tomography Comparison of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Among Plaque Rupture, Erosion, and Calcified Nodule in Acute Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is caused by coronary plaque rupture (PR), plaque erosion (PE), or calcified nodule (CN). We used optical coherence tomography (OCT) to compare stent expansion immediately after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with AMI caused by PR, PE, or CN.Methods and Results:In all, 288 AMI patients were assessed by OCT before and immediately after PCI, performed with OCT guidance according to OPINION criteria for stent sizing and optimization. The frequency of OCT-identified PR (OCT-PR), OCT-PE, and OCT-CN was 172 (60%), 82 (28%), and 34 (12%), respectively. Minimum stent area was smallest in the OCT-CN group, followed by the OCT-PE and OCT-PR groups (mean [±SD] 5.20±1.77, 5.44±1.78, and 6.44±2.2 mm2, respectively; P<0.001), as was the stent expansion index (76±13%, 86±14%, and 87±16%, respectively; P=0.001). The frequency of stent malapposition was highest in the OCT-CN group, followed by the OCT-PR and OCT-PE groups (71%, 38%, and 27%, respectively; P<0.001), as was the frequency of stent edge dissection in the proximal reference (44%, 23%, and 10%, respectively; P<0.001). The frequency of tissue protrusion was highest in the OCT-PR group, followed by the OCT-PE and OCT-CN groups (95%, 88%, and 85%, respectively; P=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Stent expansion was smallest in the OCT-CN group, followed by the OCT-PR and OCT-PE groups. Plaque morphology in AMI culprit lesions may affect stent expansion immediately after primary PCI.

Comparison of Optical Flow Ratio and Fractional Flow Ratio in Stent-Treated Arteries Immediately After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

BACKGROUND: Optical flow ratio (OFR) is a recently developed method for functional assessment of coronary artery disease based on computational fluid dynamics of vascular anatomical data from intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between OFR and fractional flow reserve (FFR) in stent-treated arteries immediately after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods and Results:The OFR and FFR were measured in 103 coronary arteries immediately after successful PCI with a stent. An increase in the OFR and FFR values within the stent was defined as in-stent ∆OFR and ∆FFR, respectively. The values of FFR and OFR were 0.89±0.06 and 0.90±0.06, respectively. OFR was highly correlated with FFR (r=0.84, P<0.001). OFR showed a good agreement with FFR, presenting small values of mean difference and root-mean-squared deviation (FFR-OFR: -0.01±0.04). In-stent ∆OFR showed a moderate correlation (r=0.69, P<0.001) and good agreement (in-stent ∆FFR - in-stent ∆OFR: 0.00±0.02) with in-stent ∆FFR. CONCLUSIONS: OFR showed a high correlation and good agreement with FFR in stent-treated arteries immediately after PCI.

Per-Vessel Level Analysis of Fractional Flow Reserve and Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio Discordance　- Insights From the AJIP Registry.

BACKGROUND: The per-vessel level impact of physiological pattern of disease on the discordance between fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) has not been clarified.Methods and Results:Using the AJIP registry, vessels with FFR/iFR discordance (133/671 [19.8%]) were analyzed. In the left anterior descending artery (LAD), physiologically diffuse disease, as assessed by pressure-wire pullback, was associated with FFR-/iFR+ (83.3% [40/48]), while physiologically focal disease was associated with FFR+/iFR- (57.4% [31/54]), significantly (P<0.0001). These differences were not significant in non-LAD (P=0.17). CONCLUSIONS: The impact of physiological pattern of disease on FFR/iFR discordance is more pronounced in the LAD.

Assessment of myocardial damage after acute myocardial infarction by diastolic deceleration time of coronary flow velocity using echocardiography and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data available regarding the use of diastolic deceleration time (DDT) of three major arteries measured by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for assessing coronary microvascular damage after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Therefore, we aimed to compare the DDT of three major arteries using TTE with the transmural extent of infarction (TEI) and infarct size, which were classified using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI), in patients with AMI. METHODS: The DDT of the culprit coronary artery was measured in 74 patients using TTE and CE-MRI 1 week after the onset of AMI. The TEI was graded based on the transmural extent of the hyper-enhanced tissue (grades 1-4). RESULTS: The assessable rate for the DDT was 95%; individual rates were 100% for the left anterior descending coronary artery, 90% for the left circumflex artery, and 93% for the right coronary artery. The DDT decreased gradually as the TEI grade progressed (P = .021). Infarct size was significantly correlated with the DDT (r = -0.51, P < .0001). Univariate analysis revealed that the left ventricular (LV) end-systolic volume, LV ejection fraction, and DDT were significantly associated with TEI grade 4. After adjustment via multiple logistic regression analysis, the DDT was independently remained. With a cutoff value of 950ms, as determined by the ROC curve, DDT could detect TEI grade 4 with 81.1% sensitivity and 80.1% specificity. CONCLUSION: The DDT of three major coronary arteries measured by TTE 1 week after the onset of AMI can assess the extent of myocardial damage, which is determined by CE-MRI.

Expression of Cyclophilin A in Coronary Artery Plaque with Intraplaque Hemorrhage Is More Frequent in Deceased Patients Who Had Impaired Kidney Function.

Patients with impaired kidney function have a high frequency of intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) in their coronary arteries. Levels of cyclophilin A (CyPA), an indirect matrix metalloproteinase inducer, are increased in deceased patients who had impaired kidney function. In this study, we have examined the relationship between IPH and CyPA.We examined 47 samples of coronary plaque from 27 cadavers with coronary stenosis. These sections, all with > 50% coronary stenosis, were stained with an antibody against CyPA and the expression of CyPA was semi-quantified. Cadavers and plaques were classified into one of two groups depending on the presence or absence of IPH. IPH was defined as the presence of red blood cells stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) indicative of overt acute hemorrhage.In an individual analysis, estimation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the IPH group was significantly lower than that in the non-IPH group (P = 0.002). In a histological analysis, the percentage of stained area of CyPA in the IPH group was significantly higher than that in the non-IPH group (P < 0.0001).IPH was associated with a significantly higher expression of CyPA in this study. In addition, patients with IPH in their coronary arteries had significantly impaired kidney function.

Clinical Impact of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography-Derived Fractional Flow Reserve on Japanese Population in the ADVANCE Registry.

BACKGROUND: Coronary computed tomography angiography (cCTA)-derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) is a promising diagnostic method for the evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, clinical data regarding FFRCTin Japan are scarce, so we assessed the clinical impact of using FFRCTin a Japanese population.Methods and Results:The ADVANCE registry is an international prospective FFRCTregistry of patients suspected of CAD. Of 5,083 patients, 1,829 subjects enrolled from Japan were analyzed. Demographics, symptoms, cCTA, FFRCT, treatment strategy, and 90-day major cardiovascular events (MACE) were assessed. Reclassification of treatment strategy between cCTA alone and cCTA+FFRCToccurred in 55.8% of site investigations and in 56.9% in the core laboratory analysis. Patients with positive FFR (FFRCT≤0.80) were less likely to have non-obstructive disease on invasive coronary angiography than patients with negative FFR (FFRCT>0.80) (20.5% vs. 46.1%, P=0.0001). After FFRCT, 67.0% of patients with positive results underwent revascularization, whereas 96.1% of patients with negative FFRCTwere medically treated. MACE occurred in 5 patients with positive FFRCT, but none occurred in patients with negative FFRCTwithin 90 days. CONCLUSIONS: In this Japanese population, FFRCTmodified the treatment strategy in more than half of the patients. FFRCTshowed potential for stratifying patients suspected of CAD properly into invasive or non-invasive management pathways.

Value of tissue-tracking tricuspid annular plane by speckle-tracking echocardiography for the assessment of right ventricular systolic dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of right ventricular (RV) function remains challenging because of its complex geometry. Application of speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) to the tricuspid annulus provides rapid and automated assessment of the midpoint of the tricuspid annular plane displacement (TAD). The aim of this study was to investigate the value of tissue-tracking TAD for the assessment of RV systolic dysfunction. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 61 patients in whom RV ejection fraction (EF) measured by 3-dimensional echocardiography was performed. STE-derived displacement of the midpoint between the septal and lateral tricuspid annulus and its percentage of RV length at end-diastole (MTAD) were automatically assessed. We performed comparative analyses between the RVEF ≥45% group and the RVEF <45% group in each parameter for the assessment of RV systolic function. RESULTS: MTAD was successfully assessed in 56 (91.2%). According to receiver operating characteristics analysis, RVEF <45% was best detected by MTAD <14.7% with area under curve (AUC) 0.97, sensitivity 93%, specificity 95%, followed by RV free wall longitudinal strain (AUC 0.86), RV fractional area change (AUC 0.84), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (AUC 0.79), and systolic peak velocity of tricuspid annulus (AUC 0.70), although there was no significant difference between MTAD and RV free wall strain (P = 0.14). CONCLUSION: The present study showed that MTAD was simple index and useful for the assessment of RV systolic dysfunction.

Assessment of decreased left ventricular longitudinal deformation in asymptomatic patients with organic mitral regurgitation and preserved ejection fraction using tissue-tracking mitral annular displacement by speckle-tracking echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: Application of speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) provides rapid assessment of tissue-tracking mitral annular displacement (TMAD). We investigated the value of TMAD for the assessment of decreased LV longitudinal deformation in asymptomatic patients with severe or moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and preserved LV ejection fraction (LVEF). METHODS: We retrospectively studied 50 patients with severe or moderate-to-severe organic MR and preserved LVEF (>60%) in whom global longitudinal strain (GLS) was successfully measured by STE. TMAD was quickly assessed in the apical four-chamber view using STE. We calculated the percentage of TMAD to LV length from the midpoint of mitral annulus to the apex at end-diastolic (%TMAD). The study population was divided into two groups: decreased GLS patients (>-20%; Group A) and preserved GLS patients (≤-20%; Group B). We examined whether %TMAD could be used as a diagnostic factor of decreased GLS. RESULTS: %TMAD was significantly lower in Group A than Group B (12.5 ± 0.5 vs 16.8 ± 2.2, P < 0.0001). By univariate logistic regression analysis, %TMAD was a diagnostic factor of decreased GLS. By multiple regression analysis, %TMAD remained an independent diagnostic factor of decreased GLS (Odds ratio [OR] = 4.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.34-28.94, P < 0.0001). A cutoff value of %TMAD <14.6 had a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 94% for the presence of decreased GLS. CONCLUSIONS: Tissue-tracking mitral annular displacement is useful in the assessment of decreased LV longitudinal deformation in asymptomatic patients with severe or moderate-to-severe MR and preserved LVEF.

Clinical implications of three-vessel fractional flow reserve measurement in patients with coronary artery disease.

Aims: There are limited data on the clinical implications of total physiologic atherosclerotic burden assessed by invasive physiologic studies in patients with coronary artery disease. We investigated the prognostic implications of total physiologic atherosclerotic burden assessed by total sum of fractional flow reserve (FFR) in three vessels (3V-FFR). Methods and results: A total of 1136 patients underwent FFR measurement in three vessels (3V FFR-FRIENDS study, NCT01621438). The patients were classified into high and low 3V-FFR groups according to the median value of 3V-FFR (2.72). The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE, a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction and ischaemia-driven revascularization) at 2 years. Mean angiographic percent diameter stenosis and FFR were 43.7 ± 19.3% and 0.90 ± 0.08, respectively. There was a negative correlation between 3V-FFR and estimated 2-year MACE rate (P < 0.001). The patients in low 3V-FFR group showed a higher risk of 2-year MACE than those in the high 3V-FFR group [(7.1% vs. 3.8%, hazard ratio (HR) 2.205, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.201-4.048, P = 0.011]. The higher 2-year MACE rate was mainly driven by the higher rate of ischaemia-driven revascularization in the low 3V-FFR group (6.2% vs. 2.7%, HR 2.568, 95% CI 1.283-5.140, P = 0.008). In a multivariable adjusted model, low 3V-FFR was an independent predictor of MACE (HR 2.031, 95% CI 1.078-3.830, P = 0.029). Conclusion: Patients with high total physiologic atherosclerotic burden assessed by 3V-FFR showed higher risk of 2-year clinical events than those with low total physiologic atherosclerotic burden. The difference was mainly driven by ischaemia-driven revascularization for both functionally significant and insignificant lesions at baseline. Three-vessel FFR might be used as a prognostic indicator in patients with coronary artery disease. Clinical trial registration: 3V FFR-FRIENDS study (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01621438, NCT01621438).

Retrospective Comparison of Long-Term Clinical Outcomes Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Medical Therapy in Stable Coronary Artery Disease With Gray Zone Fractional Flow Reserve　- COMFORTABLE Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: A fractional flow reserve (FFR) between 0.75 and 0.80 constitutes a "gray zone" for clinical decision-making in coronary artery disease. We compared long-term outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using drug-eluting stents vs. medical therapy for coronary stenosis with gray zone FFR. Methods and Results: We retrospectively investigated the clinical outcomes of 263 patients with gray zone FFR: 78 patients in the PCI group and 185 patients in the medical therapy group. During a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the frequency of target vessel failure (TVF, defined as a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction [MI], or ischemia-driven target vessel revascularization [TVR]) was significantly lower in the PCI group compared with the medical therapy group (6% vs. 19%, hazard ratio [HR]:0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13-0.84, P=0.008). The frequency of a composite of cardiac death or MI was not different between the 2 groups (1% vs. 2%, HR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.07-5.49, P=0.645). The frequency of ischemia-driven TVR was significantly lower in the PCI group compared with the medical therapy group (5% vs. 18%, HR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.10-0.79, P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with gray zone FFR, compared with medical therapy, PCI decreased the frequency of TVF, which was mainly driven by a reduction in the frequency of angina or myocardial ischemia without any difference in the frequency of cardiac death or MI.