Prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in Kogi state, Nigeria-Findings from a Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness survey.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment among adults in Kogi, Nigeria. METHODS: A Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness (RAAB) protocol was used with additional tools measuring disability and household wealth to measure the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment (VI) and associations with sex, disability, wealth, cataract surgical coverage and its effectiveness. RESULTS: Age- and sex-adjusted all-cause prevalence of bilateral blindness was 3.6% (95%CI 3.0-4.2%), prevalence of blindness among people living with additional, non-visual disabilities was 38.3% (95% CI 29.0-48.6%) compared to 1.6% (95%CI 1.2-2.1%; [Formula: see text] = 771.9, p<0.001) among people without additional disabilities. Cataract was the principal cause of bilateral blindness (55.3%). Cataract surgical coverage (CSC) at visual acuity (VA) 3/60 was 48.0%, higher among men than women (53.7% vs 40.3%); 12.0% among people with non-visual disabilities; 66.9% among people without non-visual disabilities, being higher among people in the wealthiest two quintiles (41.1%) compared to the lowest three (24.3%). Effective Cataract Surgical Coverage at Visual Acuity 6/60 was 31.0%, higher among males (34.9%) than females (25.5%), low among people with additional, non-visual disabilities (1.9%) compared to people with no additional disabilities (46.2%). Effective CDC was higher among people in the wealthiest two quintiles (411%) compared to the poorest three (24.3%). Good surgical outcome (VA>6/18) was seen in 61 eyes (52.6%) increasing to 71 (61.2%) eyes with best correction. Cost was identified as the main barrier to surgery. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest there exists inequalities in eye care with women, poorer people and people with disabilities having a lower Cataract Surgical Coverage, thereby, underscoring the importance of eye care programs to address these inequalities.

Optimizing Trichiasis Case Finding to Attain the Elimination of Trachoma as a Public Health Problem.

BACKGROUND: As national trachoma programmes increase efforts to reduce the burden of trachomatous trichiasis (TT), TT case finding and referral are critical public health programme components. Our research aimed to explore the most effective and efficient approaches to finding, referring, and managing TT cases. METHODS: This was a prospective descriptive study, utilizing both routine programme data and primary data collection. This study compared four different approaches to finding TT cases across three different local government areas (LGAs) in Kano State, Nigeria. Each of the study LGAs was divided into four sub-units to accommodate the four different approaches. RESULTS: The number of outreach attendees was 4795 across the four case finding approaches, and this varied hugely, with the smallest number and proportion (403, 0.26%) in settings only employing house-to-house case finding and the largest number and proportion (1901, 0.99%) when town criers were used. That said, the proportion of TT cases among people presenting at outreach was highest (32.5%) when house-to-house case finding was used and lowest (10.3%) when town criers were used. More female TT patients were found (53-70%) and had surgery (79-85%) compared to male cases, across all approaches. The average project expenditure for finding one TT case was similar for approaches that included house-to-house case finding (USD 5.4-6.3), while it was 3.5 times higher (USD 21.5 per TT case found) when town criers were used. DISCUSSION: This study found that the house-to-house TT case finding approaches were the most efficient method with the highest yield of TT cases. Including other eye condition and/or vision testing yielded similar results but required more personnel and cost.

Treatment coverage of mass administration of azithromycin among children aged 1-11 months in 21 districts of Kebbi state, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: The WHO recommends mass drug administration (MDA) as a strategy to deliver safe and cost-effective medicines to prevent and treat diseases. The antibiotic, azithromycin, has been used during MDA for the treatment and prevention of trachoma in Nigeria. Azithromycin has recently been shown to reduce infant mortality in communities receiving it for trachoma-elimination purposes in sub-Saharan Africa. This article reports on the implementation strategies for the safety and antimicrobial resistance of mass administration of azithromycin to children aged 1-11 mo using the trachoma programme platform in Kebbi state. METHODS: The mass administration of azithromycin among 1-11-mo-olds in Kebbi was implemented in three phases: (i) the preimplementation phase, during which specific activities were conducted to achieve government and community buy-in, ownership and capacity building; (ii) the implementation phase, which included the mass administration of azithromycin carried out by community volunteers (also known as community-directed distributors [CDDs]), monitoring (by health workers and independent monitors) and reporting of the distribution by all personnel; and (iii) the postimplementation phase, which included the validation of community data, where each item of community summary data is verified and checked for completeness and accuracy before uploading to the District Health Information System platform, where data are visualised, analysed and stored. RESULTS: In total, 97% of the target population received treatment; the remaining 3% were not treated due to signs of ill health, history of allergy to antibiotics, parental refusal or absence at the time of MDA. Children aged 1-11 mo accounted for 17% of the under-5 population, with females constituting 56% of the target population. In communities that were monitored, reports showed that only 5% lacked distribution materials (scales, slings or registers), >80% correctly entered data into community registers and 5% of children were not treated due to inadequate azithromycin provided to the CDDs for distribution. CONCLUSION: The implementation of azithromycin MDA for children aged 1-11 mo in Kebbi, utilising the trachoma platform, exhibited commendable coverage due to existing programme platform, healthcare and community structures, intensive advocacy and social mobilisation, real-time monitoring and progress-tracking strategies. It also demonstrated that the trachoma platform is suitable for implementing public health interventions, even after the elimination of trachoma in previously endemic districts.

How can the neglected tropical disease community be inclusive and equitable in programme delivery? Reaching refugees and internally displaced persons through integrating a 'leave no one behind' approach.

As directed by the Sustainable Development Goals, the principle of 'leave no one behind' is a pivotal approach to improving coverage and equity within neglected tropical disease (NTD) programme activities. Displaced populations are an at-risk group who are often excluded from treatment and services due to their mobility and marginalisation. This article reflects on the experiences of two countries within the Ascend programme, which responded to the need to strategise and implement approaches that lead to more inclusive and accessible programme activities for displaced populations. With the increasing rate of insecurity and the threat of natural disasters, which is resulting in the displacement of communities and persons eligible for NTD treatment, the 'leave no one behind' approach is needed to move closer towards the NTD elimination agenda and to ensure effective coverage thresholds are met.

The interruption of transmission of onchocerciasis in Kaduna, Kebbi and Zamfara states, Nigeria: another milestone achievement.

BACKGROUND: More than 40 million people live in onchocerciasis-endemic areas in Nigeria. For at least 19 y, mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin was implemented with at least 65% total population coverage in Kaduna, Kebbi and Zamfara states. Impact surveys done using skin biopsies yielded no infections. Serological and entomological assessments were undertaken to determine if onchocerciasis transmission had been interrupted and MDA could be stopped. METHODS: The presence of onchocerciasis-specific immunoglobulin G4 antibody was measured by enzyme=linked immunosorbent assay conducted on dried blood spots collected from 5- to 9-year-old children resident in each state. O-150 polymerase chain reaction testing of Simulium damnosum s.l. heads for Onchocerca volvulus DNA was done on black flies collected by human landing capture and Esperanza window traps. RESULTS: A total of 9078 children were surveyed across the three states. A total of 6139 vectors were collected from Kaduna state, 129 from Kebbi state and 2 from Zamfara state; all were negative. Kebbi and Zamfara states did thousands of hours of black fly catching and intensive river prospecting. The resulting low fly catch was due to a low fly population incapable of sustaining transmission. CONCLUSION: Onchocerciasis transmission has been interrupted and the three states meet World Health Organization thresholds: seropositivity in children <0.1% and <1/2000 infective black flies with 95% confidence. The 2.2 million people in Kaduna state and 4 million in Kebbi and Zamfara states no longer need ivermectin for onchocerciasis.

The development and roll-out of a new hydrocoele surgery facility assessment tool for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis.

A hydrocoele surgery facility assessment tool (HSFAT) was developed to assess the readiness of hydrocoele surgery services in health facilities prior to implementation of hydrocoele surgical campaigns for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF). A first version of the tool was piloted in Bangladesh, Malawi and Nepal in 2019, then, following feedback from country programme managers, a second version of the tool was rolled out across countries implementing hydrocoele surgery in the Accelerating the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (Ascend) West and Central Africa Programme, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Niger and Nigeria. The HSFAT assessed facilities across 10 domains: background information, essential amenities, emergency patient transfer, laboratory capacity, surgical procedures and trained staff, infection prevention, non-disposable basic equipment, disposable basic equipment, essential medicines and current hydrocoele practices. The HSFAT results highlight key areas for improvement in different countries and can be used to develop a quality improvement plan, which may include actions with agreed deadlines to improve the readiness and quality of hydrocoele surgery services provided by the health facility, prior to implementation of surgical campaigns and assist country programmes to achieve the dossier requirements set out by the World Health Organization for the elimination of LF.

Neglected tropical diseases activities in Africa in the COVID-19 era: the need for a "hybrid" approach in COVID-endemic times.

With the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic showing no signs of abating, resuming neglected tropical disease (NTD) activities, particularly mass drug administration (MDA), is vital. Failure to resume activities will not only enhance the risk of NTD transmission, but will fail to leverage behaviour change messaging on the importance of hand and face washing and improved sanitation-a common strategy for several NTDs that also reduces the risk of COVID-19 spread. This so-called "hybrid approach" will demonstrate best practices for mitigating the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by incorporating physical distancing, use of masks, and frequent hand-washing in the delivery of medicines to endemic communities and support action against the transmission of the virus through water, sanitation and hygiene interventions promoted by NTD programmes. Unless MDA and morbidity management activities resume, achievement of NTD targets as projected in the WHO/NTD Roadmap (2021-2030) will be deferred, the aspirational goal of NTD programmes to enhance universal health coverage jeopardised and the call to 'leave no one behind' a hollow one. We outline what implementing this hybrid approach, which aims to strengthen health systems, and facilitate integration and cross-sector collaboration, can achieve based on work undertaken in several African countries.

Safely resuming neglected tropical disease control activities during COVID-19: Perspectives from Nigeria and Guinea.

Since its early spread in early 2020, the disease caused by the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused mass disruptions to health services. These have included interruptions to programs that aimed to prevent, control, and eliminate neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) released interim guidelines recommending the temporary cessation of mass drug administration (MDA), community-based surveys, and case detection, while encouraging continuation of morbidity management and vector control where possible. Over the course of the following months, national programs and implementing partners contributed to COVID-19 response efforts, while also beginning to plan for resumption of NTD control activities. To understand the challenges, opportunities, and recommendations for maximizing continuity of disease control during public health emergencies, we sought perspectives from Nigeria and Guinea on the process of restarting NTD control efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through semistructured interviews with individuals involved with NTD control at the local and national levels, we identified key themes and common perspectives between the 2 countries, as well as observations that were specific to each. Overall, interviewees stressed the challenges posed by COVID-19 interruptions, particularly with respect to delays to activities and related knock-on impacts, such as drug expiry and prolonged elimination timelines, as well as concerns related to funding. However, respondents in both countries also highlighted the benefits of a formal risk assessment approach, particularly in terms of encouraging information sharing and increasing coordination and advocacy. Recommendations included ensuring greater availability of historical data to allow better monitoring of how future emergencies affect NTD control progress; continuing to use risk assessment approaches in the future; and identifying mechanisms for sharing lessons learned and innovations between countries as a means of advancing postpandemic health systems and disease control capacity strengthening.

Pilot study utilizing a patient educational brochure at a vesicovaginal fistula hospital in Nigeria, Africa.

This paper presents a pilot study exploring the utility and feasibility of use of a vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) patient educational brochure. Women awaiting or recently having undergone VVF surgery examined a six-paneled educational brochure detailing the causes, treatment options, and prevention methods of VVF. Participants answered demographic questions and gave detailed responses to a questionnaire that addressed the brochure material. A convenience sample of 50 patients, with a mean age of 26.1 years, participated. Universally, these women felt that the information they learned from the brochure was useful. Suggestions by participants regarding prevention of VVF included laboring in a hospital (80%), educating other women (30%), and discouraging early marriage (8%). Primary barriers to prevention and treatment included financial restraints (84%) and transportation difficulties (30%). The utilization of a simple, low-cost educational brochure has the ability to educate women on the causes, treatment, and prevention of VVF.