Multimodal imaging of west nile virus chorioretinitis.

PURPOSE: To report the results of multimodal imaging of West Nile virus chorioretinitis. METHODS: Three patients with West Nile virus chorioretinitis were evaluated by color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, enhanced depth optical coherence tomography, indocyanine green angiography, and fundus autofluorescence. RESULTS: Imaging results demonstrate outer retinal and retinal pigment epithelial involvement with inner retinal sparing. CONCLUSION: Multiple fundus imaging modalities used during the diagnosis of West Nile chorioretinitis are consistent with outer retinal and pigment epithelial changes, suggesting outer retina and retinal pigment epithelium as the primary sites of ocular involvement.

Incidence of Endogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis in Screening Dilated Exams in Patients with Elevated Beta-D-Glucan Levels versus Positive Fungal Blood Cultures.

Purpose: Endogenous endophthalmitis is a severe intraocular infectious condition requiring rapid diagnosis and treatment. This study examines the incidence of fungal endophthalmitis in patients with elevated beta-D-glucan (BG) levels and those with positive blood culture and the utility of ophthalmology consultation in these patients. Methods: Single center retrospective consecutive cohort study was conducted on patients at Beaumont Health from 2016-2021 who either had positive fungal blood cultures or an elevated BG level. Results: A total of 147 patients were examined by the ophthalmology department where 30 patients had an elevated BG level and 100 patients had a positive fungal blood culture. Incidence of fungal endophthalmitis was 0% in the elevated BG group and 1.5% in the positive fungal culture group, corresponding to a relative risk ratio of 0.0 (p = 0.31). Conclusion: BG testing may be useful in diagnosing isolated cases outside the standard screening paradigm, however the data within this study support the conclusion that there is no compelling evidence at this time to add or use BG as a surrogate for endophthalmitis screening. Further studies are required to further elucidate the role of BG in the care of critically ill patients.

Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia as the First Manifestation of Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis and Concurrent Lyme Disease.

BACKGROUND Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) presents as a disruption of horizontal conjugate ocular movement and is an uncommon finding in the pediatric population. Its presence warrants a thorough evaluation to search for demyelinating, mass effect, inflammatory, or infectious etiologies. CASE REPORT A 15-year-old African American girl presented to the Emergency Department with acute horizontal binocular diplopia in left gaze. An ophthalmic examination revealed a right INO. She denied any fever, chills, or neck stiffness. Complete blood counts and a metabolic panel were unremarkable. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and orbits revealed scattered pontine, periventricular, and subcortical white matter signal abnormalities within the left frontal lobe suggestive of active demyelination. MRI of the spinal column also demonstrated multiple areas of increased signal intensity from the C3 to C7-T1 region. Inflammatory and autoimmune studies were negative. However, her serum IgM and IgG studies were positive for Borrelia burgdorferi with negative CSF titers. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis demonstrated mildly elevated glucose (82 mg/dL) and oligoclonal bands, but was otherwise unremarkable. She was started on intravenous methylprednisolone and ceftriaxone. She was subsequently diagnosed with pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis and started on disease-modifying therapy, with full resolution of diplopia and INO 2 weeks later. CONCLUSIONS We present a case of INO presenting as the first manifestation of multiple sclerosis in a pediatric patient with a concurrent infectious etiology. A thorough evaluation can lead to earlier identification and treatment of underlying diseases.

Bilateral vaso-occlusive retinal vasculitis with h1n1 influenza a infection.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to report a unique case of vaso-occlusive retinal vasculitis in the setting of H1N1 influenza A. METHODS: This study includes ophthalmologic examination, fluorescein angiogram, optical coherence tomography, neuroimaging, cerebral spinal fluid analysis, serologies, chart review, and review of the relevant literature. RESULTS: A 13-year-old Caucasian female presented with bilateral vision loss accompanied by mental status changes and flu symptoms. Fundus examination revealed bilateral disk edema, peripapillary and macular flame hemorrhages, macular edema, and cherry-red spots. Fluorescein angiogram revealed vaso-occlusive vasculitis resulting in poor perfusion of the maculae. There was also staining of the optic nerves bilaterally. Optical coherence tomography revealed bilateral macular edema with intraretinal and subretinal fluid. CONCLUSION: This is a unique case of H1N1 influenza A presenting with vaso-occlusive retinal vasculitis, encephalitis, and flu symptoms. The poor vision is not entirely accounted for by the macular disease. Given the accompanying disk edema, there is likely a similar vaso-occlusive process of the central nervous system that contributed to the bilateral light perception vision.

Bilateral acute endophthalmitis associated with munchausen syndrome.

PURPOSE: Endophthalmitis is a potentially blinding intraocular infection that requires urgent intervention. Self-inflicted endophthalmitis is rare, difficult to diagnose, and requires a multidisciplinary approach for management. The purpose is to present a rare case of sequential self-inflicted acute endophthalmitis as a feature of Munchausen syndrome. METHODS: This is a case report reviewing imaging and laboratory studies. RESULTS: A 42-year-old female patient developed culture-proven acute endophthalmitis sequentially in both eyes with different bacterial strains. There was clear evidence of self-inflicted corneal puncture tracks in the right eye, and during the course of inpatient psychiatric evaluation, the patient admitted to self-inflicted ocular perforations. CONCLUSION: Patients with Munchausen syndrome often injure themselves as a method of drawing attention, sympathy, or reassurance. Although ocular injuries due to psychiatric disease are known to occur, intraocular injection as a mode of self-injury is extremely rare. A high index of suspicion must be maintained when the reported history and clinical course are inconsistent.

Vitrectomy for chronic macular holes.

PURPOSE: To address the efficacy of surgical intervention for chronic macular holes. METHODS: The cases of 22 patients (23 eyes) who underwent pars plana vitrectomy with or without internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling and use of 10% to 16% C3F8 gas for macular holes of duration of >1 year (mean, 4.2 years; range, 1.2-15 years) were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative visual acuity ranged from 20/60 to 5/200 (mean, 20/278). Thirteen eyes (56.5%) had stage 3 macular holes, and 10 eyes (43.5%) had stage 4 macular holes. The mean age of the patients was 70.2 years (range, 47-78 years), and 20 (87%) were female. RESULTS: Nineteen (83%) of 23 macular holes were closed at final follow-ups at >/=9 months (mean, 4.67 years; range, 0.9-10.8 years). With one operation that included ILM peeling, 13 (81%) of 16 eyes had holes that closed. Seven eyes on which initial surgery without ILM peeling failed underwent reoperation with ILM peeling, and all but one had closed holes. ILM peeling was significant for surgical success of one operation (Fisher exact test, P = 0.0005). Postoperative visual acuity ranged from 20/30 to 20/800 (mean, 20/166). Improved vision with halving of the visual angle occurred in 16 eyes (70%). Nine eyes (39%) achieved visual acuity of 20/70 or better, and two eyes (8.7%) achieved visual acuity of 20/40 or better. One eye (4%) had worse visual acuity, and three eyes (13%) remained unchanged. Cataract was a possible cause of decreased vision in six eyes (26%) at the end of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Chronic macular holes can be surgically closed with visual improvement in most patients. ILM peeling is an important surgical factor for closure of the macular hole with one operation.