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1.
iScience ; 25(10): 105225, 2022 Oct 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36274953

ABSTRACT

Multi-isotope studies from human remains from Viking Age graves throughout Norway allow for a deeper understanding of mobility, livelihood, and social organization during the Viking Age (750-1050 CE). Based on a framework of radiocarbon dates (14C), the studied inhumation graves are distributed across a broad chronological and geographical scope, covering the Late Iron and Viking Age (c. 500-1050 CE). Results of multi-isotope analyses (δ18O/δ13C/δ15N) in tandem with a cultural historical approach question the hegemonic masculinity associated with the "violent Vikings" and the apparent preconception of stationary women and mobile males in Viking Age Norway, thus challenging conjectural behavioral distinctions between women, men, and children. The analysis points towards diversity following a north-south gradient in terms of dietary preferences (δ13C/δ15N), which demonstrates a higher degree of marine consumption in northern Norway, as opposed to the southern regions; similar patterns are also observed through the mobility study (δ18O), which uncovers high levels of migration in the study population.

2.
Science ; 369(6502)2020 07 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32703849

ABSTRACT

Smallpox, one of the most devastating human diseases, killed between 300 million and 500 million people in the 20th century alone. We recovered viral sequences from 13 northern European individuals, including 11 dated to ~600-1050 CE, overlapping the Viking Age, and reconstructed near-complete variola virus genomes for four of them. The samples predate the earliest confirmed smallpox cases by ~1000 years, and the sequences reveal a now-extinct sister clade of the modern variola viruses that were in circulation before the eradication of smallpox. We date the most recent common ancestor of variola virus to ~1700 years ago. Distinct patterns of gene inactivation in the four near-complete sequences show that different evolutionary paths of genotypic host adaptation resulted in variola viruses that circulated widely among humans.


Subject(s)
Smallpox , Variola virus , Biological Evolution , Europe , Genome, Viral , History, Medieval , Humans , Smallpox/history , Smallpox/virology , Variola virus/genetics
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