[Genetic variations in Clupea pallasii herring from okhotsk sea based on microsatellite markers].

The genetic variations among spawning groups of herrings from different spawning grounds of the northwestern part of the Okhotsk Sea was assessed using ten microsatellite loci. All loci were polymorphic with the ex- pected heterozygosity estimates varying at different loci in the range of 0.7-95.0% (with a mean of 68.5%). The degree of genetic differentiation displayed by the herrings from the Okhotsk Sea was not statistically sig nificant (0 = 0.74%). The level of pairwise genetic differentiation F(ST) varied in the range of 0.002-0.014, no was it statistically significant in all comparison pairs between the herring samples.

[Formation of genetic diversity in populations of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius) (Gadidae)].

The variability of the Gmo3, Gmo34, Gmo35, Pgmo32, Gmo19 microsatellite DNA loci was examined in the population samples of Pacific cod from different parts of the North Pacific. The statistical tests showed that the differentiation of the population was the result of different levels of reproductive autonomy of the individual Pacific cod populations, formed in the Pleistocene-Holocene period with the specific features of transgressions and regressions of the World Ocean, and supported by the existing system of currents and the features of the migratory behavior of cod in the North Pacific.

[On differentiation of cod (Gadus morhua L.) groups in Baltic Sea].

Using the AGP*, PGI-1*, PGI-2*, LDH*, IDH*, and PGM* allozyme markers, the differentiation of cod groups during the spawning period in Baltic Sea was evaluated. It was shown that cod samples from the eastern and western parts of Baltic Sea (being statistically significantly different from the cod samples from the Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, and the Skagerrak Strait) demonstrated a high degree of identity (I = 0.99-1.0), which could be associated with the observed from the beginning of the present millennium increased migration of cod from eastern Baltic regions to the waters of Bornholm basin, and the distribution of the part of migrants from Bornholm basin to Arkona basin.

[Comparative analysis of genetic variability of White Sea Cod (Gadus morhua marisalbi) at allozyme and microsatellite markers].

Variability of cod spawning and feeding schools from Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea, was examined at six allozyme and eight microsatellite loci. The degree of genetic differentiation at allozyme loci constituted 0 = 0.36% [95% bootstrap interval 0.0458; 0.6743]. The differentiation estimates obtained using microsatellite markers were higher, 0 = 1.33% [0.057; 3.11]. It was demonstrated that the level of genetic diversity in the White Seacod was lower than that established for the Atlantic cod from Barents Sea using the same set of al- lozyme and microsatellite markers. The genetic data obtained support the opinion that the White Sea cod is a reproductively independent group formed as a result of the Holocene dispersal of Atlantic cod.

[Analysis of microsatellite loci variations in herring (Clupea pallasii marisalbi) from the White Sea].

The genetic diversity among spawning groups of herring from different parts of the White Sea was assessed using ten microsatellite loci. All loci were polymorphic with the expected heterozygosity estimates varying in the range of 12.7-94.1% (mean was 59.5%). The degree of genetic differentiation displayed by White Sea herring was statistically significant (theta = 2.03%). The level of pairwise genetic differentiation F(ST) was 0-0.085, and it was statistically significant in most of the comparison pairs between the herring samples. A hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed the statistically significant differentiation of White Sea herring. 96.59% genetic variation was found within the samples and 3.41% variation was found among the populations. The main component of interpopulation diversity (1.85%) falls at the differences between two ecological forms of herring, spring- and summer-spawning. Within the spring-spawning form, the presence of local stocks in Kandalaksha Gulf, Onega Bay, and Dvina Bay was demonstrated.

[Preliminary data on variation of four microsatellite loci in Pacific herring Clupea pallasii].

Variation of microsatellite loci Cpa 10, Cpa 113, Cpa4, and Cpa7 was for the first time examined in Pacific-type herring Clupea pallasii from the White Sea (CI. pallasii marisalbi), the Kara Sea (CI. pallasii suworowi), the Sea of Okhotsk, and Lake Nerpich'e, Kamchatka Bay, northwestern Pacific (CI. pallasiipallasii). All loci exhibitedhigh genetic diversity. The estimates of expected heterozygosity varied from 41.5 to 95.6% (mean, 82%). The level of pairwise genetic differentiation Fst at all microsatellite loci varied from 0.005 to 0.076 (0.019, on average) and t was statistically significant (P < 0.05) in most of the pairs of herring samples. Estimates of genetic differentiation among the herring of one subspecies were lower than between the groups belonging to different subspecies.

[Selective effect of the duration of the critical temperature period on some allozyme loci of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. (Salmonidae)].

Genetic structure of juvenile fish from the populations of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar inhabiting the rivers of Murmansk oblast, Arkhangelsk oblast, and Karelia, as well as of juveniles from hatcheries was examined at five allozymic loci: aspartate aminotransferase (AAT-4*), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDHP-3*), iditol dehydrogenase (IDDH-2*), esterase D (ESTD*), and malic enzyme (MEP-2*). High genetic differentiation of both natural and "hatchery" juvenile fish was revealed. It was demonstrated that the gene pool of juveniles at three of the five loci tested was to a considerable degree formed by natural selection. In this case, the role of limiting factor was played by the duration of critical temperature regime in the rivers. The differentiation factors for juveniles from nature were not established, however, their clusterization pattern pointed to a possible role of natural selection in this process.

[Interpretation of various ratios of genetic parameters in Hayman's diallelic analysis]. / Interpretatsiia nekotorykh sootnoshenii geneticheskikh parametrov diallel'nogo analiza po Kheimanu.

The genetical algebra of diallele analysis was used to interpret some relations of genetic parameters which were not earlier applied in research of genetic control (GC). It was discovered that in the case of gene correlation, the relation H2 greater than H1 is possible, meaning the regression among frequencies of alleles in loci. We demonstrated, in what way to distinguish two reasons for changes in H1, H2 and h2, when an external treatment is applied: Due to frequency changes of dominant and recessive alleles in the majority of loci, in case new loci are involved in GC; Due to changes in dominance contributions. The latter could provide new information about a situation in loci by analysing the changes in h2 and the correlation coefficient of parental trait levels with their dominant properties as well as changes in D. A few experimental examples illustrate the theory implication.

[Re-evaluation of genetic formulae and epistasis]. / Pereopredelenie geneticheskikh formul i épistaz.

Experimental verification of some quantitative results, following from the new theory for investigation of non-allelic genes' interactions in the diallele analysis by Hayman was conducted. We postulated earlier a special kind of epistasis HC which is the new explication of epistasis j--the interaction between homozygote and heterozygote by Mather and Jinks. Genetic interpretation of the epistasis HC establishes some relations between epistasis and the model of ecological-genetical control of quantitative characters. We found the invariant characteristic of genetic control which is stable in a number of characters, environments, treatments, inspite of redetermination of genetic formulae under conditions of environmental variability.