Seeing beyond skin deep: High-resolution ultrasound in dermatology-A comprehensive review and future prospects.

High-resolution ultrasound (HRUS), operating at frequencies of 20-25 MHz, is a non-invasive imaging tool that offers dermatologists the ability to visualize structures beneath the skin surface. The objective of this review is to present a comprehensive overview of HRUS applications, emphasising its utility in diagnosing, characterising and managing various dermatological conditions. We undertook a comprehensive literature review on the dermatological application of HRUS across Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library databases, while also incorporating our own clinical experience of over 16 years with the tool. In normal skin, the epidermis and dermis are hyperechoic, and the subcutaneous layer is hypoechoic. Basal cell carcinomas appear hypoechoic with irregular margins, while the presence of hyperechoic inclusion bodies suggests aggressive pathology. Squamous cell carcinomas pose challenges due to acoustic shadow artefacts from the thickened stratum corneum. Melanomas are homogenous hypoechoic lesions, with HRUS used to accurately predict Breslow thickness. HRUS provides dermatologists with a valuable adjunct to traditional clinical examination. Future advancement in image resolution and the standardisation of diagnostic parameters may further expand its utility.

The association between tryptophan levels and postpartum mood disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Over 50% of women experience mood disturbance in the postpartum period, with significant implications for maternal and infant health but identifying those at risk is not easily possible. The essential amino acid, tryptophan (TRP) through its neuroactive metabolites, has been implicated in the pathology of mood disorders. Thus, TRP levels tested in the peripartum period have been proposed as a potential biomarker for subsequent development of postpartum mood disturbances, in particular postpartum depression (PPD). A systematic review and meta-analysis following PROSPERO guidelines [CRD42021252462] was conducted on peer-reviewed, English language studies that measured blood levels of TRP during the postpartum period in women who were also evaluated for postpartum "blues" or PPD. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria, of which five studies contained sufficient data to conduct a meta-analysis. Low total TRP levels in postpartum days 1 to 5 were significantly associated with PPD (SMD: -5.39, 95%CI [-7.72, -3.05]). No significant association was found between free TRP levels in the postpartum period and PPD (SMD: -3.43, 95%CI [-7.76, 0.89]). Our findings confirm the necessity for more replicable designed studies regarding TRP and its relationship to postpartum depression. If there were greater clarity regarding TRP metabolism during pregnancy, then the next step would be to consider measuring total plasma TRP levels on postpartum days 1 to 5 to identify women at greater risk of developing PPD.

Paradigms in trauma laparoscopy for anterior abdominal stab wounds: A scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: Anterior abdominal stab wounds (AASW) are a heterogeneous presentation with evolving management over time and heterogenous practice between centres. The aim of this scoping review was to identify, characterise and classify paradigms for trauma laparoscopies for AASW. METHODOLOGY: Studies were screened from Embase, Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Web of Science from 1 January 1947 until 1 January 2023. Extracted data included indications for trauma laparoscopies vs laparotomies, and criteria for conversion to an open procedure. RESULTS: Of 72 included studies, 35 (48.6 %) were published in the United States, with an increasing number from South Africa since 2014. Screening tests to determine an indication for surgery included local wound exploration, computed tomography, and serial clinical examination. Two studies proposed no absolute contraindications to laparoscopy, whereas most papers supported trauma laparoscopies over laparotomies in hemodynamically stable patients with positive or equivocal screening tests. However, clinical decision trees were used inconsistently both between and within many hospital centres. Triggers for conversion to laparotomy were diverse. Older studies typically reported conversion if peritoneal breach was identified. More recent studies reported advances in technical skills and technology allowed attempt at laparoscopic repair for organ and/or vascular injury. CONCLUSION: This review emphasises that there are many different paradigms of practice for AASW laparoscopy, which are evolving over time. Significant heterogeneity of these studies highlights that meta-analysis of outcomes for trauma laparoscopy is not appropriate unless the included studies report homogenous treatment paradigms and patient cohorts. The decision to perform a trauma laparoscopy should be based on surgeon/hospital experience, patient factors, and resource availability.

Ultrasound Surveillance in Melanoma Management: Bridging Diagnostic Promise with Real-World Adherence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound surveillance has become the new standard of care in stage III melanoma after the 2017 Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial II (MSLT-II) demonstrated non-inferior 3-year survival compared with complete lymph node dissection. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to quantify diagnostic performance and adherence rates of ultrasound surveillance for melanoma locoregional metastasis, offering insights into real-world applicability. METHODS: Conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we systematically searched the Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from inception until 11 October 2023. All primary studies that reported data on the diagnostic performance or adherence rates to ultrasound surveillance in melanoma were included. R statistical software was used for data synthesis and analysis. Sensitivity and specificity were aggregated across studies using the meta-analytic method for diagnostic tests outlined by Rutter and Gatsonis. Adherence rates were calculated as the ratio of patients fully compliant to planned follow-up to those who were not. RESULTS: A total of 36 studies including 18,273 patients were analysed, with a mean age of 56.6 years and a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.11. The median follow-up duration and frequency was 36 and 4 months, respectively. The pooled sensitivity of ultrasound examination was 0.879 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.878-0.879) and specificity was 0.969 (95% CI 0.968-0.970), representing a diagnostic odds ratio of 224.5 (95% CI 223.1-225.9). Ultrasound examination demonstrated a substantial improvement in absolute sensitivity over clinical examination alone, with a number needed to screen (NNS) of 2.95. The overall adherence rate was 77.0% (95% CI 76.0-78.1%), with significantly lower rates in the United States [US] (p <  0.001) and retrospective studies (p <  0.001). CONCLUSION: Ultrasound is a powerful diagnostic tool for locoregional melanoma metastasis. However, the real applicability to surveillance programmes is limited by low adherence rates, especially in the US. Further studies should seek to address this adherence gap.

Weekend effect in emergency laparotomy: a propensity score-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: The 'weekend effect' is the term given to the observed discrepancy regarding patient care and outcomes on weekends compared to weekdays. This study aimed to determine whether the weekend effect exists within Aotearoa New Zealand (AoNZ) for patients undergoing emergency laparotomy (EL), given recent advances in management of EL patients. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted across five hospitals, comparing the outcomes of weekend and weekday acute EL. A propensity-score matched analysis was used to remove potential confounding patient characteristics. RESULTS: Of the 487 patients included, 132 received EL over the weekend. There was no statistically significant difference between patients undergoing EL over the weekend compared to weekdays. Mortality rates were comparable between the weekday and weekend cohorts (P = 0.464). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that modern perioperative care practice in New Zealand obviates the 'weekend' effect.

Body composition changes at 12 months following different surgical weight loss interventions in adults with obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials.

To determine relative lean mass and fat mass changes in adults with obesity following surgical weight loss interventions, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus were screened for eligible studies. Inclusion criteria included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) performed in populations with obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 ) aged over 18 years, who underwent any type of bariatric surgery and reported body composition measures via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry or bio-electrical impedance analysis. Authors conducted full text screening and determined that there were six RCTs eligible for inclusion, with data extracted at 12 months post-surgery. Meta-analysis revealed that, relative to gastric banding, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) led to greater total body mass loss (mean difference [MD]: -9.33 kg [95% CI: -12.10, -6.56]) and greater fat mass loss (MD: -8.86 kg [95% CI: -11.80, -5.93], but similar lean mass loss (MD: -0.55 kg [95% CI: -3.82, 2.71]. RYGB also led to similar changes in total body mass, fat mass, and lean mass compared with sleeve gastrectomy. RYGB results in greater 12-month weight and fat loss, but similar changes in lean mass, compared with gastric banding. Further RCTs comparing body composition changes following different bariatric surgery procedures are required.