Clinical differences between children and adults with idiopathic and heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Although previous studies have demonstrated that paediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension remains distinct from that in adults, there are limited studies evaluating a direct comparison between children and adults. The aim of this head-to-head comparison study was to compare the gender, haemodynamic parameters, and prognosis between paediatric and adult pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS: We retrospectively assessed the clinical differences in 40 childhood-onset (under 20 years old) patients and 40 adult-onset patients with idiopathic and heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension who were followed up at two centres. There was no female predominance among patients with childhood-onset pulmonary arterial hypertension (child female: 42.5%, adult female: 80%). The percent of New York Heart Association functional class IV in adult-onset pulmonary arterial hypertension tended to be higher than those in childhood-onset pulmonary arterial hypertension (22.5 and 10%, respectively), although children had worse haemodynamic parameters at diagnosis (mean pulmonary artery pressure (children versus adults); median 65 mmHg versus 49 mmHg, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the event-free survival rate between the two groups (95% vs. 85%) during the follow-up period (median, 96 months; range, 1-120 months). CONCLUSIONS: Although paediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension patients had worse haemodynamic parameters at diagnosis than adults, children survived as long as adults with appropriate therapeutic strategies.

Clinical efficacy and safety of selexipag in children and young adults with idiopathic and heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of selexipag in children and young adults with idiopathic and heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included clinical data from five children and six young adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension receiving selexipag as add-on therapy or as a transition from beraprost sodium or epoprostenol infusion therapy. Clinical efficacy was evaluated by measuring improvement in clinical variables from baseline, including hemodynamic parameters. RESULTS: Of the 11 patients, 6 were switched from beraprost sodium to selexipag and one paediatric patient transitioned from epoprostenol to selexipag. The median maintenance dose of selexipag in children was 80 µg/kg/day. In nine patients undergoing repeat catheterisation, statistically significant improvements were observed after the initiation of selexipag in terms of mean pulmonary arterial pressure (p < 0.01), pulmonary vascular resistance index (p < 0.05), and cardiac index (p < 0.01). None of the patients had clinical worsening after selexipag during follow-up, but one young adult patient discontinued treatment due to severe headache. The most common side effect profiles were headache, nausea, abdominal pain, jaw pain, myalgia, and diarrhoea. CONCLUSIONS: Selexipag may have a favourable safety profile and potential efficacy in children and young adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Outcomes of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension in Japanese children: a retrospective cohort study.

Recently, targeted therapy has been developed for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Studies evaluating the prognosis of IPAH have been conducted in adults. However, there is no nationwide survey of pediatric patients with IPAH regarding the long-term prognosis in Japan. Therefore, we investigated the clinical outcomes of Japanese pediatric patients with IPAH and risk factors for a poor prognosis. This multi-center, retrospective cohort study included pediatric patients with IPAH under the age of 15 years, who were gleaned from the nationwide network of Japanese Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery (JSPCCS). The questionnaire was sent to members of JSPCCS in 2015. Patients who were diagnosed with IPAH from 1994 to 2014 were included. The primary endpoint was death or lung transplantation. Ninety-five patients were finally enrolled. Both the mean age at diagnosis and the mean follow-up duration were 7 years. Ninety-five percent of patients had received targeted therapy for IPAH during follow-up. The overall 1, 3, 5, and 10-year event free rate, estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival estimate, was 96, 91, 83, and 74%, respectively. The prognosis was significantly poorer in patients with increased right ventricular systolic pressure (RVp), mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) (≥ 52 mmHg), cardiothoracic ratio (≥ 55%), and levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) during follow-up (≥ 300 pg/mL) than in those without these parameters. In conclusion, in Japanese children with IPAH, the event-free rate for death or lung transplantation was found to be good. Greater RVp, mPAP, BNP levels during follow-up, and cardiothoracic ratio may be predictive indicators for a poor prognosis.

Efficacy of primary treatment with immunoglobulin plus ciclosporin for prevention of coronary artery abnormalities in patients with Kawasaki disease predicted to be at increased risk of non-response to intravenous immunoglobulin (KAICA): a randomised controlled, open-label, blinded-endpoints, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Genetic studies have indicated possible involvement of the upregulated calcium-nuclear factor of activated T cells pathway in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease. We aimed to assess safety and efficacy of ciclosporin, an immunosuppressant targeting this pathway, for protection of patients with Kawasaki disease against coronary artery abnormalities. METHODS: We did a randomised, open-label, blinded endpoints trial involving 22 hospitals in Japan between May 29, 2014, and Dec 27, 2016. Eligible patients predicted to be at higher risk for intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance were randomly assigned to IVIG plus ciclosporin (5 mg/kg per day for 5 days; study treatment) or IVIG (conventional treatment) groups, stratified by risk score, age, and sex. The primary endpoint was incidence of coronary artery abnormalities using Japanese criteria during the 12-week trial, assessed in participants who received at least one dose of study drug and who visited the study institution at least once during treatment. This trial is registered to Center for Clinical Trials, Japan Medical Association, number JMA-IIA00174. FINDINGS: We enrolled 175 participants. One patient withdrew consent after enrolment and was excluded and one patient (in the study treatment group) was excluded from analysis because of lost echocardiography data. Incidence of coronary artery abnormalities was lower in the study treatment group than in the conventional treatment group (12 [14%] of 86 patients vs 27 [31%] of 87 patients; risk ratio 0·46; 95% CI 0·25-0·86; p=0·010). No difference was found in the incidence of adverse events between the groups (9% vs 7%; p=0·78). INTERPRETATION: Combined primary therapy with IVIG and ciclosporin was safe and effective for favourable coronary artery outcomes in Kawasaki disease patients who were predicted to be unresponsive to IVIG. FUNDING: Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (grant CCT-B-2503).

Pregnancy and Delivery in Patients With Repaired Congenital Heart Disease　- A Retrospective Japanese Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Although advances in cardiac surgery have led to an increased number of survivors with congenital heart disease (CHD), epidemiological data regarding the pregnancies and deliveries of patients with repaired CHD are scarce.Methods and Results:In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical outcomes of pregnancies and deliveries of women with repaired CHD. Overall, 131 women with repaired CHD were enrolled and there were 269 gestations. All patients were classified as New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class I or II. The prevalence of cesarean sections was higher in patients with (CyCHD) than without (AcyCHD) a past history of cyanosis (51% vs. 19%, respectively; P<0.01). There were 228 offspring from 269 gestations and the most prevalent neonatal complication was premature birth (10%), which was more frequent in the CyCHD than AcyCHD group (15.7% vs. 5.6%, respectively; P<0.01). Five maternal cardiac complications during delivery were observed only in the CyCHD group (8%); these were classified as NYHA Class II and none was fatal. CONCLUSIONS: Delivery was successful in most women with repaired CHD who were classified as NYHA Class I or II, although some with CyCHD and NYHA Class II required more attention. Cesarean sections were more common in the CyCHD than AcyCHD group, and CyCHD may be a potential risk for preterm deliveries.

Changes in cardiac function after renal transplantation in children: Significance of pre-transplantation left ventricular hypertrophy.

LVH is a significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular morbidity. However, few studies have evaluated the changes in cardiac function that occur in pediatric patients with ESRD undergoing RTx. Therefore, we assessed the changes in parameters associated with LVH in children within the first year after RTx. We retrospectively evaluated patients aged < 18 years who underwent initial RTx from April 2014 to December 2016. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence of LVH before RTx. Clinical, biochemical, and echocardiographic parameters including the LVMI before and 1 year after RTx were evaluated in both groups. Twenty-six patients were included in this study. Seven of the 26 patients had LVH before RTx. Among the echocardiographic parameters, the LVMI was significantly improved 1 year after RTx in the initial LVH group (57.79 ± 11.86 vs 42.20 ± 6.03 g/cm2.7 , P = .018), while no change was observed in the initial non-LVH group (32.66 ± 7.52 vs 35.17 ± 12.86 g/cm2.7 , P = .376). Improvement of the ejection fraction was also observed only in the initial LVH group (66.5% ± 5.3% vs 72.2% ± 5.2%, P = .042). Children who had LVH before RTx showed significant improvements in the LVMI and ejection fraction even within 1 year after RTx. To minimize aggravation of cardiac function, early RTx should be considered for patients with LVH.

Correction to: Clinical Effects of Syncope on Disease Severity and Adverse Outcomes in Children with Idiopathic and Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in the author name. The co-author name should be Hiroyuki Matsuura instead of Horoyuki Matsuura. The original article has been corrected.

Clinical Effects of Syncope on Disease Severity and Adverse Outcomes in Children with Idiopathic and Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Syncope is more common in children with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) than in adults with PAH. Although syncope is associated with a poor prognosis in adult PAH, the clinical effects of syncopal events on disease severity and outcome in children have not been carefully investigated. This study assessed the prevalence of syncope in pediatric PAH and examined its clinical, hemodynamic, and prognostic importance. This retrospective study assessed clinical data, including syncope status, from 78 children (37 girls) with idiopathic and heritable PAH (median age at diagnosis, 11 years). Patients were classified as syncopal or non-syncopal, and clinical data from the two groups were compared. The primary outcome was a composite of lung transplantation and cardiac mortality. Overall, 31 (38%) children had a history of syncope at presentation. Median age at diagnosis, sex ratio, brain natriuretic peptide level, and 6-min walk distance at diagnosis did not differ between groups. The hemodynamic parameters of initial right heart catheterization were similar between the syncope and non-syncope group (mean pulmonary artery pressure, 67 versus 71 mm Hg; cardiac index, 2.9 versus 2.9 l/min/m2, respectively). There was not significantly difference in event-free survival rate between two groups. Although syncopal events are common in children with PAH, our findings suggest that syncope may not be correlated with disease severity or outcome in pediatric PAH.

Infliximab for the Treatment of Refractory Kawasaki Disease: A Nationwide Survey in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of infliximab (IFX) for the treatment of patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). STUDY DESIGN: This was a nationwide survey of 274 Japanese institutions exploring how IFX was used to treat patients with KD. The patients' sex, age, treatment course, pre- and post-IFX therapy blood test results, coronary artery lesions (CALs), and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated. RESULTS: We analyzed 434 patients with KD who received IFX between March 2005 and November 2014. The median age at onset was 33 months (range 1-138), and 66 patients (15.2%) were under 1 year old. In all cases, IFX was administered as additional treatment. The median days of illness at the initiation of IFX was 9 days. In 275 patients (63.4%), IFX was administered as third-line treatment, and in 106 patients (24.4%), IFX was administered as fourth-line treatment. Single dose IFX 5 mg/kg was administered to 412 patients (94.9%). After IFX, 363 patients (83.6%) became afebrile within 2 days, and the white blood cell count, percentage of neutrophils, and serum C-reactive protein levels significantly decreased (P < .001), although 119 patients (27.4%) received additional treatment. Before IFX, 132 patients (30.4%) had already developed CALs. In patients without CALs before IFX, 31 patients (10.3%) newly developed CAL after IFX, whereas 32 patients (24.2%) with CAL before IFX showed increased CAL severity. Eighty AEs were observed in 69 patients (15.9%); however, serious AEs were few and reversible. CONCLUSIONS: IFX might be an effective and tolerable treatment for refractory KD.

Clinical Impact of Main Pulmonary Artery Dilatation on Outcome in Pediatric Idiopathic and Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the clinical impact of pulmonary artery (PA) dilatation on outcomes in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).Methods and Results:This study investigated the clinical outcomes of idiopathic or heritable PAH in 66 children aged <18 years at diagnosis. Main PA/thorax (MPA/T) ratio was measured on chest radiography in PAH patients. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on MPA/T ratio, and compared with a control group of 166 age- and gender-matched healthy children. Group A had higher MPA/T ratio than normal, and group B had normal MPA/T ratio. Composite outcomes included cardiac death, lung transplantation, and hospitalization due to heart failure. Group A consisted of 27 patients and group B, 39 patients. At diagnosis, group A had significantly higher brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), cardiothoracic ratio, PA pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance index compared with group B. The number of patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III and IV was significantly higher in group A than in group B. Cumulative event-free survival rate was significantly lower in group A. CONCLUSIONS: MPA dilatation correlated with BNP, NYHA functional class, and hemodynamics with regard to disease severity, and may be a potential prognostic factor in pediatric idiopathic and heritable PAH.

Pulmonary Arterial Capacitance Index Is a Strong Predictor for Adverse Outcome in Children with Idiopathic and Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical utility of pulmonary artery capacitance index (PACi) in the assessment of disease severity and prognostic value in children with idiopathic and heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). STUDY DESIGN: PACi is defined as the ratio of stroke volume index over pulmonary pulse pressure. A retrospective study was performed to compare PACi, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), 6-minute walk distance, New York Heart association (NYHA) functional class, and adverse outcomes (hospitalization due to heart failure, lung transplantation, and cardiac mortality) in 72 Japanese children (10 ± 3.6 years) with idiopathic and heritable PAH. RESULTS: PACi had significant correlations with pulmonary vascular resistance index (r =-0.73, P < .0001), BNP levels (r = -0.40, P = .0008), and 6-minute walk distance (r = 0.57, P < .05). Statistically significant differences in PACi were observed between NYHA functional class II vs combined III and IV (median; 1.1 vs 0.6 mL/mm Hg/m2, respectively, P < .05). There were 25 of 72 (35%) children who had an adverse event including initiation of hospitalization due to heart failure, lung transplantation, and death. Cumulative event-free survival rate was significantly lower when PACi was <0.85 mL/mm Hg/m2 (log-rank test, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: PACi correlated with BNP and NYHA functional class and may serve as a strong prognostic marker in children with idiopathic and heritable PAH.

Low risk of treatment resistance in Down syndrome with Kawasaki disease.

BACKGROUND: A Japanese nationwide survey has reported that Down syndrome (DS) is a less-frequently occurring comorbidity in Kawasaki disease (KD). Although altered immune responses are frequently observed in DS, no studies have focused on the treatment response and risk for coronary artery abnormalities (CAA) in DS patients with KD. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the clinical manifestations, treatment response and prevalence of CAA in DS with KD. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of DS patients with KD from 2005 through 2012. The survey questionnaires were sent to facilities nationwide, and clinical data regarding KD in DS were collected. A control group consisted of non-DS patients with KD who were managed at Toho University. RESULTS: Of the 94 233 children diagnosed with acute KD from 2005 to 2012, 16 children with acute KD also had DS (0.017%). The DS-KD patients were significantly older than the non-DS patients (median, 8 years vs 1 year, P < 0.05, respectively). Half of the DS patients had incomplete KD. Although 50% of the DS children were at high risk of immunoglobulin resistance, all children responded to initial treatment and none had CAA. CONCLUSIONS: All DS-KD patients responded to initial i.v. immunoglobulin (IVIG) or aspirin despite having a high risk of IVIG resistance, and none of the DS patients had CAA. This suggests that the risk of treatment resistance and development of CAA may be not higher in DS patients with acute KD.

[Anti TNF-α (infliximab) treatment for intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance patients with acute Kawasaki disease the effects of anticytokine therapy].

Among the patients with acute Kawasaki disease treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), 10-20 % demonstrate resistance or incomplete effects. Cardiac complication such as the coronary arterial aneurysm is frequent in these patients. For patients with IVIG-resistance, we have surveyed the efficacy and safety of anti-cytokine therapy with use of infliximab (Remicade), chimera type anti TNF-α agent, for children. After May, 2005, Remicade has been used in >500 pediatric patients in whom IVIG and intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy did not show significant effects. The efficacy and safety of Remicade on patients with IVIG-resistant Kawasaki disease has been observed but 10~20 % of patients was Remicade-resistant. Re-treatment with IVIG or steroids was also effective. The efficacy of Remicade for reducing the fever duration, CRP, WBC counts was promising, but reduction of the incidence of coronary aneurysm was not confirmed. Randomized clinical trial will be needed.

Efficacy of immunoglobulin plus prednisolone for prevention of coronary artery abnormalities in severe Kawasaki disease (RAISE study): a randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoints trial.

BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates that corticosteroid therapy might be beneficial for the primary treatment of severe Kawasaki disease. We assessed whether addition of prednisolone to intravenous immunoglobulin with aspirin would reduce the incidence of coronary artery abnormalities in patients with severe Kawasaki disease. METHODS: We did a multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoints trial at 74 hospitals in Japan between Sept 29, 2008, and Dec 2, 2010. Patients with severe Kawasaki disease were randomly assigned by a minimisation method to receive either intravenous immunoglobulin (2 g/kg for 24 h and aspirin 30 mg/kg per day) or intravenous immunoglobulin plus prednisolone (the same intravenous immunoglobulin regimen as the intravenous immunoglobulin group plus prednisolone 2 mg/kg per day given over 15 days after concentrations of C-reactive protein normalised). Patients and treating physicians were unmasked to group allocation. The primary endpoint was incidence of coronary artery abnormalities during the study period. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network clinical trials registry, number UMIN000000940. FINDINGS: We randomly assigned 125 patients to the intravenous immunoglobulin plus prednisolone group and 123 to the intravenous immunoglobulin group. Incidence of coronary artery abnormalities was significantly lower in the intravenous immunoglobulin plus prednisolone group than in the intravenous immunoglobulin group during the study period (four patients [3%] vs 28 patients [23%]; risk difference 0·20, 95% CI 0·12-0·28, p<0·0001). Serious adverse events were similar between both groups: two patients had high total cholesterol and one neutropenia in the intravenous immunoglobulin plus prednisolone group, and one had high total cholesterol and another non-occlusive thrombus in the intravenous immunoglobulin group. INTERPRETATION: Addition of prednisolone to the standard regimen of intravenous immunoglobulin improves coronary artery outcomes in patients with severe Kawasaki disease in Japan. Further study of intensified primary treatment for this disease in a mixed ethnic population is warranted. FUNDING: Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.

Current challenges in pediatric pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in the pediatric population is associated with a variety of underlying diseases and causes, significantly morbidity and mortality. In the majority of patients, PAH in children is idiopathic or associated with congenital heart disease (CHD), with pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with connective tissue disease, a rare cause in children. Classification of pediatric PH has generally followed the WHO classification, but recognition of the importance of fetal origins of PH and developmental abnormalities have led to the formation of a new pediatric-specific classification. Incidence data from the Netherlands has revealed an annual incidence and point prevalence of 0.7 and 4.4 for idiopathic PAH and 2.2 and 15.6 for associated pulmonary arterial hypertension-CHD cases per million children. Although the treatment with new selective pulmonary vasodilators offers hemodynamic and functional improvement in pediatric populations, the treatments in children largely depend on results from evidence-based adult studies and experience of clinicians treating children. A recent randomized clinical trial of sildenafil and its long-term extension has led to disparate recommendations in the United States and Europe.

Acute pulmonary vasodilator testing with inhaled treprostinil in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Acute pulmonary vasodilator testing (AVT) is essential to determining the initial therapy for children with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). This study aimed to report the initial experience with inhaled treprostinil used for AVT in children with PAH and to evaluate the hemodynamic change after inhaled treprostinil compared with inhaled nitric oxide. This prospective cohort study was designed for 13 children who underwent AVT with inhaled treprostinil or oxygen plus inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) during catheterization. Inhaled treprostinil was delivered during cardiac catheterization by adapting the Optineb ultrasonic nebulizer via either a flow-inflating bag or the manual mode of the anesthesia system. The median age of the patients was 10 years (range 4-17 years). The etiologies of PAH included idiopathic PAH and associated PAH. All the patients tolerated inhaled treprostinil without marked clinical worsening and received six or nine breaths (36 or 54 µg) of treprostinil. The median of the total treprostinil doses was 1.53 µg/kg (range 0.71-2.89 µg/kg). Inhaled treprostinil was administrated via an endotracheal tube (n = 8), anesthesia mask (n = 3), or laryngeal mask airway (n = 2). Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and inhaled treprostinil significantly decreased the mean pulmonary artery pressure and the pulmonary vascular resistance index compared with baseline. Three adverse events were reported after inhaled treprostinil, including cough and mild to moderate hypotension with higher doses. All adverse events resolved without any intervention. This study report is the first to describe the use of inhaled treprostinil for AVT in children with PAH. In this small pediatric cohort, inhaled treprostinil was effectively delivered and well tolerated and may be useful for AVT.

Common variants in CASP3 confer susceptibility to Kawasaki disease.

Kawasaki disease (KD; OMIM 611775) is an acute vasculitis syndrome which predominantly affects small- and medium-sized arteries of infants and children. Epidemiological data suggest that host genetics underlie the disease pathogenesis. Here we report that multiple variants in the caspase-3 gene (CASP3) that are in linkage disequilibrium confer susceptibility to KD in both Japanese and US subjects of European ancestry. We found that a G to A substitution of one commonly associated SNP located in the 5' untranslated region of CASP3 (rs72689236; P = 4.2 x 10(-8) in the Japanese and P = 3.7 x 10(-3) in the European Americans) abolished binding of nuclear factor of activated T cells to the DNA sequence surrounding the SNP. Our findings suggest that altered CASP3 expression in immune effecter cells influences susceptibility to KD.

Correlation of N-terminal fragment of B-type natriuretic peptide levels with clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic abnormalities in children with sickle cell disease.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the N-terminal fragment of B-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) was a biomarker of clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic abnormalities in children with homozygous sickle cell disease. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a single-center retrospective study that consisted of analysis of data from November 2007 to December 2010. We correlated serum NTproBNP with clinical and laboratory findings, echocardiographic data, and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class. RESULTS: NTproBNP levels from 42 children (median age, 9 years; 52% female) had significant correlations with hemoglobin (r = -0.63, P < .05), and echocardiographic measurements including tricuspid regurgitant velocity (r = 0.46, P < .05), lateral E' (r = -0.52, P < .05), and lateral E/E' ratio (r = 0.60, P < .05), suggesting diastolic dysfunction. In addition, NTproBNP levels increased from NYHA functional class I to class III and had a significant linear correlation with the NYHA functional class (r = 0.69, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: NTproBNP correlated with low hemoglobin and tissue Doppler data as indicators of diastolic dysfunction. Elevated NTproBNP may be a prognostic biomarker for the presence of diastolic dysfunction related to anemia in children with sickle cell disease.