A ring system detected around the Centaur (10199) Chariklo.

Hitherto, rings have been found exclusively around the four giant planets in the Solar System. Rings are natural laboratories in which to study dynamical processes analogous to those that take place during the formation of planetary systems and galaxies. Their presence also tells us about the origin and evolution of the body they encircle. Here we report observations of a multichord stellar occultation that revealed the presence of a ring system around (10199) Chariklo, which is a Centaur--that is, one of a class of small objects orbiting primarily between Jupiter and Neptune--with an equivalent radius of 124 ± 9 kilometres (ref. 2). There are two dense rings, with respective widths of about 7 and 3 kilometres, optical depths of 0.4 and 0.06, and orbital radii of 391 and 405 kilometres. The present orientation of the ring is consistent with an edge-on geometry in 2008, which provides a simple explanation for the dimming of the Chariklo system between 1997 and 2008, and for the gradual disappearance of ice and other absorption features in its spectrum over the same period. This implies that the rings are partly composed of water ice. They may be the remnants of a debris disk, possibly confined by embedded, kilometre-sized satellites.

Albedo and atmospheric constraints of dwarf planet Makemake from a stellar occultation.

Pluto and Eris are icy dwarf planets with nearly identical sizes, comparable densities and similar surface compositions as revealed by spectroscopic studies. Pluto possesses an atmosphere whereas Eris does not; the difference probably arises from their differing distances from the Sun, and explains their different albedos. Makemake is another icy dwarf planet with a spectrum similar to Eris and Pluto, and is currently at a distance to the Sun intermediate between the two. Although Makemake's size (1,420 ± 60 km) and albedo are roughly known, there has been no constraint on its density and there were expectations that it could have a Pluto-like atmosphere. Here we report the results from a stellar occultation by Makemake on 2011 April 23. Our preferred solution that fits the occultation chords corresponds to a body with projected axes of 1,430 ± 9 km (1σ) and 1,502 ± 45 km, implying a V-band geometric albedo p(V) = 0.77 ± 0.03. This albedo is larger than that of Pluto, but smaller than that of Eris. The disappearances and reappearances of the star were abrupt, showing that Makemake has no global Pluto-like atmosphere at an upper limit of 4-12 nanobar (1σ) for the surface pressure, although a localized atmosphere is possible. A density of 1.7 ± 0.3 g cm(-3) is inferred from the data.

Simultaneous Bistability of a Qubit and Resonator in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics.

We explore the joint activated dynamics exhibited by two quantum degrees of freedom: a cavity mode oscillator which is strongly coupled to a superconducting qubit in the strongly coherently driven dispersive regime. Dynamical simulations and complementary measurements show a range of parameters where both the cavity and the qubit exhibit sudden simultaneous switching between two metastable states. This manifests in ensemble averaged amplitudes of both the cavity and qubit exhibiting a partial coherent cancellation. Transmission measurements of driven microwave cavities coupled to transmon qubits show detailed features which agree with the theory in the regime of simultaneous switching.

Risk factors affecting quality of life in a group of Italian children with asthma.

The measure of Quality of Life (QoL) has become one of the most important criteria used to assess the impact of chronic illness, such as asthma, on the patient’s daily life, in adults and children alike. The objective of our open observational study was to measure the QoL and analyze several factors that potentially affect QoL, such as symptoms and functional respiratory parameters, in a cohort of children with asthma. One hundred and twenty-seven children with asthma, 6 to 14 years of age, living in the city of Rome, were enrolled as outpatients. They were subjected to Skin Prick Tests (SPT), underwent spirometry and filled out the Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ). One hundred and eleven children were diagnosed with intermittent asthma, 12 (10%) with mild asthma, and four with moderate persistent asthma. Ninety-six children had a positive SPT. The mean total score of QoL, obtained from the questionnaire, was 5.4 (∓1.2 SD). Two QoL groups were created. Children with total QoL score <5.5 were included in the “Lower QoL” score group while children with total QoL score ≥ 5.5 were included in the “Higher QoL” score group. Children in the Higher group and their mothers had a higher mean age, suffered from fewer asthma exacerbations during the year preceding the study, and showed a higher mean value of forced expiratory volume (FEV1) compared to the children in the Lower category. Using Logistic regression we identified the main factors that may affect QoL as FEV1, symptoms in the previous year and mother’s age. QoL is correlated with the frequency of asthma exacerbations and FEV1 values. Furthermore, our research shows that a significant impairment of QoL may also occur in patients with normal lung function, pointing out the importance of evaluating QoL in all children with asthma.

Serum resistin levels in children with primary snoring.

Primary Snoring (PS) has been positioned at the milder end of the Sleep-Disordered Breathing severity continuum characterized by snoring and it is usually underestimated. PS is defined as snoring without apnea, frequent arousals, or gas exchange abnormalities and recent studies demonstrated that children with PS have increased blood pressure and reduced arterial distensibility. The association between adipokines and SDB has been recently investigated, though most of the studies were focused on OSAS where intermittent hypoxia characterizing the disease may lead to an inflammatory cascade and to the release of several adipokines, contributing to oxidative stress. Resistin, initially described s an adipokine increasing insulin resistance, has been recently identified as a novel important member of the cytokine family involved in the regulation of inflammation. The aim of our study was to investigate circulating resistin levels in normal weight children with PS. Sixty-five children of normal weight aged between 4 and 14 years of age were selected for habitual snoring. Children with positive polysomnography were excluded from the study. Serum resistin levels were detected in all children with PS. Thirty-three healthy non-snorer children with similar age, sex and BMI were selected as a control group. A significantly higher level of resistin was observed in patients with PS compared to the control group (4.67±1.91 ng/ml vs 3.98±1.58 ng/ml; p<0.01). Patients with inconclusive pulse oximetry showed significantly higher resistin levels than those with negative recordings recordings (5.29±1.91 ng/ml vs 4.20±1.93 ng/ml; p<0.008). Moreover, there was a significant increasing trend between sieric adipokine level and the frequency of snoring (p<0.006). Our results suggest that systemic inflammation and oxidative stress may also play a significant role in the pathophysiology of PS.

Evidence for multi-fragmentation and mass shedding of boulders on rubble-pile binary asteroid system (65803) Didymos.

Asteroids smaller than 10 km are thought to be rubble piles formed from the reaccumulation of fragments produced in the catastrophic disruption of parent bodies. Ground-based observations reveal that some of these asteroids are today binary systems, in which a smaller secondary orbits a larger primary asteroid. However, how these asteroids became binary systems remains unclear. Here, we report the analysis of boulders on the surface of the stony asteroid (65803) Didymos and its moonlet, Dimorphos, from data collected by the NASA DART mission. The size-frequency distribution of boulders larger than 5 m on Dimorphos and larger than 22.8 m on Didymos confirms that both asteroids are piles of fragments produced in the catastrophic disruption of their progenitors. Dimorphos boulders smaller than 5 m have size best-fit by a Weibull distribution, which we attribute to a multi-phase fragmentation process either occurring during coalescence or during surface evolution. The density per km2 of Dimorphos boulders ≥1 m is 2.3x with respect to the one obtained for (101955) Bennu, while it is 3.0x with respect to (162173) Ryugu. Such values increase once Dimorphos boulders ≥5 m are compared with Bennu (3.5x), Ryugu (3.9x) and (25143) Itokawa (5.1x). This is of interest in the context of asteroid studies because it means that contrarily to the single bodies visited so far, binary systems might be affected by subsequential fragmentation processes that largely increase their block density per km2. Direct comparison between the surface distribution and shapes of the boulders on Didymos and Dimorphos suggest that the latter inherited its material from the former. This finding supports the hypothesis that some asteroid binary systems form through the spin up and mass shedding of a fraction of the primary asteroid.

Habitual snoring in children with previous allergic sensitization.

Previous studies have reported a high prevalence of allergy in children with Habitual Snoring (HS), but the relationship between allergy in the early years of life and the subsequent development of this Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) is yet to be elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of early, under 36 months of age, allergic sensitization to food (with or without sensitization to airborne allergens) in determining the development of HS 8-10 years after. One hundred and forty-eight children (10-14 years, mean age 12 years) with a history of food allergy were selected. Under the age of 36 months, atopic status was assessed by skin prick test for a panel of airborne and food allergens. Questionnaires filled in by parents were used to collect information on children's snoring and associated symptoms. HS was defined as snoring three or more times per week. At 1-3 years of age 54 children were positive to food allergens alone, and 94 were positive also to airborne allergens. After 8-10 years of life, when patients were aged between 10 and 14 years, habitual snoring was reported in 37 children. Furthermore, among the 54 children under three years of age sensitized only to food, 8 became HS while of the 94 children sensitized to both food and inhalants allergens 29 developed HS. The difference between those two groups was statistically significant (p=0.04). We reported a significant risk of developing HS in children with early allergic sensitization. Specifically this risk was higher when food allergy was associated with inhalant allergy. The onset of upper airway inflammation due to allergic triggers in subjects under three years of age may be related to the subsequent development of SDB after 8-10 years.

Efficacy of sublingual specific immunotherapy on allergic asthma and rhinitis in children's real life.

BACKGROUND: Sublingual-specific immunotherapy (SLIT) is considered as a valid treatment of respiratory allergies. AIM: We performed a case-control study to evaluate the effect of SLIT in children with allergic asthma and rhinitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study plan included 140 patients (age 6-14 yr, 43% girls and 57% boys) presenting allergic rhinitis and/or asthma, 70 treated with SLIT actively for three years and 70 controls never treated with specific immunotherapy (only symptomatic drugs). Rhinitis Symptom Score (RSS), Asthma Symptom Score (ASS) and Medication Score (MS) were evaluated at beginning and during the 3 years of immunotherapy. results: There was a significant improvement of RSS (mean ± SD) in the SLIT group: baseline 5.31 ± 2.01, third year 1.38 ± 1.06 (p < 0.0001 vs baseline). CONTROL GROUP: baseline 5.00 ± 1.08, third year 4.68 ± 1.152 (P » NS). ASS (mean ± SD) in the SLIT group: baseline 4.09 ± 2.21, third year 1.23 ± 1.4 (p < 0.0001 vs baseline). CONTROL GROUP: baseline 4.04 ± 2.46, third year 3.62 ± 2.26 (p » NS). MS (mean ± SD) in the SLIT group: baseline 3.30 ± 1.4, third year 0.88 ± 1.26 (p < 0.0001 vs baseline). CONTROL GROUP: baseline 3.19 ± 1.23, third year 3.39 ± 1.12 (p » NS). There are no statistically significant differences among monosensitized/polysensitized patients and at different age ranges. None of the patients included reported severe systemic reactions or anaphylaxis. CONCLUSIONS: During the treatment, the active group showed sustained reductions in mean asthma and rhinitis symptom scores when compared with controls to confirm the efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy.

Food allergy and the development of asthma symptoms.

Allergies are multifactorial diseases the onset of which depends also on genetic and environmental factors in early life. Thus, environmental factors can affect the immune response and modify lung development, thereby leading to asthma. The role of the factors used to date to predict asthma development is modest, and clinical criteria should always be considered in association with familiarity for atopy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of asthma in a population with positive skin prick test (SPT) (which is a reliable marker of atopy) to food allergens, regardless of clinical manifestations in the early years of life. The cohort of children enrolled in our study who had a positive SPT to food in the first three years of life had a prevalence of asthma after 7-14 years, double that of the general pediatric population. This prevalence increased significantly in patients with SPT positivity for food and inhalant allergens. We identified a correlation between the sensitization profile in children under the age of 36 months and the development of asthma during a period of 7-14 years. This study confirms that early sensitization is an important risk factor for the development of asthma, particularly in association with sensitization to inhalants, and that the persistence of food sensitization in school-age children and adolescents is associated to more severe asthma.

Charon's size and an upper limit on its atmosphere from a stellar occultation.

Pluto and its satellite, Charon (discovered in 1978; ref. 1), appear to form a double planet, rather than a hierarchical planet/satellite couple. Charon is about half Pluto's size and about one-eighth its mass. The precise radii of Pluto and Charon have remained uncertain, leading to large uncertainties on their densities. Although stellar occultations by Charon are in principle a powerful way of measuring its size, they are rare, as the satellite subtends less than 0.3 microradians (0.06 arcsec) on the sky. One occultation (in 1980) yielded a lower limit of 600 km for the satellite's radius, which was later refined to 601.5 km (ref. 4). Here we report observations from a multi-station stellar occultation by Charon, which we use to derive a radius, R(C) = 603.6 +/- 1.4 km (1sigma), and a density of rho = 1.71 +/- 0.08 g cm(-3). This occultation also provides upper limits of 110 and 15 (3sigma) nanobar for an atmosphere around Charon, assuming respectively a pure nitrogen or pure methane atmosphere.

An infant with diaphragmatic eventration and respiratory distress.

The authors report a rare case of partial diaphragmatic eventration in a 4-month-old infant with recurrent wheezing and low serum IgA values. Because of persistent respiratory symptoms after therapy with inhaled short-acting beta2 agonists and inhaled nebulized corticosteroids, surgery was undertaken to correct the defect. Despite surgery, the clinical symptoms did not improve. Consequently, gatroesophagel reflux was considered and the diagnosis was confirmed with pH-metry, after which the infant was started on a protonic pump inhibitor therapy (PPI), achieving clinical improvement. Our experience suggests that in infants with congenital diaphragmatic eventration who present with respiratory distress gastro-oesophageal reflux should be suspected, and PPI therapy should be started before planning surgery.

Effects of a program of hospital-supervised chest physical therapy on lung function tests in children with chronic respiratory disease: 1-year follow-up.

To investigate whether a hospital-supervised program of chest physical therapy improves lung function in children with chronic pulmonary diseases, twenty-four children (4 with Kartagener?s syndrome, 12 with common variable immunodeficiency, and 8 with primary ciliary dyskinesia) average age 11.2 +/- 3.2 years, were randomly assigned to a one-month hospital-supervised program of chest physical therapy (13 patients) or to a control group (11 patients) that continued unsupervised chest physical therapy at home. Lung function was assessed before the program, and one and 12 months after. At the one-month assessment, thoracic gas volume was significantly lower in the supervised group than in the controls. At the one-year assessment, forced expiratory volume in one second was significantly higher in the supervised group than in controls. A supervised program of chest physical therapy significantly improved lung function in children with chronic pulmonary diseases.

Groin Pain Syndrome Italian Consensus Conference on terminology, clinical evaluation and imaging assessment in groin pain in athlete.

The nomenclature and the lack of consensus of clinical evaluation and imaging assessment in groin pain generate significant confusion in this field. The Groin Pain Syndrome Italian Consensus Conference has been organised in order to prepare a consensus document regarding taxonomy, clinical evaluation and imaging assessment for groin pain. A 1-day Consensus Conference was organised on 5 February 2016, in Milan (Italy). 41 Italian experts with different backgrounds participated in the discussion. A consensus document previously drafted was discussed, eventually modified, and finally approved by all members of the Consensus Conference. Unanimous consensus was reached concerning: (1) taxonomy (2) clinical evaluation and (3) imaging assessment. The synthesis of these 3 points is included in this paper. The Groin Pain Syndrome Italian Consensus Conference reached a consensus on three main points concerning the groin pain syndrome assessment, in an attempt to clarify this challenging medical problem.

Physical performance in patients with thalassemia before and after transfusion.

Patients with thalassemia who are on chronic transfusion programs have chronic ventilatory and cardiocirculatory abnormalities. We studied flow-volume curves, blood gas exchange, and cardiorespiratory responses to exercise in 12 patients with thalassemia major (TM) before and 24 hours after transfusions. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed with an exercise tolerance test on a cycle-ergometer. Ten healthy controls underwent the same protocol twice, first at baseline and then 24 hours later, without having had transfusions. We identified two subgroups of patients with a questionnaire: 1) those with no history of airway disease; and 2) those with a history of airway obstruction. Patients with no history of airway disease had normal baseline expiratory flows and no posttransfusion changes; those with a history of airway obstruction had lower pretransfusion expiratory flows rates and significantly decreased posttransfusion forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of forced vital capacity (FEV25-75%). As a group, TM patients had significantly lower pretransfusion cardiorespiratory function than controls; TM patients' maximum workload was 33% lower, maximum ventilation was 38% lower, maximum oxygen uptake was 25.7% lower, oxygen pulse was 28.6% lower, dyspnea index was 10.6% lower, and ventilatory equivalent for oxygen was 27.1% lower than in control subjects. Although cardiorespiratory responses to exercise improved in both subgroups after transfusion, patients with a history of airways obstruction had a significant posttransfusion increase in their dyspnea index (P = 0.05) and further increased their already abnormally high values of PETCO2 (43 mmHg). These results suggest that the transfusion worsened relative hypoventilation at the maximum workload only in the subgroup with a history of airway obstruction.

Scanning electron microscopy of rabbit tubes at different intervals after anastomosis using fibrin glue.

Eighteen New Zealand White rabbits were submitted to tubal anastomosis using fibrin glue. The animals were then killed at different intervals (2-56 days) and the tubes were removed for analysis with the scanning electron microscope in order to study re-epithelialization and ciliogenesis. For the first 4 days after the operation the epithelium seemed to suffer considerable traumatic effects and was de-epithelialized. On the 6th day cells with microvilli appeared and towards the 10th day the first cilia were seen. Ciliogenesis was complete between 2 and 4 weeks after the operation, at which time the cilia re-acquired the ability to beat in coordination, as well as attaining normal quantity and length. The time required for recovery by the epithelium after anastomosis with fibrin glue would thus seem similar to that required when other suture materials are used. Fibrin glue thus combines the advantage of a considerable reduction in operating times with the ability to be rapidly reabsorbed, with complete restitutio ad integrum of the tissues.

A prostaglandin analogue (ONO-802) in treatment of missed abortion, intrauterine fetal death and hydatiform mole: a dose-finding trial.

Forty-eight patients affected with missed abortion, intrauterine fetal death and hydatiform mole were treated with vaginal suppositories containing 1 mg of 16,16-dimethyl-trans-delta 2-PGE1 methyl ester (ONO-802). The patients were divided into two treatment groups. The first, Group A, was given one vaginal suppository every 3 h to a maximum of five suppositories. The product of conception was expelled in 95.8% of patients. In Group B the maximum number of suppositories was reduced to three. The product of conception was expelled in 100% of cases and the average duration of treatment was similar to that for the first group. Although side-effects were mild in both groups, they were reduced in the patients of Group B.

[Measurement of the metabolic response to physical exercise in children. Influence of training and bronchospasm]. / La misura della risposta metabolica all'esercizio fisico nei soggetti in età pediatrica. Influenza dell'allenamento e del broncospasmo.

A treadmill incremental exercise test was performed on 30 children. They were 18 healthy subjects (17 males, 1 female, age 7-16 years) and 12 asthmatic subjects (10 males, 2 females, age 9-19 years). The latter were characterized by exercise induced asthma (E.I.B.) and underwent a second test after the administration of Beta 2-adrenergic drug. During the test, while increasing the work-load, measurements were made of ventilation, O2 uptake CO2 production and heart-rate. No significant difference was found comparing the performances of the healthy subjects with those of the asthmatic patients. On the contrary trained subjects (both healthy and asthmatic) showed a better performance when compared to untrained subjects. In the presence of E.I.B. only untrained asthmatic children had their performances diminished. It is concluded that adequate information is required in order to avoid the negative consequences of exercising in the asthmatic subjects: physical exercise can be freely practised by children with asthma but they should be educated to recognize the limitations the bronchospasm can possibly represent for them.

[Status asthmaticus]. / Lo stato asmatico.

Through a careful examination of the up-to-date literature on the subject, the Authors provide a full account of the present knowledge about the physiopathology of the status asthmaticus; at the same time they draw a practical exhaustive guide to the treatment to be carried out in hospital. The work arises from the considerable increase of mortality rate, due to asthma, recorded in the last few years.

[Accidents in childhood. Experiences at the Emergency Department of the Bambino Gesù Hospital of Rome]. / Gli infortuni in età pediatrica. L'esperienza del Servizio di Accettazione e Soccorso dell'Ospedale "Bambino Gesù" di Roma.

Considering the clinical and statistical data about injured children coming to the emergency department in the years between 1990 and 1995, the Authors hope better information, identification of risks, use of safety devices in order to successfully implement precautionary measures and the assistance in accidents which still are the first reason for death in children.

Note: cryogenic coaxial microwave filters.

The careful filtering of microwave electromagnetic radiation is critical for controlling the electromagnetic environment for experiments in solid-state quantum information processing and quantum metrology at millikelvin temperatures. We describe the design and fabrication of a coaxial filter assembly and demonstrate that its performance is in excellent agreement with theoretical modelling. We further perform an indicative test of the operation of the filters by making current-voltage measurements of small, underdamped Josephson junctions at 15 mK.