High-resolution metabolic mapping of the cerebellum using 2D zoom magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging.

PURPOSE: The human cerebellum plays an important role in the functional activity of the cerebrum, ranging from motor to cognitive systems given its relaying role between the spinal cord and cerebrum. The cerebellum poses many challenges to Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) due to its caudal location, susceptibility to physiological artifacts, and partial volume artifacts resulting from its complex anatomical structure. Thus, in the present study, we propose a high-resolution MRSI acquisition scheme for the cerebellum. METHODS: A zoom or reduced field of view (rFOV) metabolite-cycled MRSI acquisition at 3 Tesla, with a grid of 48 × 48, was developed to achieve a nominal resolution of 62.5 µL. Single-slice rFOV MRSI data were acquired from the cerebellum of 5 healthy subjects with a nominal resolution of 2.5 × 2.5 × 10 mm3 in 9.6 min. Spectra were quantified using the LCModel package. A spatially unbiased atlas template of the cerebellum was used to analyze metabolite distributions in the cerebellum. RESULTS: The superior quality of the achieved spectra-enabled generation of high-resolution metabolic maps of total N-acetylaspartate, total Creatine (tCr), total Choline (tCho), glutamate+glutamine, and myo-inositol, with Cramér-Rao lower bounds below 50%. A template-based regions of interest (ROI) analysis resulted in spatially dependent metabolite distributions in 9 ROIs. The group-averaged high-resolution metabolite maps across subjects increased the contrast-to-noise ratio between cerebellum regions. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that very high-resolution metabolite probing of the cerebellum is feasible using rFOV or zoomed MRSI at 3 Tesla.

Fast in vivo 23 Na imaging and T2∗ mapping using accelerated 2D-FID UTE magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging at 3 T: Proof of concept and reliability study.

PURPOSE: To implement an accelerated MR-acquisition method allowing to map T2∗ relaxation and absolute concentration of sodium within skeletal muscles at 3T. METHODS: A fast-UTE-2D density-weighted concentric-ring-trajectory 23 Na-MRSI technique was used to acquire 64 time points of FID with a spectral bandwidth of 312.5 Hz with an in-plane resolution of 2.5 × 2.5 mm2 in ~15 min. The fast-relaxing 23 Na signal was localized with a single-shot, inversion-recovery-based, non-echo (SIRENE) outer volume suppression (OVS) method. The sequence was verified using simulation and phantom studies before implementing it in human calf muscles. To evaluate the 2D-SIRENE-MRSI (UTE = 0.55 ms) imaging performance, it was compared to a 3D-MRI (UTE = 0.3 ms) sequence. Both data sets were acquired within 2 same-day sessions to assess repeatability. The T2∗ values were fitted voxel-by-voxel using a biexponential model for the 2D-MRSI data. Finally, intra-subject coefficients of variation (CV) were estimated. RESULTS: The MRSI-FID data allowed us to map the fast and slow components of T2∗ in the calf muscles. The spatial distributions of 23 Na concentration for both MRSI and 3D-MRI acquisitions were significantly correlated (P < .001). The test-retest analysis rendered high repeatability for MRSI with a CV of 5%. The mean T2Fast∗ in muscles was 0.7 ± 0.1 ms (contribution fraction = 37%), whereas T2Slow∗ was 13.2 ± 0.2 ms (63%). The mean absolute muscle 23 Na concentration calculated from the T2∗ -corrected data was 28.6 ± 3.3 mM. CONCLUSION: The proposed MRSI technique is a reliable technique to map sodium's absolute concentration and T2∗ within a clinically acceptable scan time at 3T.