[The gastric regenerative effect of consumption of Petroselinum sativum L. (parsley) in rats with gastritis induced by ethanol]. / Efecto regenerador gástrico del consumo de Petroselinum sativum L. (perejil) en ratas con gastritis inducida por etanol.

Our objective is to determine the gastric regenerative effect of Petroselinum sativum L. (parsley) consumption in rats with ethanolinduced gastritis. We developed an analytical, experimental, classical, cross-sectional, prospective study. We worked with 36 male Wistar rats (250 ± 30 g.p.c.) randomly distributed into 6 groups (n=6). Groups II-VI were subjected to a 24-hour fast to induce gastric ulcer by administering 10 mL/kg.p.c. of 70% ethanol via orogastric. After one hour, group II was sacrificed to observe the ulcerative damage in the stomach. Afterward, the aqueous extract of fresh parsley leaves (EAHP) was prepared, and the following treatment was administered to the other groups through the orogastric route for 3 days: group III, 10 mL/kg.p.c. 0.9% NaCl solution; and EAHP to groups IV-VI (150, 300, and 600 mg/Kg.p.c., respectively). The rats were then fasted for 24 hours before being sacrificed by breaking their necks. Subsequently, a laparotomy was performed to extract the stomach. The EAHP generated greater production of gastric mucus in the doses of 300 mg/kg.p.c. with 78.03% and 600 mg/kg.p.c. with 80.52% (p<0.05). This was consistent with what was observed histologically in the gastric mucosa, showing only signs of inflammation of the submucosa in the groups that consumed EAHP (IV-VI), compared with fibrinoid necrosis in the groups that did not consume it (II and III). In conclusion, the consumption of EAHP has a gastric regenerative effect in rats with ethanol-induced gastritis.

Citroniella saccharovorans gen. nov. sp. nov., a member of the family Peptoniphilaceae isolated from a human fecal sample from a coastal traditional community member.

A novel Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming coccus-shaped obligately anaerobic bacterium was recovered from a fecal sample obtained from an individual from a traditional community located on the southern coast of Peru. The results of analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated the novel bacterium to be phylogenetically distinct from other genera of members of the Peptoniphilaceae family, sharing a loose affinity with the genera Ezakiella, Finegoldia, Gallicola and Parvimonas. The major cellular fatty acids of the novel isolate were determined to be C16:0, C17:1ω8c, and C18:1ω9c. The DNA G+C content was 29.9 mol%. End products of metabolism from peptone yeast glucose broth (PYG) were determined to be acetate and methyl succinate. The diagnostic diamino acid present in the cell wall was lysine. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic results the organism is a member of a novel genus belonging to the family Peptoniphilaceae for which the name Citroniella saccharovorans gen nov. sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is M6.X9T (DSM 29873T=CCUG 66799T).

Peptoniphilus catoniae sp. nov., isolated from a human faecal sample from a traditional Peruvian coastal community.

A novel Gram-stain-positive, coccus-shaped, obligately anaerobic bacterium was isolated from a faecal sample obtained from an individual in a traditional community located off the southern coast of Peru. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed the novel bacterium belonged to the genus Peptoniphilus but showed no particular relationship with any species, demonstrating less than 91 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with all members of the genus. The major cellular fatty acids of the novel isolate were determined to be C10 : 0, C14 : 0, C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c and C18 : 2ω6,9c/anteiso-C18 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 34.4 mol%. End-products of metabolism from peptone-yeast-glucose broth (PYG) were determined to be acetate and butyrate. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic results, the organism represents a novel species of the genus Peptoniphilus, for which the name Peptoniphilus catoniae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M6.X2DT ( = DSM 29874T = CCUG 66798T).

Ezakiella peruensis gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from human fecal sample from a coastal traditional community in Peru.

A novel Gram-stain positive, non-motile, non-sporeforming coccus-shaped, obligately anaerobic bacterium was isolated from a fecal sample of an individual residing in a traditional Peruvian community. The organism was characterized using biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic methods. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses and phenotypic characteristics demonstrated that the organism was biochemically and phenotypically related, but distinct, from a group of organisms referred to as the Gram-stain positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC). The major cellular fatty acids of the novel isolate were determined to be C16:0 (18.3%), C18:1ω9c (39.8%), C18:2ω6,9c/C18:0 ANTE (13.2%). Fermentation end products from PYG are acetate and formate. Cell-wall peptidoglycan was found to be A4α (L-Lys-L-Ala-L-Glu) and the G + C content was determined to be 38.4 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic results, Ezakiella peruensis gen. nov., sp. nov., is now proposed. The type strain is M6.X2(T) (DSM 27367(T) = NBRC 109957 (T) = CCUG 64571(T)).

Untargeted Fecal Metabolomic Analyses across an Industrialization Gradient Reveal Shared Metabolites and Impact of Industrialization on Fecal Microbiome-Metabolome Interactions.

The metabolome is a central determinant of human phenotypes and includes the plethora of small molecules produced by host and microbiome or taken up from exogenous sources. However, studies of the metabolome have so far focused predominantly on urban, industrialized populations. Through an untargeted metabolomic analysis of 90 fecal samples from human individuals from Africa and the Americas-the birthplace and the last continental expansion of our species, respectively-we characterized a shared human fecal metabolome. The majority of detected metabolite features were ubiquitous across populations, despite any geographic, dietary, or behavioral differences. Such shared metabolite features included hyocholic acid and cholesterol. However, any characterization of the shared human fecal metabolome is insufficient without exploring the influence of industrialization. Here, we show chemical differences along an industrialization gradient, where the degree of industrialization correlates with metabolomic changes. We identified differential metabolite features such as amino acid-conjugated bile acids and urobilin as major metabolic correlates of these behavioral shifts. Additionally, coanalyses with over 5,000 publicly available human fecal samples and cooccurrence probability analyses with the gut microbiome highlight connections between the human fecal metabolome and gut microbiome. Our results indicate that industrialization significantly influences the human fecal metabolome, but diverse human lifestyles and behavior still maintain a shared human fecal metabolome. This study represents the first characterization of the shared human fecal metabolome through untargeted analyses of populations along an industrialization gradient. IMPORTANCE As the world becomes increasingly industrialized, understanding the biological consequences of these lifestyle shifts and what it means for past, present, and future human health is critical. Indeed, industrialization is associated with rises in allergic and autoimmune health conditions and reduced microbial diversity. Exploring these health effects on a chemical level requires consideration of human lifestyle diversity, but understanding the significance of any differences also requires knowledge of what molecular components are shared between human groups. Our study reveals the key chemistry of the human gut as defined by varied industrialization-based differences and ubiquitous shared features. Ultimately, these novel findings extend our knowledge of human molecular biology, especially as it is influenced by lifestyle and behavior, and provide steps toward understanding how human biology has changed over our species' history.

Analysis of global human gut metagenomes shows that metabolic resilience potential for short-chain fatty acid production is strongly influenced by lifestyle.

High taxonomic diversity in non-industrial human gut microbiomes is often interpreted as beneficial; however, it is unclear if taxonomic diversity engenders ecological resilience (i.e. community stability and metabolic continuity). We estimate resilience through genus and species-level richness, phylogenetic diversity, and evenness in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production among a global gut metagenome panel of 12 populations (n = 451) representing industrial and non-industrial lifestyles, including novel metagenomic data from Burkina Faso (n = 90). We observe significantly higher genus-level resilience in non-industrial populations, while SCFA production in industrial populations is driven by a few phylogenetically closely related species (belonging to Bacteroides and Clostridium), meaning industrial microbiomes have low resilience potential. Additionally, database bias obfuscates resilience estimates, as we were 2-5 times more likely to identify SCFA-encoding species in industrial microbiomes compared to non-industrial. Overall, we find high phylogenetic diversity, richness, and evenness of bacteria encoding SCFAs in non-industrial gut microbiomes, signaling high potential for resilience in SCFA production, despite database biases that limit metagenomic analysis of non-industrial populations.

Actividad antioxidante del fruto de Rubus sparsiflorus (Shiraca) / Antioxidant activity of the fruit of Rubus sparsiflorus (Shiraca)

Objetivo: Determinar la actividad antioxidante del fruto de Rubus sparsiflorus (shiraca). Material y métodos: Se preparó un homogenizado con agua destilada y se centrifugó a 15,000 rpm por 10 minutos, el sobrenadante se utilizó para realizar las determinaciones analíticas. Los polifenoles se determinaron con la técnica de Singleton y Rossi, los flavonoides con la técnica de Jia, Tang y Wu, la vitamina C con la técnica de Jagota y Dan y las antocianinas con la de Giusti y Wrolstad. Así mismo, se determinó la capacidad antioxidante utilizando las técnicas FRAP (Benzie y Strain), DPPH (Brand-Williams, Cuvellier y Berset), ABTS (Rice-Evans, Miller y Paganga) y el sistema ascorbato/cobre (Uchida y Kawakishi).Resultados: La shiraca madura mostró un contenido de polifenoles de 415.4 mg. EAG/100g de fruta, flavonoides 72.03 mg.EC/100g de fruta y antocianinas 147.38 mg de cianidina-3-glucósido/100g de fruta que fueron más elevados que la shiraca verde, en cambio, el contenido de vitamina C fue similar en el fruto maduro (108.35 mg/100g) y el verde (118.52 mg/100g). Así mismo, la actividad antioxidante del fruto maduro evaluada con las técnicas FRAP (8.05 mmoles de Fe-II/100 g de fruta), DPPH (IC50 = 0.76 mg/mL), ABTS (IC50 = 0.147 mg/mL) y el sistema ascorbato/cobre (IC50 = 2.16 mg/mL) mostraron que el fruto maduro tuvo mayor capacidad antioxidante que el fruto verde.Conclusiones: La shiraca principalmente la madura, es un fruto que posee una elevada capacidad antioxidante y un alto contenido de polifenoles, flavonoides y vitamina C.(AU)

Objective: To determine the antioxidant activity of thefruit of Rubus sparsiflorus (shiraca). Material and methods: A homogenate was preparedwith distilled water and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 10 min-utes, the supernatant was used to perform the analytical de-terminations. Polyphenols were determined using theSingleton and Rossi technique, flavonoids using the Jia, Tangand Wu technique, vitamin C using the Jagota and Dan tech-nique, and anthocyanins using the Giusti and Wrolstad tech-nique. Likewise, the antioxidant capacity was determined us-ing the FRAP (Benzie and Strain), DPPH (Brand-Williams,Cuvellier and Berset), ABTS (Rice-Evans, Miller and Paganga)techniques and the ascorbate/copper system (Uchida andKawakishi). Results: The mature shiraca showed a polyphenol contentof 415.4 mg GAE/100g of fruit, flavonoids 72.03 mg.CE/100gof fruit and anthocyanins 147.38 mg of cyanidin-3-gluco-side/100g of fruit that were higher than the green shiraca, in-stead, the content of vitamin C was similar in the mature fruit(108.35 mg/100g) and the green fruit (118.52 mg/100g).Likewise, the antioxidant activity of the mature fruit evaluatedwith the techniques FRAP (8.05 mmoles of Fe-II/100 g of fruit), DPPH (IC50 = 0.76 mg/mL), ABTS (IC50 = 0.147 mg/mL) andthe ascorbate/copper system (IC50 = 2.16 mg/mL) showedthat the mature fruit had higher antioxidant capacity than thegreen fruit. Conclusions: Shiraca, mainly the mature one, is a fruitthat has a high antioxidant capacity and a high content ofpolyphenols, flavonoids and vitamin C.(AU)

Efecto regenerador gástrico del consumo de Petroselinum sativum L. (perejil) en ratas con gastritis inducida por etanol

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto regenerador gástrico del consumo de Petroselinum sativum L. (perejil) en ratas con gastritis inducida por etanol. Se realizó un estudio analítico, experimental clásico, transversal, prospectivo. Se trabajó con 36 ratas Wistar machos (250 ± 30 g.p.c.) distribuidas aleatoriamente en 6 grupos (n=6). Los grupos II-VI fueron sometidos a ayuno de 24 horas para inducirles úlcera gástrica administrándoles 10 mL/kg.p.c. de etanol al 70% vía orogástrica. Después de una hora, se procedió a sacrificar al grupo II para observar el daño ulceroso en el estómago. Después, se elaboró el extracto acuoso de hojas frescas de perejil (EAHP) y se administró a los demás grupos el siguiente tratamiento por vía orogástrica durante 3 días: grupo III, 10 mL/kg.p.c. de solución de NaCl al 0,9%; y EAHP a los grupos IV-VI (150, 300 y 600 mg/kg.p.c., respectivamente). Enseguida, las ratas fueron sometidas a ayuno de 24 horas para luego ser sacrificadas por desnucamiento. Posteriormente, se les realizó una laparotomía para la extracción del estómago. El EAHP generó mayor producción de moco gástrico en las dosis de 300 mg/kg.p.c. con 78,03% y de 600 mg/kg.p.c. con 80,52% (p<0,05). Esto concordó con lo observado histológicamente en la mucosa gástrica, mostrando solo signos de inflamación de la submucosa en los grupos que consumieron EAHP (IV-VI), en comparación con necrosis fibrinoide de los grupos que no lo consumieron (II y III). En conclusión, el consumo de EAHP tiene un efecto regenerador gástrico en ratas con gastritis inducida por etanol.

Our objective is to determine the gastric regenerative effect of Petroselinum sativum L. (parsley) consumption in rats with ethanolinduced gastritis. We developed an analytical, experimental, classical, cross-sectional, prospective study. We worked with 36 male Wistar rats (250 ± 30 g.p.c.) randomly distributed into 6 groups (n=6). Groups II-VI were subjected to a 24-hour fast to induce gastric ulcer by administering 10 mL/kg.p.c. of 70% ethanol via orogastric. After one hour, group II was sacrificed to observe the ulcerative damage in the stomach. Afterward, the aqueous extract of fresh parsley leaves (EAHP) was prepared, and the following treatment was administered to the other groups through the orogastric route for 3 days: group III, 10 mL/kg.p.c. 0.9% NaCl solution; and EAHP to groups IV-VI (150, 300, and 600 mg/Kg.p.c., respectively). The rats were then fasted for 24 hours before being sacrificed by breaking their necks. Subsequently, a laparotomy was performed to extract the stomach. The EAHP generated greater production of gastric mucus in the doses of 300 mg/kg.p.c. with 78.03% and 600 mg/kg.p.c. with 80.52% (p<0.05). This was consistent with what was observed histologically in the gastric mucosa, showing only signs of inflammation of the submucosa in the groups that consumed EAHP (IV-VI), compared with fibrinoid necrosis in the groups that did not consume it (II and III). In conclusion, the consumption of EAHP has a gastric regenerative effect in rats with ethanol-induced gastritis.

Estilo de vida, estado nutricional y riesgo cardiovascular en trabajadores de la salud / Lifestyle, nutritional status and cardiovascular risk in health workers

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares a nivel mundial constituyen un problema de salud pública, siendo responsables de 16,7 millones de muertes por año. Así mismo, en Ecuador representa alrededor de 25,6 muertes por 100,000 habitantes. Entre las causas se destacan los inadecuados hábitos alimentarios, la inactividad física, el consumo de tabaco y el consumo nocivo de alcohol. Objetivo: Determinar los estilos de vida, estado nutricional y riesgo cardiovascular que presentan los trabajadores de la Salud. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal. Incluyó a 130 trabajadores del Hospital Provincial Martin Icaza de Babahoyo-Los Ríos-Ecuador durante los años 2015 y 2016. Para la recolección de la información de estilos de vida se utilizó el cuestionario FANTÁSTICO modificado. Se aplicó el score de Framingham para la determinación del riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados: La muestra de investigación estuvo constituida por 82 mujeres y 48 varones que representaron el 63,1% y 36,9% respectivamente. La edad osciló entre 23 a 68 años. Aproximadamente, la mitad de la muestra presentó un inadecuado consumo de alimentos y consumo de alcohol; la mayoría no consumía tabaco y tenía un buen manejo del estrés y sus características asociadas. Por otro lado, el 72,3%presentó un IMC de exceso de peso (sobrepeso 40,8 % y obesidad 31,5%) y el 96,2% tuvo un porcentaje de grasa elevado. Los parámetros bioquímicos de glucosa, colesterol HDL y presión arterial se encontraron normales, mientras que, el57,7% reportó niveles de colesterol total elevado. Finalmente, el estilo de vida tuvo una calificación de malo (33,1%) y el riesgo cardiovascular fue bajo (88,5%). Conclusiones: La identificación temprana de los inadecuados estilos de vida permite a corto plazo el diseño de un programa de intervención que ayude a prevenir las enfermedades cardiovasculares en aquellos trabajadores que presentan factores de riesgo. (AU)

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases worldwide constitute a public health problem, being responsible for 16.7 million deaths per year. Likewise, in Ecuador it represents around 25.6 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. Among the causes are inadequate eating habits, physical inactivity, tobacco consumption and harmful use of alcohol. Objective: Determine the lifestyles, nutritional status and cardiovascular risk of Health workers. Materials and methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out. It included 130 workers from the Martin Icaza Provincial Hospital in Babahoyo-Los Ríos-Ecuador during the years 2015 and 2016. To collect the information on lifestyles, the validated FANTASTIC questionnaire was used. The Framingham score was applied to determine cardiovascular risk. Results: The research sample consisted of 82 women and 48 men, representing 63.1% and 36.9% respectively. The age ranged from 23 to 68 years. Approximately, half of the sample presented inadequate food consumption and alcohol consumption; the majority did not use tobacco and had good management of stress and its associated characteristics. On the other hand, 72.3% had a BMI of excess weight (overweight 40.8% and obesity 31.5%) and 96.2% had a high percentage of fat. The biochemical parameters of glucose, HDL cholesterol and blood pressure were found normal, while 57.7% reported elevated total cholesterol levels. Finally, the life style was rated bad (33.1%) and the cardiovascular risk was low (88.5%). Conclusions: The early identification of inappropriate lifestyles allows promoting healthy habits that help prevent cardiovascular disease in the long term in workers with risk factors. (AU)

Subsistence strategies in traditional societies distinguish gut microbiomes.

Recent studies suggest that gut microbiomes of urban-industrialized societies are different from those of traditional peoples. Here we examine the relationship between lifeways and gut microbiota through taxonomic and functional potential characterization of faecal samples from hunter-gatherer and traditional agriculturalist communities in Peru and an urban-industrialized community from the US. We find that in addition to taxonomic and metabolic differences between urban and traditional lifestyles, hunter-gatherers form a distinct sub-group among traditional peoples. As observed in previous studies, we find that Treponema are characteristic of traditional gut microbiomes. Moreover, through genome reconstruction (2.2-2.5 MB, coverage depth × 26-513) and functional potential characterization, we discover these Treponema are diverse, fall outside of pathogenic clades and are similar to Treponema succinifaciens, a known carbohydrate metabolizer in swine. Gut Treponema are found in non-human primates and all traditional peoples studied to date, suggesting they are symbionts lost in urban-industrialized societies.

Participación materna en prevención y control de anemia con micronutrientes en lactantes. Distrito de Independencia, Lima - 2015 / Maternal engagement in infant's prevention and control of anemia with micronutrients. District of Independencia, Lima - 2015

Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de participación materna en el cumplimiento del esquema de suplementación con micronutrientes (MN) para la prevención y control de anemia en niños menores de 24 meses en el distrito de Independencia en Lima entre el 2015 y 2016. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, longitudinal, retrospectivo realizado en el centro de salud Ermitaño Bajo. Participaron madres cuyos niños iniciaron suplementación con micronutrientes. Los datos se recolectaron de 40 historias clínicas seleccionadas. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante estadísticas descriptivas. Principales medidas de resultados: I) Participación alta: recibió ≥181 sobres (MN) y realizó ≥2 dosajes de hemoglobina al niño. II) Participación intermedia alta: recibió ≥181 sobres (MN) y realizó ≤1 dosaje de hemoglobina. III) Participación intermedia baja: recibió ≤180 sobres (MN) y realizó ≥2 dosajes de hemoglobina. IV) Participación baja: recibió ≤180 sobres (MN) y realizó ≤1 dosaje de hemoglobina. Resultados: I) Participación alta: 9 (22,5 %), II) Participación intermedia alta: 3 (7,5 %), III) Participación intermedia baja: 5 (12 5 %) y IV) Participación baja: 23 (57,5 %). Conclusiones: Solo 9 madres (22,5 %) tuvieron una participación alta en el cumplimiento del esquema de suplementación con micronutrientes para prevenir y controlar la anemia en niños menores de 24 meses en el Centro de Salud Ermitaño Bajo del distrito de Independencia

Objective: To identify the level of maternal engagement in complying with the micronutrient (MN) supplementation guidelines for the prevention and control of anemia in children under 24 months of age "in the district of Independencia, Lima, between the years 2015 and 2016". Materials and methods: A descriptive, observational, longitudinal and retrospective study was performed at the Centro de Salud Ermitaño Bajo, district of Independencia, Lima, between the years 2015 and 2016. Participants were mothers whose children started micronutrient supplementation. Data was collected from 40 selected medical records. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. Main outcome measures were: I) High level of engagement: the infant received ≥ 181 MN sachets and ≥ 2 hemoglobin doses. II) Intermediate-high level of engagement: the infant received ≥ 181 MN sachets and ≤ 1 hemoglobin dose. III) Intermediate-low level of engagement: the infant received ≤ 180 MN sachets and ≥ 2 hemoglobin doses. IV) Low level of engagement: the infant received ≤ 180 MN sachets and ≤ 1 hemoglobin dose. Results: I) High level of engagement: 9 mothers (22.5 %). II) Intermediate-high level of engagement: 3 mothers (7.5 %). III) Intermediate-low level of engagement: 5 mothers (12.5 %). IV) Low level of engagement: 23 mothers (57.5 %). Conclusions: Only 9 (22.5 %) mothers had a high level of engagement in complying with the micronutrient supplementation guidelinesfor the prevention and control of anemia in children under 24 months of age at the Centro de Salud Ermitaño Bajo, district of Independencia

Anemia en el primer control de gestantes en un centro de salud de Lima, Perú y su relación con el estado nutricional pregestacional / Anemia at the first prenatal visit in a health center in Lima, Peru, and its relationship with the pregestational nutritional status

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de anemia en gestantes y su relación con el estado nutricional pregestacional. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal y retrospectivo, realizado en el Servicio de Obstetricia y Nutrición del Centro de Salud del distrito de Santiago de Surco entre el 1 de julio de 2015 y el 31 julio de 2016.Se revisaron 455 historias clínicas materno-perinatales (HCMP) del servicio de Obstetricia del Centro de Salud de Surco de las que se seleccionaron 93 que cumplian los criterios de inclusión. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva.Resultados: El 11,8 % de gestantes presentaron anemia. La hemoglobina promedio en las gestantes fue 12,2 ± 1,06 g/dl. El 58,5 % tenía índice de masa corporal (IMC) pregestacional normal y también una mayor frecuencia de anemia (10,7 %). Se observó que los casos de anemia son más frecuentes en los dos primeros trimestres, con un promedio de 4,8 %, y disminuyen en el tercer trimestre (2,2 %). Conclusiones: La mayor frecuencia de anemia en mujeres embarazadas se presentó en el grupo con IMC pregestacional normal. Los niveles de hemoglobina disminuyen de acuerdo a la edad de la madre y aumentan conforme a la edad gestacional.

Objective: To determine the frequency of anemia in pregnant women and its relationship with the pregestational nutritional status.Materials and methods: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study was carried out in the Obstetrics and Nutrition Department of the Centro de Salud de Surco between July 1, 2015 and July 31, 2016. Four hundred fifty-five (455) maternal perinatal medical records (HCMP) from the Obstetrics Department of the Centro de Salud de Surco were reviewed, out of which 93 met the inclusion criteria and were selected. Descriptive statistics was used.Results:Eleven point eight percent (11.8 %) of the pregnant women presented anemia. The average hemoglobin level in the aforementioned women was 12.2 ± 1.06 g/dl. Fifty-eight point five percent (58.5 %) had a normal pregestational body mass index (BMI) and the highest frequency of anemia (10.7 %). It was observed that cases of anemia were more frequent in the first two quarters of pregnancy, reaching on average 4.8 %, and decreased in the third quarter (2.2 %).Conclusions: The highest frequency of anemia in pregnant women occurred in the normal pregestational BMI group. Hemoglobin levels decrease according to the age of the mother and increase according to the gestational age.

Estudio histopatológico de los efectos de la administración de hierro hemo y sulfato ferroso con vitamina C en cerebro e hígado de rata / Histopathological study of the effects of administering heme iron and ferrous sulfate with vitamin C in rat liver and brain

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto que ejerce la administración de hierro hemo y la de sulfato ferroso con vitamina C en hígado y cerebro de rata. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron ratas albinas Holtzman mantenidas en un bioterio con temperatura de 22 ± 2° C, humedad entre 50 y 70 % y 12 horas de luz y 12 horas de oscuridad, que recibieron 4,0 mg de hierro elemental/kg p.c. bajo la forma de hierro hemo o como sulfato ferroso + 10 mg de vitamina C durante siete días, a cuyo término se sacrificaron y se les extrajo sangre, hígado y cerebro. Se hicieron los cortes histológicos que se trataron con hematoxilina-eosina para la observación microscópica y en el suero se midió la capacidad antioxidante.Resultados: Los cerebros de las ratas que recibieron tratamiento con hierro hemo y sulfato ferroso + vitamina C no sufrieron alteraciones significativas, mientras que los cortes histológicos de hígado de ratas tratadas con hierro hemo mostraron un parénquima sin distribución polar, algunos núcleos carentes de citoplasma y numerosas células de Küpffer a nivel del sinusoide. En cambio, las ratas que fueron tratadas con sulfato ferroso + vitamina C presentaron un parénquima hepático deteriorado notablemente, algunas áreas con núcleos sueltos sin citoplasma y otras con citoplasma cuya membrana había desaparecido. Además, en algunas zonas, el parénquima hepático se encontraba homogenizado.Conclusiones: Los cerebros de las ratas tratadas con hierro hemo y las que recibieron sulfato ferroso + vitamina C prácticamente no sufrieron modificación alguna, en cambio, el hígado de las ratas tratadas con sulfato ferroso + vitamina C presentaron mayor daño hepático que las tratadas con hierro hemo.

Objective: To determine the effect exerted by the administration of heme iron and ferrous sulfate with vitamin C in rat liver and brain. Materials and methods:The study used Holtzman albino rats housed in a bioterium with a temperature of 22 ± 2 °C, humidity between 50 and 70 %, and 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness. They received elemental iron 4.0 mg/kg b.w. as heme iron or ferrous sulfate + vitamin C 10 mg for seven days, at which time they were sacrificed, and blood, liver and brain were extracted. Histological sections were made and treated with hematoxylin-eosin for microscopic observation, and serum antioxidant capacity was measured.Results: The brains of the rats treated with heme iron and ferrous sulfate + vitamin C did not undergo significant changes, while the histological sections of the livers of the rats treated with heme iron showed a parenchyma without polar distribution, some nuclei lacking cytoplasm and numerous Küpffer cells at the sinusoidal level. In contrast, the rats treated with ferrous sulfate + vitamin C had a significantly deteriorated hepatic parenchyma, some areas with loose nuclei without cytoplasm and others with disappeared cytoplasmic membranes. In addition, in some areas, the liver parenchyma was homogenized. Conclusions: The brains of the rats treated with heme iron and those with ferrous sulfate + vitamin C did not practically undergo any change. In contrast, the liver of the rats treated with ferrous sulfate + vitamin C had greater liver damage than those treated with heme iron.

Comparación de sistemas de fijación en reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior en el Hospital Nacional de la Policía / Comparison of fixation systems for anterior cruciate ligament rupture reconstruction at Hospital Nacional de Policia

Introducción. La rotura del ligamento cruzado anterior es frecuente y conlleva a una gran inestabilidad de la rodilla, siendo la reconstrucción el tratamiento ideal. Objetivo. Evaluar la evolución funcional de pacientes operados de reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior con sistemas de anclaje externo y expansión interna. Diseño. Estudio analítico, observacional, longitudinal y ambispectivo. Lugar. Departamento de Traumatología y Ortopedia, Hospital Nacional de la Policía "Luis Nicasio Sáenz", Lima, Perú. Participantes.Todos los pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión durante el periodo enero a diciembre 2014. Intervenciones. La recolección de datos se basó en la historia clínica, examen físico y la aplicación de la escalas de Lysholm y Tegner al inicio del estudio y a los 6 y 12 meses de seguimiento. Los resultados fueron analizados con estadística descriptiva e inferencial con las pruebas de Shapiro-Wilk y U de Mann-Withney para variables no paramétricas. Resultados. Se incluyó 46 pacientes, 38 hombres y 8 mujeres; la edad promedio fue 31,7 años, se colocaron 13 sistemas de expansión interna y 33 de anclaje externo. No hubo complicaciones intrahospitalarias. La escala de Lysholm mostró un incremento de 65,2 puntos (pobre) en promedio en el preoperatorio a 88,0 puntos (bueno) a 12 meses; la escala de Tegner, dio 7 puntos en 42 pacientes y 8 puntos en 4 pacientes (nivel de actividad física media). No se encontró diferencias significativas sobre la recuperación funcional entre ambos sistemas. Conclusiones. Ambos sistemas de fijación de expansión interna y de anclaje externo tuvieron buenos resultados, mejorando la funcionalidad de la rodilla de pobre a bueno, posterior a la cirugía.

Introduction: The anterior cruciate ligament rupture is common and produces great knee instability; reconstruction is the ideal treatment. Objective: To determine the functional evolution of patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with external anchoring and internal expansion systems. Design: Analytical, observational, longitudinal and ambispective study. Location: Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Hospital Nacional de Policía "Luis Nicasio Saenz", Lima, Peru. Participants: All patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria from January to December 2014. Interventions: Data collection was based on medical history, physical examination and application of the Lysholm and Tegner Knee Scoring Scales at baseline and after 6 and 12 months follow-up. Results were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics with the Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney U tests for nonparametric variables. Results: 46 patients were included, 38 men and 8 women; the mean age was 31.7 years; 13 patients received an internal expansion system and 33, an external anchoring systems were placed. There were no medical complications. Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale showed an increase from 65.2 points (poor) on average in the preoperative assessment to 88.0 points (good) 12 months later; Tegner Activity Scale showed 7 points in 42 patients and 8 points in 4 patients (middle physical activity level). There was no significant difference on functional recovery between the two systems. Conclusions: Both internal expansion and external anchoring fixation systems had good results by improving the knee function from poor to good after surgery

Efecto antioxidante y hepatoprotector del Petroselinum sativum (perejil) en ratas, con intoxicación hepática inducida por paracetamol / Petroselinum sativum (perejil) antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects in rats with paracetamol induced hepatic intoxication

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto antioxidante y hepatoprotector del perejil (Petroselinum sativum) en ratas con intoxicación hepática inducida por paracetamol. Lugar: Centro de Investigación de Bioquímica y Nutrición - ôLaboratorio de Bioquímica Clínica y Nutricional ôLeonidas Delgado Butrónõ ôEmilio Guija Pomaõ - Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Lima, Perú. Diseño: Estudio analítico, transversal, prospectivo y cuasi experimental. Material: Ratas albinas Holtzman machos adultas. Métodos: Se utilizó 40 ratas de 2 meses de edad, con pesos entre 280 y 320 g, distribuidas aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos de 10 animales cada uno. Todos los grupos recibieron la misma dieta y agua ad libitum, además de los respectivos tratamientos, los cuales fueron administrados por vía oral diariamente, durante 5 días: paracetamol (administrado en una dosis de 200 mg/kg de peso corporal) para inducir la intoxicación hepática y, al mismo tiempo, un hepatoprotector, ya fuera farmacológico (fármaco hepatoprotector (FHP): Purinor®) o natural (perejil); además, un grupo de paracetamol solo y otro de control. Al término del período experimental, los animales fueron sacrificados. En suero sanguíneo se determinó aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), alanita aminotransferasa (ALT), gamma glutamil transferasa (GGT), grupos sulfhidrilo, proteínas totales y albúmina sérica; y en el homogenizado citosólico de hígado, fracción posmitocondrial, se determinó superóxido dismutasa, catalasa, glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa, grupos sulfidrilo, especies reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) o radicales libres y proteínas. Además, se realizó el estudio histopatológico del hígado, para identificar signos de necrosis y signos de regeneración posnecrótica. Principales medidas de resultados: Efecto antioxidante y hepatoprotector del perejil. Resultados: El perejil mostró un mejor efecto hepatoprotector que el FHP, frente a la acción nociva...

Objective: To determine the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of parsley (Petroselinum sativum) in rats with paracetamol-induced hepatic intoxication. Setting: Leonidas Delgado Butron - Emilio Guija Poma Clinical and Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory, Biochemistry and Nutrition Research Center, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Design: Analytical, transverse, prospective and quasi-experimental study; only æpostÆ with quasi-control group design. Biologic materials: Adult male Holtzman albino rats. Methods: We utilized forty 2 months old adult rats weighing 280 to 320 g distributed at random in four groups 10 animals each. All groups received the same ad libitum diet and water along with respective treatments administered orally daily during 5 days: paracetamol was administered 200 mg/kg pc) to induce hepatic intoxication and concurrently a pharmacologic (hepatoprotective drug (HPD): Purinor®) or natural (parsley) hepatoprotector; another group was treated with paracetamol only and there was a control group. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the experimental period. We determined in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), sulphidril group, total proteins and serum albumin; and in liver postmitochondrial fraction cytosolic homogenates we determined superoxide dismutase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate deydrogenase, sulphidril group, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) or free radicals and proteins. Besides, histology study of the liver was done to identify both signs of necrosis and postnecrotic regeneration. Main outcome measures: ParsleyÆs antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. Results: Parsley showed a better hepatoprotective effect than HPD against paracetamolÆs nocive effect, as evaluated by AST, ALT and GGT serum levels. Determination of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase...

Estado de nutrición en hierro en una población de 4 a 14 años, urbano marginal, de Lima / Iron nutrition status in 4 to 14 year-old children living in a marginal urban section in Lima

Objetivo: Determinar el estado de nutrición en hierro en una población de 4 a 14 años. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal y prospectivo. Lugar: Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Participantes: Niños, entre 4 y 14 años. Intervenciones: Se estudió 349 niños, 170 de sexo masculino y 179 de sexo femenino, entre 4 y 14 años de edad, del Centro de Salud San Genaro de Villa, Chorrillos, entre setiembre 2001 y agosto 2002. Principales medidas de resultados: Estado de nutrición en hierro. Resultados: El 68,8 por ciento (240) no presentó alteración en el estado de nutrición en hierro (ENH), frente a 31,2 por ciento (109) que sí lo presentó. De los 109 niños con alteración en el ENH, 68,8 por ciento (75) clasificó en el estadio I de depleción latente (ferritina menor que 20 ng/mL), 22,9 por ciento (25), en el estadio II de ferropenia (hierro sérico menor que 60 ug/dL y capacidad total de fijación del hierro mayor que 400 ug/dL), y 8,3 por ciento (9), en el estadio III de anemia ferropénica (hemoglobina menor que 11,5 g/100 mL para menores de 11 años y menor que 12 g/100 mL para 12 a 14 años, hematocrito menor que 34 para menores de 11 años y menor que 36 por ciento para 12 a 14 años, volumen corpuscular medio menor que 80 fl, y hemoglobina corpuscular media menor que 27pg). Conclusiones: El alto porcentaje de niños con alteración en el estado de nutrición en hierro, estadio I, identifica a una población en riesgo de anemia ferropénica. Se recomienda que los estudios de deficiencia en hierro se restrinjan a niños en estadio I, con el fin de establecer políticas de participación ciudadana y establecer alianzas sectoriales y extrasectoriales (sector educación), para la promoción de la nutrición infantil.

Objective: To determine the iron nutrition status in 4 to 14 yearold children. Design: Descriptive, observational, transversal and prospective study. Setting: Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Participants: Four to fourteen year-old children. Interventions: We studied 349 children 4 to 14 year-old, 170 males and 179 females, at San Genaro Health Center, Chorrillos, from September 2001 through August 2002. Main outcome measures: Iron nutritional status. Results: From these children, 68,8 per cent (240) did not present alteration in iron nutrition status (INS), compared with 31,2 per cent who presented this alteration. From the 109 children with iron nutrition status alteration, 68,8 per cent (75) were stage I or latent depletion (ferritine minor 20 ng/mL); 22,9 per cent (25) were stage II or iron deficient (serum iron minor 60 ug/dL and iron total capacity of fixation major 400 ug/dL), and 8,3 per cent (9) were in stage III with iron deficient anemia (hemoglobin minor 11,5 g/100 mL for children less than 11 year-old and minor 12 g/100mL for children 12 to 14 year-old, hematocrit minor 34 per cent for children less than 11 year-old and minor 36 per cent for children 12 to 14 year-old, median corpuscupar volume minor 80 fl and median corpuscular hemoglobin minor 27 pg). Conclusions: The high percentages of children with alteration of the iron nutrition status stage I identifies a population with iron deficiency anemia risk. We recommend that iron deficiency studies be applied only to children in stage I, in order to institute citizen participation public policies and establish alliances with other sectors (education), for childnutrition promotion.