ABSTRACT
A major resistance mechanism in Gram-negative bacteria is the production of ß-lactamase enzymes. Originally recognized for their ability to hydrolyze penicillins, emergent ß-lactamases can now confer resistance to other ß-lactam drugs, including both cephalosporins and carbapenems. The emergence and global spread of ß-lactamase-producing multi-drug-resistant "superbugs" has caused increased alarm within the medical community due to the high mortality rate associated with these difficult-to-treat bacterial infections. To address this unmet medical need, we initiated an iterative program combining medicinal chemistry, structural biology, biochemical testing, and microbiological profiling to identify broad-spectrum inhibitors of both serine- and metallo-ß-lactamase enzymes. Lead optimization, beginning with narrower-spectrum, weakly active compounds, provided 20 (VNRX-5133, taniborbactam), a boronic-acid-containing pan-spectrum ß-lactamase inhibitor. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that 20 restored the activity of ß-lactam antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Taniborbactam is the first pan-spectrum ß-lactamase inhibitor to enter clinical development.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Borinic Acids/chemistry , Borinic Acids/pharmacology , Carboxylic Acids/chemistry , Carboxylic Acids/pharmacology , beta-Lactamase Inhibitors/chemistry , beta-Lactamase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bacteria/drug effects , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Borinic Acids/chemical synthesis , Borinic Acids/therapeutic use , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Carboxylic Acids/chemical synthesis , Carboxylic Acids/therapeutic use , Humans , Mice , Models, Molecular , beta-Lactam Resistance , beta-Lactamase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , beta-Lactamase Inhibitors/therapeutic useABSTRACT
The transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid subtype 4 (V4) is a nonselective cation channel that exhibits polymodal activation and is expressed in the endothelium, where it contributes to intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and regulation of cell volume. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the systemic cardiovascular effects of GSK1016790A, a novel TRPV4 activator, and to examine its mechanism of action. In three species (mouse, rat, and dog), the i.v. administration of GSK1016790A induced a dose-dependent reduction in blood pressure, followed by profound circulatory collapse. In contrast, GSK1016790A had no acute cardiovascular effects in the TRPV4-/- null mouse. Hemodynamic analyses in the dog and rat demonstrate a profound reduction in cardiac output. However, GSK1016790A had no effect on rate or contractility in the isolated, buffer-perfused rat heart, and it produced potent endothelial-dependent relaxation of rodent-isolated vascular ring segments that were abolished by nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition (N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; L-NAME), ruthenium red, and endothelial NOS (eNOS) gene deletion. However, the in vivo circulatory collapse was not altered by NOS inhibition (L-NAME) or eNOS gene deletion but was associated with (concentration and time appropriate) profound vascular leakage and tissue hemorrhage in the lung, intestine, and kidney. TRPV4 immunoreactivity was localized in the endothelium and epithelium in the affected organs. GSK1016790A potently induced rapid electrophysiological and morphological changes (retraction/condensation) in cultured endothelial cells. In summary, inappropriate activation of TRPV4 produces acute circulatory collapse associated with endothelial activation/injury and failure of the pulmonary microvascular permeability barrier. It will be important to determine the role of TRPV4 in disorders associated with edema and microvascular congestion.
Subject(s)
Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Hemodynamics/drug effects , Leucine/analogs & derivatives , Sulfonamides/adverse effects , TRPV Cation Channels/agonists , Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects , Animals , Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism , Capillary Permeability/drug effects , Cell Adhesion/drug effects , Cell Line , Dogs , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism , Female , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Leucine/adverse effects , Leucine/pharmacokinetics , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Molecular Structure , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics , TRPV Cation Channels/genetics , Vasoconstriction/drug effectsABSTRACT
The extension of a previously reported cathepsin K azepanone-based inhibitor template to the design and synthesis of potent and selective inhibitors of the homologous cysteine protease cathepsin L is detailed. Structure-activity studies examining the effect of inhibitor selectivity as a function of the P3 and P2 binding elements of the potent cathepsin K inhibitor 1 revealed that incorporation of either a P3 quinoline-8-carboxamide or a naphthylene-1-carboxamide led to increased selectivity for cathepsin L over cathepsin K. Substitution of the P2 leucine of 1 with either a phenylalanine or a beta-naphthylalanine also resulted in an increased selectivity for cathepsin L over cathepsin K. Molecular modeling studies with the inhibitors docked within the active sites of both cathepsins L and K have rationalized the observed selectivities. Optimization of cathepsin L binding by the combination of the P3 naphthylene-1-carboxamide with the P2 beta-naphthylalanine provided 15, which is a potent, selective, and competitive inhibitor of human cathepsin L with a K(i) = 0.43 nM.
Subject(s)
Azepines/chemical synthesis , Cathepsins/antagonists & inhibitors , Cathepsins/chemistry , Cysteine Endopeptidases/chemistry , Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Sulfones/chemical synthesis , Amides/chemistry , Azepines/chemistry , Binding Sites , Cathepsin L , Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Humans , Models, Molecular , Quinolines/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfones/chemistryABSTRACT
Functional screening of the former SmithKline Beecham compound collection against the human calcium receptor (CaR) resulted in the identification of the amino alcohol-based hit 2 (IC(50) = 11 microM). Structure-activity studies of 2 focused on the optimization of the right- and left-hand side aromatic moieties as well as the amino alcohol linker region. Critical to the optimization of this antagonist template was the discovery that the chirality of the C-2 secondary alcohol played a key role in enhancing both CaR potency as well as selectivity over the beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes. These SAR studies ultimately led to the identification of 38 (NPS 2143; SB-262470A), a potent and orally active CaR antagonist. Pharmacokinetic characterization of 38 in the rat revealed that this molecule had a large volume of distribution (11 L/kg), which resulted in a prolonged systemic exposure, protracted increases in the plasma levels of PTH, and an overall lack of net bone formation effect in a rodent model of osteoporosis.