Effects of prior osteoporosis treatment on the treatment response of romosozumab followed by denosumab in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis.

In patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis, prior osteoporosis treatment affected the bone mineral density increase of following treatment with 12 months of romosozumab, although it did not affect that of following treatment with 12 months of denosumab after romosozumab. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of prior osteoporosis treatment on the response to treatment with romosozumab (ROMO) followed by denosumab (DMAb) in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS: In this prospective, observational, multicenter study, treatment-naïve patients (Naïve; n = 55) or patients previously treated with bisphosphonates (BP; n = 37), DMAb (DMAb; n = 45) or teriparatide (TPTD; n = 17) (mean age, 74.6 years; T-scores of the lumbar spine [LS] - 3.2 and total hip [TH] - 2.6) were switched to ROMO for 12 months, followed by DMAb for 12 months. Bone mineral density (BMD) and serum bone turnover markers were evaluated for 24 months. RESULTS: A BMD increase was observed at 12 and 24 months in the following patients: Naïve (18.2% and 22.0%), BP (10.2% and 12.1%), DMAb (6.6% and 9.7%), and TPTD (10.8% and 15.0%) (P < 0.001 between the groups at both 12 and 24 months) in LS and Naïve (5.5% and 8.3%), BP (2.9% and 4.1%), DMAb (0.6% and 2.2%), and TPTD (4.3% and 5.4%) (P < 0.01 between the groups at 12 months and P < 0.001 at 24 months) in TH, respectively. The BMD increase in LS from 12 to 24 months was negatively associated with the levels of bone resorption marker at 24 months. Incidences of major fragility fractures for the respective groups were as follows: Naïve (5.5%), BP (16.2%), DMAb (11.1%), and TPTD (5.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Previous treatment affected the BMD increase of following treatment with ROMO, although it did not affect that of following treatment with DMAb after ROMO.

Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull mice exhibit functionally augmented human regulatory T cells associated with enzymatic up-regulation of H3K27me3 in comparison with humans.

Humanized non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency/interleukin-2 receptor-γ-null (NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull ) [humanized (huNSG)] mice engrafted with human hematopoietic cells have been used for investigations of the human immune system. However, the epigenetic features of the human regulatory T (Treg ) cells of huNSG mice have not been studied. The objective of this study was to clarify the characteristics of human Treg cells in huNSG mice, especially in terms of the epigenetic aspects. We compared the populations, inhibitory molecule expression and suppressive capacity of human Treg cells in spleens harvested from the huNSG mice 120 days after the engraftment of human umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Histone modifications and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2), an H3K27 methyltransferase, of human Treg cells were quantified in huNSG mice and human PBMCs. The effect of Ezh2 inhibitor on human Treg cells exposed to interleukin (IL)-6 was also compared between them. Human Treg cells in the spleens of huNSG mice showed an increased proportion among CD4+ T cells, higher expressions of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor-related protein (GITR), a higher production of IL-10 and enhanced suppressive capacity when compared with those in human PBMCs. H3K27me3 and Ezh2 were specifically up-regulated in human Treg cells of huNSG mice in comparison with those of human PBMCs. The decrease in Treg cells induced by IL-6 exposure was attenuated in huNSG mice when compared with human PBMCs, while the difference between them was cancelled by addition of Ezh2 inhibitor. In conclusion, huNSG mice exhibit functionally augmented human Treg cells owing to enzymatic up-regulation of H3K27me3.

Citrullinated inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 in arthritic joints and its potential effect in the neutrophil migration.

The citrullinated inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (cit-ITIH4) was identified as its blood level was associated with the arthritis score in peptide glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase-induced arthritis (pGIA) mice and the disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to clarify its citrullination pathway and function as related to neutrophils. In pGIA-afflicted joints, ITIH4 and cit-ITIH4 levels were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunoprecipitation (IP) and Western blotting (WB), while peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) expression was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), IHC and immunofluorescent methods. The pGIA mice received anti-lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D (Ly6G) antibodies to deplete neutrophils and the expression of cit-ITIH4 was investigated by WB. The amounts of ITIH4 and cit-ITIH4 in synovial fluid (SF) from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients were examined by I.P. and W.B. Recombinant ITIH4 and cit-ITIH4 were incubated with sera from healthy volunteers before its chemotactic ability and C5a level were evaluated using Boyden's chamber assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). During peak arthritic phase, ITIH4 and cit-ITIH4 were increased in joints while PAD4 was over-expressed, especially in the infiltrating neutrophils of pGIA mice. Levels of cit-ITIH4 in plasma and joints significantly decreased upon neutrophil depletion. ITIH4 was specifically citrullinated in SF from RA patients compared with OA patients. Native ITIH4 inhibited neutrophilic migration and decreased C5a levels, while cit-ITIH4 increased its migration and C5a levels significantly. Cit-ITIH4 is generated mainly in inflamed joints by neutrophils via PAD4. Citrullination of ITIH4 may change its function to up-regulate neutrophilic migration by activating the complement cascade, exacerbating arthritis.

Clinical and functional significance of STEAP4-splice variant in CD14+ monocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-α-induced adipose-related protein (TIARP) is a negative regulator of inflammation in arthritis model mice. In humans, six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 4 (STEAP4) (human counterpart of TIARP) is also expressed in CD14+ monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently, highly levels of exon 3-spliced variant STEAP4 (v-STEAP4) expression have been observed in porcine lung. The aim of this study is to elucidate the expression and functional role of v-STEAP4, comparing it with that of STEAP4, in the pathogenesis of arthritis. We identified v-STEAP4 in CD14+ cells. The expression of STEAP4 and v-STEAP4 was higher in patients with RA than in healthy participants. We also found that STEAP4 and v-STEAP4 were correlated positively with C-reactive protein and that their expression was decreased after treatment with an interleukin (IL)-6 antagonist in patients with RA. To investigate further the role of STEAP4 and v-STEAP4, we produced STEAP4 and v-STEAP4 over-expressing human monocytic cell lines (THP-1) for functional analysis. In the v-STEAP4 over-expressing cells, the production of IL-6 was suppressed significantly, but TNF-α was increased significantly through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Immunoblot analysis revealed that phosphorylated (p-)nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was increased after LPS stimulation and degradation of nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor alpha (IκBα) was sustained, whereas p-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3) was decreased with v-STEAP4. We identified specific up-regulation of v-STEAP4 in RA monocytes. V-STEAP4 might play a crucial role in the production of TNF-α and IL-6 through NF-κB and STAT-3 pathways, resulting in the generation of RA.

Etiology of acute ischaemic cerebrovascular disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis: changes with progression of anti-inflammatory therapy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level is associated with ischaemic cerebrovascular disease (iCVD). Acute iCVD patients with RA were investigated, assessing changes of clinical characteristics and CRP with progress in RA treatment. METHODS: Patients hospitalized for acute iCVD from August 2002 to February 2018 were divided into two groups at February 2010. Patients with RA were retrospectively identified. The incidence of RA, the occurrence of acute exacerbation of inflammation due to causes other than synovitis preceding iCVD (non-synovitis AEI) and serum CRP were compared. RESULTS: In the first and second periods, 23/1203 patients (1.9%) and 22/1094 patients (2.0%) respectively had acute iCVD with RA. Non-synovitis AEI was significantly less frequent in the second period (5%, n = 1) than in the first period (35%, n = 8) (P < 0.05). CRP was significantly lower at iCVD onset in the second period [median and interquartile range 2.72 (0.89-4.5) mg/dl vs. 0.34 (0.12-1.19) mg/dl, P < 0.01]. Excluding nine patients with non-synovitis AEI, CRP was still lower in the second period [1.21 (0.47-2.72) mg/dl vs. 0.33 (0.11-0.98) mg/dl, P < 0.01]. CRP levels before both iCVD and non-synovitis AEI tended to be lower in the second period [1.53 (0.3-2.78) mg/dl vs. 0.69 (0.06-1.28) mg/dl, P = 0.059]. Two patients using tocilizumab developed iCVD despite persistently low CRP levels. CONCLUSIONS: With progress in treatment, RA-related inflammation was better suppressed and CRP decreased, but the prevalence of RA amongst acute iCVD patients was unchanged. Strategies for tighter control of inflammation are needed, and a new biomarker may be required in patients using tocilizumab.

cDNA microarray analysis identifies NR4A2 as a novel molecule involved in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome.

To examine genes expressed specifically in labial salivary glands (LSGs) of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) in comparison with those of patients with immunoglobulin (Ig)G4-related disease (IgG4-RD), and to identify the genes involved in the pathogenesis of SS. Gene expression in LSGs of SS patients, IgG4-RD patients and healthy controls (HC) was analysed by cDNA microarray. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to validate the up-regulation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SS. Protein production of the validated gene in LSGs was examined by immunofluorescence (IF) assay. The association of molecular functions of the gene with the pathological conditions in SS was examined using peripheral blood lymphocytes. Among 1320 DEGs up-regulated in SS, qPCR confirmed the up-regulation of NR4A2 in LSGs of SS compared with IgG4-RD. IF staining showed higher production of NR4A2 in nuclei of CD4+ T cells and interleukin (IL)-17-producing cells in LSGs of SS, compared with IgG4-RD. Over-expression of NR4A2 mRNA was observed in peripheral CD4+ T cells of SS patients, compared with HC. Nuclear NR4A2 expression in T helper type 17 (Th17)-polarized CD4+ T cells determined by cellular IF was significantly higher in SS than in HC. Importazole, an inhibitor of importin-ß, inhibited nuclear transport of NR4A2 and Th17 polarization along with IL-21 expression in naive CD4+ T cells under Th17-polarizing conditions, but did not alter retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor C (RORC) expression. NR4A2 seems to promote Th17 polarization via increased expression and intranuclear localization in CD4+ T cells of SS patients, which could play a critical role in the pathogenesis of SS.

RORγt antagonist suppresses M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-induced Sjögren's syndrome-like sialadenitis.

We showed recently that M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R)-reactive CD3+ T cells play a pathogenic role in the development of murine autoimmune sialadenitis (MIS), which mimics Sjögren's syndrome (SS). The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and mechanism of action of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-gamma t (RORγt) antagonist (A213) in MIS. Splenocytes from M3R knockout (M3R-/- ) mice immunized with murine M3R peptide mixture were inoculated into recombination-activating gene 1 knockout (Rag-1-/- ) mice (M3R-/- →Rag-1-/- ) with MIS. Immunized M3R-/- mice (pretransfer treatment) and M3R-/- →Rag-1-/- mice (post-transfer treatment) were treated with A213 every 3 days. Salivary volume, severity of sialadenitis and cytokine production from M3R peptide-stimulated splenocytes and lymph node cells were examined. Effects of A213 on cytokine production were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and on T helper type 1 (Th1), Th17 and Th2 differentiation from CD4+ T cells by flow cytometry. Pretransfer A213 treatment maintained salivary volume, improved MIS and reduced interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17 production significantly compared with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (P < 0·05). These suppressive effects involved CD4+ T cells rather than CD11c+ cells. Post-transfer treatment with A213 increased salivary volume (P < 0·05), suppressed MIS (P < 0·005) and reduced IFN-γ and IL-17 production (P < 0·05). In vitro, A213 suppressed IFN-γ and IL-17 production from M3R-stimulated splenocytes and CD4+ T cells of immunized M3R-/- mice (P < 0·05). In contrast with M3R specific responses, A213 suppressed only IL-17 production from Th17 differentiated CD4+ T cells without any effect on Th1 and Th2 differentiation in vitro. Our findings suggested that RORγt antagonism is potentially suitable treatment strategy for SS-like sialadenitis through suppression of IL-17 and IFN-γ production by M3R-specific T cells.

T-bet over-expression regulates aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated T helper type 17 differentiation through an interferon (IFN)γ-independent pathway.

Various transcription factors are also known to enhance or suppress T helper type 17 (Th17) differentiation. We have shown previously that the development of collagen-induced arthritis was suppressed in T-bet transgenic (T-bet Tg) mice, and T-bet seemed to suppress Th17 differentiation through an interferon (IFN)-γ-independent pathway, although the precise mechanism remains to be clarified. The present study was designed to investigate further the mechanisms involved in the regulation of Th17 differentiation by T-bet over-expression, and we found the new relationship between T-bet and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Both T-bet Tg mice and IFN-γ-/- -over-expressing T-bet (T-bet Tg/IFN-γ-/- ) mice showed inhibition of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)γt expression and IL-17 production by CD4+ T cells cultured under conditions that promote Th-17 differentiation, and decreased IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) expression and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) phosphorylation in CD4+ T cells. The mRNA expression of ahr and rorc were suppressed in CD4+ T cells cultured under Th-17 conditions from T-bet Tg mice and T-bet Tg/IFN-γ-/- mice. CD4+ T cells of wild-type (WT) and IFN-γ-/- mice transduced with T-bet-expressing retrovirus also showed inhibition of IL-17 production, whereas T-bet transduction had no effect on IL-6R expression and STAT-3 phosphorylation. Interestingly, the mRNA expression of ahr and rorc were suppressed in CD4+ T cells with T-bet transduction cultured under Th17 conditions. The enhancement of interleukin (IL)-17 production from CD4+ T cells by the addition of AHR ligand with Th17 conditions was cancelled by T-bet over-expression. Our findings suggest that T-bet over-expression-induced suppression of Th17 differentiation is mediated through IFN-γ-independent AHR suppression.

T-bet regulates differentiation of forkhead box protein 3+ regulatory T cells in programmed cell death-1-deficient mice.

Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) plays an important role in peripheral T cell tolerance, but whether or not it affects the differentiation of helper T cell subsets remains elusive. Here we describe the importance of PD-1 in the control of T helper type 1 (Th1) cell activation and development of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3(+)) regulatory T cells (Tr(egs)). PD-1-deficient T cell-specific T-bet transgenic (P/T) mice showed growth retardation, and the majority died within 10 weeks. P/T mice showed T-bet over-expression, increased interferon (IFN)-γ production by CD4(+) T cells and significantly low FoxP3(+) T(reg) cell percentage. P/T mice developed systemic inflammation, which was probably induced by augmented Th1 response and low FoxP3(+) T(reg) count. The study identified a unique, previously undescribed role for PD-1 in Th1 and T(reg) differentiation, with potential implication in the development of Th1 cell-targeted therapy.

Predictors of the response to treatment in acute lupus hemophagocytic syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to identify predictors for the response to treatment of acute lupus hemophagocytic syndrome (ALHS). METHODS: We reviewed seven cases with ALHS admitted to our hospital and published ALHS cases identified in the 2001-2014 Medline database, and then conducted univariate and multivariate analyses to identify predictors for the response to treatment. RESULTS: Review of our cases showed a significant and negative correlation between serum ferritin and anti-DNA antibody (p = 0.0025). All three patients treated with cyclosporine A (CsA) were considered responders despite high serum ferritin and corticosteroid resistance. We also reviewed 93 patients with ALHS identified in 46 articles. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified C-reactive protein (CRP) (OR 0.83, p = 0.042) and hemoglobin (OR 1.53, p = 0.026) measured at diagnosis of ALHS as significant predictors of the response to corticosteroid monotherapy. Moreover, among 32 patients treated with CsA, serum ferritin was significantly higher in CsA responders (12163 ± 16864 µg/l, n = 22) than in non-responders (3456 ± 6267/µg/l, p = 0.020, n = 10). Leukocyte count was significantly lower in the CsA responders (1940.0 ± 972.3/µl) than in the non-responders (3253 ± 2198/µl, p = 0.034). CONCLUSION: Low CRP and high hemoglobin can predict a positive response to corticosteroid monotherapy while high serum ferritin and low leukocyte count can predict a positive response to CsA in patients with ALHS and therefore, when corticosteroid monotherapy is not effective in such cases, CsA could be the first choice of an additional immunosuppressive agent.

Stabilizing effect of total ankle arthroplasty by distal translation and lateralization of talus in varus ankle deformity.

BACKGROUND: In end-stage arthritis indicated for total ankle arthroplasty (TAA), full-thickness cartilage damage, subchondral bone defect/shaving, and fluttering of the talar dome occur, shortening the distance between the tibial and talar insertions of ligaments and leading to laxity of ligaments surrounding the ankle joint. Under such conditions, medial ligaments (including the deltoid ligament) would not be expected to function properly. To stabilize the ankle joint during the stance phase, medial ligament function under tension is important. This study therefore examined whether TAA contributes to lengthening of the medial tibio-talar joint as evaluated radiographically, as a preferable method for achieving tensile effects on medial ligaments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four feet with end-stage varus deformity of the ankle joint that underwent TAA were retrospectively investigated, excluding cases with any malleolar osteotomy or fracture. Distance between proximal and distal insertions of medial ligaments, lateralization of the talus, and talar tilt angle under valgus/varus stress condition were evaluated pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: Distance between proximal and distal insertions of medial ligaments was significantly elongated after TAA. At the same time, the talus showed significant lateralization. Furthermore, talar tilt under valgus/varus stress conditions was also significantly reduced after TAA. CONCLUSION: TAA affects distal translation and lateralization of the talus in cases of varus ankle deformity. These effects might contribute to re-providing tensile force on lax medial ligaments, improving ligament function.

Anti-citrullinated glucose-6-phosphate isomerase peptide antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis are associated with HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles and disease activity.

To identify and characterize anti-citrullinated glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) peptide antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Nine GPI arginine-bearing peptides in human GPI protein were selected and cyclic citrullinated GPI peptides (CCG-1-9) were constructed. Samples were obtained from RA (n = 208), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 101), Sjögren's syndrome (SS; n = 101) and healthy controls (n = 174). Antibodies against CCG-1-9 were measured, and anti-citrullinated α-enolase-1 (CEP-1), -cyclic citrullinated peptides (CCP) and -GPI proteins antibodies were also examined. Patients with RA were genotyped for HLA-DRB1. The numbers of shared epitope (SE) alleles were counted and compared with those of the autoantibodies. Rabbit GPI was citrullinated with rabbit peptidylarginine deiminase and immunoblot analysis of RA sera performed. The levels of autoantibodies were compared before and after treatment with TNF antagonists in 58 RA patients. Anti-CCG-2, -4 and -7 antibodies were detected in 25·5, 33·2 and 37·0% patients with RA, respectively, and these antibodies were very specific for RA (specificity, 98·1-99·7%). Altogether, 44·2, 86·1 and 13·9% of RA sera were positive for anti-CEP-1, -CCP and -GPI protein antibodies, respectively. Anti-CCG-2, -4 and -7 antibodies were correlated with anti-CCP and anti-CEP-1 antibodies and with the presence of HLA-DRB1 SE alleles. Citrullinated GPI protein was detected using RA sera. Treatment with tumour necrosis factor antagonists reduced significantly the levels of anti-CCG-2 and -7 but not of anti-CEP-1 antibodies. This is the first report documenting the presence of anti-CCG antibodies in RA. Anti-CCG-2 and -7 antibodies could be considered as markers for the diagnosis of RA and its disease activity.

New epitopes and function of anti-M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies in patients with Sjögren's syndrome.

M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) plays a crucial role in the secretion of saliva from salivary glands. It is reported that some patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) carried inhibitory autoantibodies against M3R. The purpose of this study is to clarify the epitopes and function of anti-M3R antibodies in SS. We synthesized peptides encoding the extracellular domains of human-M3R including the N-terminal region and the first, second and third extracellular loops. Antibodies against these regions were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sera from 42 SS and 42 healthy controls. For functional analysis, human salivary gland (HSG) cells were preincubated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) separated from sera of anti-M3R antibody-positive SS, -negative SS and controls for 12 h. After loading with Fluo-3, HSG cells were stimulated with cevimeline hydrochloride, and intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations [(Ca(2+) )i] were measured. Antibodies to the N-terminal, first, second and third loops were detected in 42·9% (18 of 42), 47·6% (20 of 42), 54·8% (23 of 42) and 45·2% (19 of 42) of SS, while in 4·8% (two of 42), 7·1% (three of 42), 2·4% (one of 42) and 2·4% (one of 42) of controls, respectively. Antibodies to the second loop positive SS-IgG inhibited the increase of (Ca(2+) )i induced by cevimeline hydrochloride. Antibodies to the N-terminal positive SS-IgG and antibodies to the first loop positive SS-IgG enhanced it, while antibodies to the third loop positive SS-IgG showed no effect on (Ca(2+) )i as well as anti-M3R antibody-negative SS-IgG. Our results indicated the presence of several B cell epitopes on M3R in SS. The influence of anti-M3R antibodies on salivary secretion might differ based on these epitopes.

Laboratory and febrile features after joint surgery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab.

OBJECTIVES: To understand the acute phase responses to surgical intervention in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with the anti-interleukin (IL)6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab. METHODS: In a retrospective 1:1 pair-matched case-control study, 22 tocilizumab-treated RA cases and 22 cases treated with conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and matched for type of surgery, age and sex were evaluated for body temperature every day, and blood C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil and lymphocyte counts on days -1, 1, 3 and weeks 1 and 2 after joint surgery. Safety issues were also monitored. RESULTS: No complications of infection or delay of wound healing occurred in either patient group. Tocilizumab partially, but significantly, suppressed the increase in body temperature on postoperative days 1 and 2, compared with DMARDs (average (SD) maximum increase in temperature was 0.45 (0.1) degrees C in the tocilizumab group and 0.78 (0.1) degrees C in the DMARD group; p<0.01). Tocilizumab completely suppressed the increase in CRP after surgery, whereas all cases treated with DMARDs showed a significant increase of CRP at postoperative day 1 (5.5 (0.6) mg/dl; p<0.001). WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts showed no remarkable change after surgery, and there was no significant difference in any cell counts between the patient groups. CONCLUSIONS: Within this small number of cases, safe operations on patients were performed during tocilizumab treatment. Tocilizumab suppressed fever and increase of CRP after surgery, whereas there was no influence on the transition in number of leukocytes. This characteristic postoperative response should be considered during tocilizumab treatment.

[The Waffle procedure for constrictive epicarditis after direct closure of atrial septal defect; report of a case].

A 20-year-old man was admitted with a diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis 6 months after direct closure of atrial septal defect (ASD). He complained of fatigue and dyspnea. Cardiac echo cardiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cardiac catheterization suggested pericardial and epicardial constriction. During the operation, the thickened pericardium was peeled off. Multiple longitudinal and transverse incisions were made in the thickened epicardium as reported by waffle. Postoperative hemodynamic state was improved. The cardiac index increased from 1.91 to 3.17 l/min/m2. The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) decreased from 26 to 14 mmHg, although dip and plateau pattern was maintained. The postoperative course was uneventful.

Olfactory neurons expressing closely linked and homologous odorant receptor genes tend to project their axons to neighboring glomeruli on the olfactory bulb.

We have characterized two separate odorant receptor (OR) gene clusters to examine how olfactory neurons expressing closely linked and homologous OR genes project their axons to the olfactory bulb. Murine OR genes, MOR28, MOR10, and MOR83, share 75-95% similarities in the amino acid sequences and are tightly linked on chromosome 14. In situ hybridization has demonstrated that the three genes are expressed in the same zone, at the most dorsolateral and ventromedial portions of the olfactory epithelium, and are rarely expressed simultaneously in individual neurons. Furthermore, we have found that olfactory neurons expressing MOR28, MOR10, or MOR83 project their axons to very close but distinct subsets of glomeruli on the medial and lateral sides of the olfactory bulb. Similar results have been obtained with another murine OR gene cluster for A16 and MOR18 on chromosome 2, sharing 91% similarity in the amino acid sequences. These results may indicate an intriguing possibility that olfactory neurons expressing homologous OR genes within a cluster tend to converge their axons to proximal but distinct subsets of glomeruli. These lines of study will shed light on the molecular basis of topographical projection of olfactory neurons to the olfactory bulb.

Angiographic no-reflow phenomenon as a predictor of adverse long-term outcome in patients treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for first acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to elucidate the long-term prognostic importance of angiographic no-reflow phenomenon after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). BACKGROUND: Angiographic no-reflow phenomenon, a reduced coronary antegrade flow (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] flow grade < or =2) without mechanical obstruction after recanalization, predicts poor left ventricular (LV) functional recovery and survival in the early phase of AMI. We hypothesized that angiographic no-reflow phenomenon also predicts long-term clinical outcome. METHODS: We studied 120 consecutive patients with their first AMI treated by PTCA without flow-restricting lesions. The patients were classified as either no-reflow (n = 30) or reflow (TIMI-3) (n = 90) based on post-PTCA cineangiograms to follow up (5.8 +/- 1.2 years) for cardiac death and nonfatal events. RESULTS: Patients with no-reflow had congestive heart failure (p < 0.0001), malignant arrhythmia (p = 0.038), and cardiac death (p = 0.002) more often than did those with reflow. Kaplan-Meier curves showed lower cardiac survival and cardiac event-free survival (p < 0.0001) in patients with no-reflow than in those with reflow. Multivariate analyses disclosed that no-reflow phenomenon was an independent predictor of long-term cardiac death (relative risk [RR] 5.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.85 to 14.9, p = 0.002) and cardiac events (RR 3.71, 95% CI 1.79 to 7.69, p = 0.0004). At follow-up, survivors with no-reflow had higher end-diastolic and end-systolic LV volume indices and plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels, and lower LV ejection fractions (p = 0.0002, p < 0.0001, p = 0.002, p < 0.0001, respectively) than did those with reflow, indicating that no-reflow may be involved in LV remodeling. CONCLUSIONS: Angiographic no-reflow phenomenon strongly predicts long-term cardiac complications after AMI; these complications are possibly associated with LV remodeling.

Dax-1 as one of the target genes of Ad4BP/SF-1.

The DAX-1 (also known as AHC) gene encodes an unusual member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. DAX-1 plays a critical role during gonadal and adrenal differentiation since mutations of the human DAX-1 gene cause X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. In recent studies, DAX-1 was reported to function as a transcriptional suppressor of Ad4BP/SF-1, a critical transcription factor in gonadal and adrenal differentiation. With respect to implication of Ad4BP/SF-1 in the transcriptional regulation of the DAX-1 gene, inconsistent findings have been previously reported. We investigated the upstream region of the mouse Dax-1 (also known as Ahch) gene and identified a novel Ad4/SF-1 site by transient transfection and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In addition, immunohistochemical analyses with a specific antibody to Dax-1 indicated the presence of immunoreactive cells in steroidogenic tissues, pituitary gland, and hypothalamus. Although the distributions of Dax-1 and Ad4BP/SF-1 were very similar, they were not completely identical. The expression of Dax-1 was significantly impaired in knock-out mice of the Ftz-f1 gene, which encodes Ad4BP/ SF-1. Taken together, our findings indicate that Ad4BP/SF-1 controls the transcription of the Dax-1 gene.