An empowered, clinically viable hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy for the treatment of multisystemic mucopolysaccharidosis type II.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), or Hunter syndrome, is a rare X-linked recessive lysosomal storage disorder due to a mutation in the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) gene. IDS deficiency leads to a progressive, multisystem accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and results in central nervous system (CNS) manifestations in the severe form. We developed up to clinical readiness a new hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy approach for MPS II that benefits from a novel highly effective transduction protocol. We first provided proof of concept of efficacy of our approach aimed at enhanced IDS enzyme delivery to the CNS in a murine study of immediate translational value, employing a lentiviral vector (LV) encoding a codon-optimized human IDS cDNA. Then the therapeutic LV was tested for its ability to efficiently and safely transduce bona fide human HSCs in clinically relevant conditions according to a standard vs. a novel protocol that demonstrated superior ability to transduce bona fide long-term repopulating HSCs. Overall, these results provide strong proof of concept for the clinical translation of this approach for the treatment of Hunter syndrome.

Development of advanced therapies in Italy: Management models and sustainability in six Italian cell factories.

On November 10, 2014, the representatives of all six certified Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) cell factories operating in the Lombardy Region of Italy convened a 1-day workshop in Milan titled "Management Models for the Development And Sustainability of Cell Factories: Public-Private Partnership?" The speakers and panelists addressed not only the many scientific, technological and cultural challenges faced by Lombardy Cell Factories, but also the potential impact of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) on public health and the role played by translational research in this process. Future perspectives for research and development (R&D) and manufacturing processes in the field of regenerative medicine were discussed as well. This report summarizes the most important issues raised by the workshop participants with particular emphasis on strengths and limitations of the R&D and manufacturing processes for innovative therapeutics in Lombardy and what can be improved in this context while maintaining GMP standards. The participants highlighted several strategies to translate patient-specific advanced therapeutics into scaled manufacturing products for clinical application. These included (i) the development of a synergistic interaction between public and private institutions, (ii) better integration with Italian regulatory agencies and (iii) the creation of a network among Lombardy cell factories and other Italian and European institutions.

Determination of Interference During In Vitro Pyrogen Detection: Development and Characterization of a Cell-Based Assay.

Contamination of pharmaceutical products and medical devices with pyrogens such as endotoxins is the most common cause of systemic inflammation and, in worst cases, of septic shock. Thus, quantification of pyrogens is crucial. The limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)-based assays are the reference tests for in vitro endotoxin detection, in association with the in vivo rabbit pyrogen test (RPT), according to European Pharmacopoeia (EP 2.6.14), and U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP <85>). However, several substances interfere with LAL assay, while RPT is not accurate, not quantitative, and raises ethical limits. Biological assays, as monocyte activation tests, have been developed and included in European Pharmacopoeia (EP 7.0; 04/2010:20630) guidelines as an alternative to RPT and proved relevant to the febrile reaction in vivo. Because this reaction is carried out by endogenous mediators under the transcriptional control of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), we sought to determine whether a NF-kappaB reporter-gene assay, based on MonoMac-6 (MM6) cells, could reconcile the basic mechanism of innate immune response with the relevance of monocytoid cell lines to the organism reaction to endotoxins. This article describes both optimization and characterization of the reporter cells-based assay, which overall proved the linearity, accuracy, and precision of the test, and demonstrated the sensitivity of the assay to 0.24 EU/mL endotoxin, close to the pyrogenic threshold in humans. Moreover, the assay was experimentally compared to the LAL test in the evaluation of selected interfering samples. The good performance of the MM6 reporter test demonstrates the suitability of this assay to evaluate interfering or false-positive samples.

Restricted replication of primary HIV-1 isolates using both CCR5 and CXCR4 in Th2 but not in Th1 CD4(+) T cells.

We have previously reported that CCR5-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1; R5), but not CXCR4-restricted (X4) virus, efficiently replicates in T helper cell type 1 (Th1), Th2, or Th0 polyclonal T cells obtained from human umbilical cord blood (CB lines). The X4 virus restriction was env-dependent but did not occur at the level of viral entry. Here, we describe that in contrast to these monotropic HIVs, primary HIV-1 isolates capable of using CCR5 or CXCR4 indifferently for entry (i.e., R5X4 viruses) efficiently replicated in Th2 but not in Th1 CB lines. Although Th1 cells secreted significantly higher amounts of the three CCR5-binding chemokines in comparison with Th2 cells, this restriction was not explained by a defective infection of Th1 cells. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) down-regulated CCR5 in Th1 cells and inhibited, whereas interleukin-4 (IL-4) up-regulated CXCR4 and enhanced the spreading of R5 and R5X4 viruses in polarized CB lines. However, both cytokines did not rescue the replication of X4 and dualtropic viruses in both types of CB lines or in Th1 cells, respectively, whereas addition of anti-IL-4- or anti-IFN-gamma-neutralizing antibodies did not activate virus expression. These findings together suggest the existence of post-entry restriction pathways influenced by gp120 Env/chemokine coreceptor interaction that may significantly contribute to the superior capacity of R5 and R5X4 HIV-1 strains to spread in vivo in comparison to X4 monotropic viruses.

Improved thymopoietic potential in aviremic HIV infected individuals treated with HAART by intermittent IL-2 administration.

OBJECTIVE: In HIV-positive individuals administration of intermittent interleukin (IL)-2 in addition to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) induces expansion of the peripheral T cell pool with dilution of signal joint T cell receptor excision circles (sjTREC) that cannot be used to measure thymic output. We analysed whether in vitro thymopoiesis could be used to predict in vivo thymic output in IL-2 treated subjects. DESIGN AND METHODS: We correlated the relative variation of peripheral CD4 T cells over 12 months in HIV-positive subjects on HAART or HAART + IL-2 with the mean levels of both sjTREC and T cells developed in chimeric murine foetal thymic organ cultures (FTOC) reconstituted with circulating progenitors. RESULTS: In contrast with HAART treated individuals in which these values were directly correlated, in subjects receiving HAART + IL-2 the increase of CD4 T cells in vivo was correlated to neither sjTREC number nor to reconstitution of FTOC, probably reflecting a main effect of IL-2 in the expansion of the peripheral T cell pool. Nevertheless, addition of IL-2 to HAART determined a significant increase of in vitro thymopoietic potential in individuals with undetectable viraemia. CONCLUSIONS: The increased T cell development in vitro after addition of IL-2 to HAART suggests that intermittent IL-2 administration may exert a positive influence on lymphopoiesis. In two subjects with positive viraemia treated with IL-2 we observed reduced in vitro development of T cell precursors suggesting that the positive influence of IL-2 on thymopoiesis could be secondary to the control of viral replication by HAART. These observations provide novel evidence in support of the potential beneficial use of IL-2 in HAART treated individuals.

Lentiviral hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy benefits metachromatic leukodystrophy.

Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is an inherited lysosomal storage disease caused by arylsulfatase A (ARSA) deficiency. Patients with MLD exhibit progressive motor and cognitive impairment and die within a few years of symptom onset. We used a lentiviral vector to transfer a functional ARSA gene into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from three presymptomatic patients who showed genetic, biochemical, and neurophysiological evidence of late infantile MLD. After reinfusion of the gene-corrected HSCs, the patients showed extensive and stable ARSA gene replacement, which led to high enzyme expression throughout hematopoietic lineages and in cerebrospinal fluid. Analyses of vector integrations revealed no evidence of aberrant clonal behavior. The disease did not manifest or progress in the three patients 7 to 21 months beyond the predicted age of symptom onset. These findings indicate that extensive genetic engineering of human hematopoiesis can be achieved with lentiviral vectors and that this approach may offer therapeutic benefit for MLD patients.

Large-scale manufacture and characterization of a lentiviral vector produced for clinical ex vivo gene therapy application.

From the perspective of a pilot clinical gene therapy trial for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), we implemented a process to produce a lentiviral vector under good manufacturing practices (GMP). The process is based on the transient transfection of 293T cells in Cell Factory stacks, scaled up to harvest 50 liters of viral stock per batch, followed by purification of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein-pseudotyped particles through several membrane-based and chromatographic steps. The process leads to a 200-fold volume concentration and an approximately 3-log reduction in protein and DNA contaminants. An average yield of 13% of infectious particles was obtained in six full-scale preparations. The final product contained low levels of contaminants such as simian virus 40 large T antigen or E1A sequences originating from producer cells. Titers as high as 2 × 10(9) infectious particles per milliliter were obtained, generating up to 6 × 10(11) infectious particles per batch. The purified WAS vector was biologically active, efficiently expressing the genetic insert in WAS protein-deficient B cell lines and transducing CD34(+) cells. The vector introduced 0.3-1 vector copy per cell on average in CD34(+) cells when used at the concentration of 10(8) infectious particles per milliliter, which is comparable to preclinical preparations. There was no evidence of cellular toxicity. These results show the implementation of large-scale GMP production, purification, and control of advanced HIV-1-derived lentiviral technology. Results obtained with the WAS vector provide the initial manufacturing and quality control benchmarking that should be helpful to further development and clinical applications.

T Lymphocytes transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing F12-Vif are protected from HIV-1 infection in an APOBEC3G-independent manner.

The viral infectivity factor (Vif) is an essential component of the HIV-1 infectious cycle. Vif counteracts the action of the cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (AP3G), which confers nonimmune antiviral defense against HIV-1 to T lymphocytes. Disabling or interfering with the function of Vif could represent an alternative therapeutic approach to AIDS. We have expressed a natural mutant of Vif, F12-Vif, in a VSV-G-pseudotyped lentiviral vector under the Tat-inducible control of the HIV-1 LTR. Conditional expression of F12-Vif prevents replication and spreading of both CXCR4 and CCR5 strains of HIV-1 in human primary T lymphocyte and T cell lines. T cells transduced with F12-Vif release few HIV-1 virions and with reduced infectivity. Several lines of evidence indicate that HIV-1 interference requires the presence of both wild-type and F12-Vif proteins, suggesting a dominant-negative feature of the F12-Vif mutant. Surprisingly, however, the F12-Vif-mediated inhibition does not depend on the reestablishment of the AP3G function.

Endogenous CCL2 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1) modulates human immunodeficiency virus type-1 replication and affects cytoskeleton organization in human monocyte-derived macrophages.

CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is constitutively expressed at high levels in human peripheral blood monocytes, and its expression is further up-modulated during their differentiation into macrophages as well as in the course of HIV infection. To investigate the role of endogenous CCL2 on HIV replication and macrophage function, CCL2's activity was neutralized by specific antibodies. Infection of monocyte-derived macrophages with laboratory-adapted HIV-1 or primary viral isolates in the continuous presence of anti-CCL2 antibody resulted in significantly lower p24 Gag antigen release with respect to control cultures. Interestingly, CCL2 neutralization did not affect the early steps of the HIV life cycle but resulted in the intracellular accumulation of p24 Gag antigen. Simultaneously, remarkable changes in cell morphology and size occurred in cell cultures maintained in the presence of anti-CCL2 antibody. These results suggest that CCL2 may represent an autocrine factor important for enhancing virion production likely by affecting the macrophage cytoskeleton.