A multicenter retrospective study on cryopreserved amniotic membrane transplantation for the treatment of complicated corneal ulcers in the dog.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the surgical technique and outcome of amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) for treatment of complicated corneal ulcers in dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED: One hundred and eleven dogs. PROCEDURE: Medical records (2010-2017) were reviewed to identify canine patients that underwent AMT for the treatment of complicated corneal ulcers. Quantitative and ordinal variables were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's Exact test. RESULTS: Brachycephalic breeds were overrepresented (74/111; 66.6%). Three dogs were bilaterally affected. Fifty-one had melting ulcers (51/114; 44.7%), 33 stromal ulcers (33/63; 52.4%), 17 descemetoceles (17/63; 27%), and 13 perforations (13/63;20.6%). Mean defect size was 6.2 mm (2-18 mm). Human (32/114; 28.1%) or bovine (82/114; 71.9%) (AmnioVet(R)) cryopreserved amniotic membranes were used. Monolayer (31/114; 27.2%), bilayer (44/114; 38.6%) or multilayer technique (39/114; 34.2%) was performed, being anchored to the limbus (52/114; 45.6%), to the defect (48/114; 42.1%) or both (14/114; 12.3%). Mean epithelial healing and follow-up times were 25.6 days (15-45) and 98.7 days (21-400), respectively. Most common postsurgical complications included pigmentation (10/114; 8.8%) and graft failure (5/114; 4.4%). Depth and size of corneal lesions, human amniotic membrane (AM) and concurrent ocular diseases were associated with more complications (P < 0.05). Good cosmetic and visual outcomes were achieved in 99.1% (113/114) and 97.4% (111/114) of cases, respectively. Zero to low graft opacity was seen in 23.9% of the eyes (27/113), mild to moderate in 64.6% (73/113) and complete in 11.5% (13/113). CONCLUSIONS: Cryopreserved AMT is an effective surgical technique for the treatment of complicated corneal ulcers in the dog, with highly satisfactory visual and cosmetic outcomes.

Ocular lesions produced by pine processionary caterpillar setae (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in dogs: a descriptive study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe, for the first time in dogs, the ocular lesions induced by the pine processionary caterpillar (PPC) setae, and the associated corneal histopathology, medical treatment, and outcome. ANIMAL STUDIED: One hundred and forty client-owned dogs from Spain were studied. One hundred and twenty dogs came from the central area of Spain, 13 from the southern area, six from the northern area, and one dog came from the Mediterranean area. PROCEDURE: Medical records from four veterinary ophthalmology practices were reviewed. Dogs that were presented from endemic areas and that had PPC setae identified during their ophthalmic examination were included in the study. RESULTS: The following ocular lesions were identified: keratitis with crescent- or circular-shaped white stromal cellular infiltrates (98.57% [n = 138]), anterior uveitis (78.57% [n = 110]), conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis (33.57% [n = 47]), blepharitis (8.57% [n = 12]), and corneal ulcers (2.86% [n = 4]). Removal of the hairs by saline hydropulsion and medical treatment was successful in 99.29% (n = 139) of the cases. A single case healed following additional corneal reconstructive surgery to remove the deep corneal lesion and subsequent histopathology revealed an acute lesion with necrotic neutrophilic infiltrate and corneal edema. All ocular lesions resolved completely within 15 and 30 days after presentation, with the exception of one case that developed endophthalmitis. CONCLUSION: Pine processionary caterpillar should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute ocular lesions, especially if keratitis with corneal cellular infiltrate and anterior uveitis are present, in dogs from endemic areas during the months of spring and summer. In the majority of cases, irrigation and removal of the hairs together with medical treatment leads to a good outcome.

Solid state pelletizing for the synthesis of new Bi-doped strontium molybdate and its development as a photocatalytic precursor for Rhodamine B degradation.

At present, climate change, urbanization and globalization are the main factors that affect water quality, the primary vehicle for the translocation and permanence of emerging pollutants, resulting in a danger to human health and the environment. The scheelite-type compounds have been investigated owing to their interesting photocatalytic properties in water purification trough the removal of different organic and inorganic pollutants. In this article a method solid state for doping of bismuth(III) in systems Sr1-3xBi2xΦxMoO4 with (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.225) were obtained and, likewise its pelletizing process. Subsequently, these new materials were spectroscopically characterized with photocatalytic properties and finally is describe its development as oxidant against Rhodamine B. This work can be used for the synthesis of new Bi-doped strontium molybdates, which the best photochemical properties are chosen and, in turn, it is experimentally shown how can favor its absorption in the visible region. These electronic properties can be used in near studies, for to compressive the role of bismuth(III) in sheelite as photocatalyst and, to implement its use in the degradation of persistent pollutants that affect the world's water resources.•The doping of bismuth(III) for systems Sr1-3xBi2xΦxMoO4 modified the GAP absorption and this catalytic properties using this new solid state method.•The degradation of Rhodamine B for systems Sr1-3xBi2xΦxMoO4 as case study using of this methodology allows multiple applications associated with climate change such as: the degradation of emerging pollutants and the sensitization of semiconductors with solar claims.•The role of bismuth(III) in these systems can be harnessed to design similar materials with photocatalytic properties.

Co-Expression of Immunohistochemical Markers MRP2, CXCR4, and PD-L1 in Gallbladder Tumors Is Associated with Prolonged Patient Survival.

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare pathology in Western countries. However, it constitutes a relevant health problem in Asia and Latin America, with a high mortality in middle-aged Chilean women. The limited therapeutic options for GBC require the identification of targetable proteins with prognostic value for improving clinical management support. We evaluated the expression of targetable proteins, including three epithelial tumor markers, four proteins associated with multidrug and apoptosis resistance, and eleven immunological markers in 241 primary gallbladder adenocarcinomas. We investigated correlations between tumor marker expression, the primary tumor staging, and GBC patients' survival using automated immunohistochemistry, a semi-automatic method for image analysis, univariate and multivariate statistical analyses, and machine learning algorithms. Our data show a significant association between the expression of MRP2 (p = 0.0028), CXCR4 (p = 0.0423), and PD-L1 (p = 0.0264), and a better prognosis for patients with late-stage primary tumors. The expression of the MRP2/CXCR4/PD-L1 cluster of markers discriminates among short-, medium-, and long-term patient survival, with an ROC of significant prognostic value (AUC = 0.85, p = 0.0012). Moreover, a high MRP2/CXCR4/PD-L1 co-expression is associated with increased survival time (30 vs. 6 months, p = 0.0025) in GBC patients, regardless of tumor stage. Hence, our results suggest that the MRP2/CXCR4/PD-L1 cluster could potentially be a prognostic marker for GBC.

[Dupuytren disease]. / Enfermedad de Dupuytren: revisión.

BACKGROUND: Dupuytren disease (DD) is a connective tissue disorder that consists in fibromatosis of the palmar and digital fascia (in form of nodules or flanges) that leads to the development of flexion contractures of the palm and fingers. The little and ring finger are particularly affected. The disease can limit hand function, reducing the quality of life. The disease can have a traumatic origin and is also associated with conditions such as diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, dyslipidemia, epilepsy and AIDS, among others. However, none of these conditions can fully explain the genesis of DD. A hereditary component is described in 40% of patients and is attributed to an autosomal dominant gene of variable penetrance, probably related to collagen synthesis. However there are also spontaneous and recessive inheritance cases. The diagnosis is clinical and based on physical examination. Treatment ranges from observation or use of injectable collagenase to the surgical option in cases with significant functional limitations.

Finger front propagation in smectic-A Fréedericksz transition.

Systems with multistability are characterized by exhibiting complex nonlinear waves between equilibria. Experimentally, near the smectic-A to chiral nematic transition in a liquid crystal mixture cell with planar anchoring, we observe finger fronts emerge in the smectic-A phase when applying an electric field, a reorientation transition. Finger fronts propagate in the direction orthogonal to the anchoring. Colorimetry characterization allows us to describe the molecular reorientation transition and front dynamics. We reveal that the reorientation transition is of the first-order type and determine their critical points. The front speed is determined as a function of the applied voltage. Theoretically, based on a prototype model of liquid crystal transitions, we qualitatively describe the experimental observations. We have analytically determined the bifurcation diagram and the propagation speeds of finger fronts, finding a fair agreement with the experimental observations.

Imaginaries of the Pandemic in Chile: A Conceptual-Empirical Discussion.

This article aims to reconstruct the social imaginaries of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Chile. We seek to understand how families interpret their experience confronting the pandemic by identifying four main aspects: (a) the COVID-19 pandemic, (b) working and learning, (c) health and (d) family life. Following Habermas' distinction between lifeworld and social systems, we consider these issues as constituting the social imaginary of lifeworld, different but related to the imaginaries of social systems. The qualitative empirical data was gathered through a sample of 38 families interviewed online between September 2020 and January 2021 in four Chilean cities: Iquique, Valparaíso, Santiago and Concepción. Other complementary sources of information are multimodal ethnography (digital diaries), press articles and state reports.

"I am feeling tension in my whole body": An experimental phenomenological study of empathy for pain.

Introduction: Traditionally, empathy has been studied from two main perspectives: the theory-theory approach and the simulation theory approach. These theories claim that social emotions are fundamentally constituted by mind states in the brain. In contrast, classical phenomenology and recent research based on the enactive theories consider empathy as the basic process of contacting others' emotional experiences through direct bodily perception and sensation. Objective: This study aims to enrich the knowledge of the empathic experience of pain using an experimental phenomenological method. Materials and methods: Implementing an experimental paradigm used in affective neuroscience, we exposed 28 healthy adults to a video of sportspersons suffering physical accidents while practicing extreme sports. Immediately after watching the video, each participant underwent a phenomenological interview to gather data on embodied, multi-layered dimensions (bodily sensations, emotions, and motivations) and temporal aspects of empathic experience. We also performed quantitative analyses of the phenomenological categories. Results: Experiential access to the other person's painful experience involves four main themes. Bodily resonance: participants felt a multiplicity of bodily, affective, and kinesthetic sensations in coordination with the sportsperson's bodily actions. Attentional focus: some participants centered their attention more on their own personal discomfort and sensations of rejection, while others on the pain and suffering experienced by the sportspersons. Kinesthetic motivation: some participants experienced the feeling in their bodies to avoid or escape from watching the video, while others experienced the need to help the sportspersons avoid suffering any injury while practicing extreme sports. The temporality of experience: participants witnessed temporal fluctuations in their experiences, bringing intensity changes in their bodily resonance, attentional focus, and kinesthetic motivation. Finally, two experiential structures were found: one structure is self-centered empathic experience, characterized by bodily resonance, attentional focus centered on the participant's own experience of seeing the sportsperson suffering, and self-protective kinesthetic motivation; the other structure is other-centered empathic experience, characterized by bodily resonance, attentional focus centered on the sportsperson, and prosocial kinesthetic motivation to help them. Discussion: We show how phenomenological data may contribute to comprehending empathy for pain in social neuroscience. In addition, we address the phenomenological aspect of the enactive approach to the three dimensions of an embodiment of human consciousness, especially the intersubjective dimension. Also, based on our results, we suggest an extension of the enactive theory of non-interactive social experience.

Liquid-crystalline hybrid materials based on [60]fullerene and bent-core structures.

What a core-ker! By the appropriate combination of promesogenic bent-core structures and the C(60)  unit, lamellar polar liquid-crystal phases were induced. The supramolecular organization of the functional fullerene-based assemblies, the temperature range of the soft phase, the stabilization of the mesophase-like order at room temperature, and the molecular switching under an electric field can be tuned, depending on the molecular structure.

Prescription to reduce heart palpitations, a mid-18th century prescription in the New Kingdom of Granada.

The human being, throughout history, has used plants to prevent and cure diseases. It is important to know that for a long time, the mechanism through which those plants worked was unknown, making herbal medicine a purely empirical science. Medical prescriptions in the 19th century in the Kingdom of Nueva Granada were considered a significant medical advance as a result of knowledge and medical practices in the old continent. Medical literature of the time achieved, despite the lack of studies, the development of new schemes with exact dosages and new therapeutic possibilities. The medical prescription presented in this article was used in the management of heart palpitations, a frequent symptom nowadays, described as thoracic and/or neck beating, underlying various cardiac and non-cardiac diseases. The recipe for the palpitations of the historical archive "Cipriano Rodríguez Santa María" is a mixture of herbal agents that, as reviewed in the medical literature, showed to have anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and antioxidant effects, among others, allowing a beneficial effect on cardiac palpitations. Due to the lack of information on the posology, safety in its use, contraindications, and possible adverse effects, its potential use should have been underestimated at that time for the control of palpitations or as phytochemical agents directed to treat diseases causing this symptom.

A lo largo de la historia, el ser humano ha utilizado plantas para prevenir, aliviar y curar enfermedades. Cabe destacar que durante mucho tiempo se desconoció el mecanismo por el cual su uso era beneficioso, lo que hacía de la fitoterapia una ciencia netamente empírica. Las recetas médicas eran consideradas un avance médico significativo, resultado de conocimientos y prácticas traídas desde el viejo continente. Pese a la carencia de estudios locales, la literatura médica de la época permitió utilizar la biodiversidad de América para el desarrollo, investigación y uso de nuevos esquemas fitoterapéuticos con dosificaciones establecidas e indicaciones de uso, incluso un lugar específico de dispensación, ampliando aún más las posibilidades terapéuticas. La receta médica que se expone en este artículo era empleada en el manejo de las palpitaciones cardiacas, síntoma frecuente aún en la actualidad, descrito como golpes en tórax y/o cuello, subyacente en diversas enfermedades cardiacas y no cardiacas. La receta para las palpitaciones del archivo histórico Cipriano Rodríguez Santa María es una mezcla de agentes herbarios que, al realizar una revisión en la literatura médica, evidencian efectos antiinflamatorios, ansiolíticos y antioxidantes entre otros, sustentando un posible efecto beneficioso en las palpitaciones cardiacas. Debido a la ausencia de información sobre la posología, seguridad en su uso, contraindicaciones y posibles efectos adversos, es subestimado su potencial uso en aquel entonces para el control de las palpitaciones o como unos agentes fitoquímicos dirigidos para tratar enfermedades causantes de dicho síntoma.

Prescription to reduce heart palpitations, a mid-18th century prescription in the New Kingdom of Granada.

The human being, throughout history, has used plants to prevent and cure diseases. It is important to know that for a long time, the mechanism through which those plants worked was unknown, making herbal medicine a purely empirical science. Medical prescriptions in the 19th century in the Kingdom of Nueva Granada were considered a significant medical advance, as a result of knowledge and medical practices in the old continent. Medical literature of the time achieved, despite the lack of studies, the development of new schemes with exact dosages and new therapeutic possibilities. The medical prescription presented in this article was used in the management of heart palpitations, a frequent symptom nowadays, described as thoracic and/or neck beating, underlying various cardiac and non-cardiac diseases. The recipe for the palpitations of the historical archive "Cipriano Rodríguez Santa María" is a mixture of herbal agents that, as reviewed in the medical literature, showed to have anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and antioxidant effects, among others, allowing a beneficial effect on cardiac palpitations. Due to the lack of information on the posology, safety in its use, contraindications and possible adverse effects, its potential use should have been underestimated at that time for the control of palpitations or as phytochemical agents directed to treat diseases causing this symptom.

A lo largo de la historia, el ser humano ha utilizado plantas para prevenir, aliviar y curar enfermedades. Cabe destacar que durante mucho tiempo se desconoció el mecanismo por el cual su uso era beneficioso, lo que hacía de la fitoterapia una ciencia netamente empírica. Las recetas médicas eran consideradas un avance médico significativo, resultado de conocimientos y prácticas traídas desde el viejo continente. Pese a la carencia de estudios locales, la literatura médica de la época permitió utilizar la biodiversidad de América para el desarrollo, investigación y uso de nuevos esquemas fitoterapéuticos con dosificaciones establecidas e indicaciones de uso, incluso un lugar específico de dispensación, ampliando aún más las posibilidades terapéuticas. La receta médica que se expone en este artículo era empleada en el manejo de las palpitaciones cardiacas, síntoma frecuente aún en la actualidad, descrito como golpes en tórax y/o cuello, subyacente en diversas enfermedades cardiacas y no cardiacas. La receta para las palpitaciones del archivo histórico Cipriano Rodríguez Santa María es una mezcla de agentes herbarios que, al realizar una revisión en la literatura médica, evidencian efectos antiinflamatorios, ansiolíticos y antioxidantes entre otros, sustentando un posible efecto beneficioso en las palpitaciones cardiacas. Debido a la ausencia de información sobre la posología, seguridad en su uso, contraindicaciones y posibles efectos adversos, es subestimado su potencial uso en aquel entonces para el control de las palpitaciones o como unos agentes fitoquímicos dirigidos para tratar enfermedades causantes de dicho síntoma.

Expression of multidrug resistance proteins in prostate cancer is related with cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs.

BACKGROUND: Multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins have been associated with the lack of chemotherapy response. Expression of these proteins has been described in the prostate, but there is no information about their role in the chemotherapy response of prostate cancer (PC). We studied the gene and protein expression of MDR proteins in primary cell cultures from PC tumors and PC cell lines, their relationship with chemotherapy and their effects on cell survival. METHODS: Primary cell cultures from PC were obtained from samples provided by our Institutional Hospital. Cell lines LNCaP, PC3, and DU145 were also examined. Cells were treated during 72 hr with several chemotherapeutic drugs. Protein and mRNA expressions of P-glycoprotein (P-Gp), MRP1 and LRP, before and after drug treatment, were evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. The effect on cell survival was evaluated by proliferation assays (MTT), and cell cycle and apoptosis by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Primary PC cultures exhibited higher MDR protein expression and lower drug sensitivity than cell lines, in which P-Gp was not detected. Docetaxel and mitoxantrone displayed the highest apoptotic effect. Exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs increased apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and MDR expression. Long-term treatment with doxorubicin diminished apoptosis elicited by all drugs examined in this study, suggesting a cross-resistance phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS: Low chemotherapy response observed in PC primary cultures could be explained, in part, by the high levels of MDR proteins (intrinsic MDR phenotype), and also, by their over-expression induced after long-term exposure to drugs (acquired MDR phenotype), which increase treatment resistance. Prostate 69: 1448-1459, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Evaluation of MENT on primary cell cultures from benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma.

7-alpha-Methyl-19-Nortestosterone (MENT) is a synthetic androgen more potent than testosterone (T) and cannot be reduced at 5-alpha position. No important effects of MENT on prostate growth have been reported. However, little is known about the effect of MENT on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate carcinoma (CaP). We evaluate the effect of MENT, T and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on secretion, proliferation and gene expression of primary cell cultures from human BPH and CaP. Moreover, the effect of these androgens was examined in the presence of finasteride to determine the influence of the 5-alpha reductase (5-AR) activity on the androgenic potency. BPH and CaP primary cultures were treated with 0, 1, 10 and 100 nM of T, MENT or DHT during 24 and 48 h. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was measured by micro particles immunoassay and proliferation rate by spectrophotometric assay (MTT) and by the immunochemical detection of the proliferation marker Ki-67. Gene expression of FGF8b (androgen sensitive gene) was evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Results showed that MENT treatments increased PSA secretion and proliferation rate with a potency ranged between T and DHT. Similar effects of MENT were observed in both BPH and CaP cultures. The studies with finasteride showed that in BPH and CaP cells, the conversion of T into DHT significantly contributes to its effect on the proliferation and PSA secretion, and corroborated the resistance of MENT to the 5-AR. The effect of MENT on the gene expression of FGF8b in CaP cells was similar to T and lower than DHT. It is concluded that MENT increases proliferative and secretory activities and gene expression on pathological prostate cells although in less extent than the active metabolite DHT. Furthermore, the fall of endogenous concentration of T during MENT treatment anticipates that this androgen will be of low impact for the prostate.

Molecular arrangement in Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of a mesogenic bent-core carboxylic acid.

A different alternative to previous research on Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of bent-core liquid crystals is reported in this work. A bent-shaped molecule wearing a terminal carboxylic group has been used to obtain monomolecular films with their long molecular axis almost perpendicular to the aqueous surface. Langmuir films at the air-liquid interface (pH=9) have been characterized by a combination of surface pressure and surface potential versus area per molecule isotherms, Brewster angle microscopy, and ultraviolet reflection spectroscopy. A condensed phase is reached at surface pressures up to 20 mN x m-1. In this condensed phase, molecules are packed forming H-aggregates with a well-defined molecular orientation. Langmuir films have been transferred onto quartz and silicon substrates and characterized by means of UV-vis spectroscopy and XRR. The transference is Z-type, with a constant deposition of the monolayers. The total LB monolayer film thickness is evaluated to be about 5.8 nm, which is in good agreement with the deduced orientation at the air-liquid interface as well as with the lamellar order observed within the solid obtained by cooling the sample from the mesophase.

Case Report of Frostbite with Delay in Evacuation: Field Use of Iloprost Might Have Improved the Outcome.

Frostbite is a common injury in high altitude medicine. Intravenous vasodilators have a proven efficacy and, recently, have been proposed as a safe outpatient treatment. Nevertheless, the lack of availability and consequently delayed application of this treatment option can result in poor clinical outcomes for patients. We present the case of a 60-year-old Chilean man with severe frostbite injuries suffered while climbing Mount Everest. The patient was initially given field treatment to the extent permitted by conditions and consensus guidelines. Unfortunately, advanced management was delayed, with iloprost administered 75 hours after the initial injury. The patient also underwent 5 days of hyperbaric and analgesic/antibiotic therapies. An early bone scan predicted a poor clinical outcome, and five of the patient's fingers, between both hands, were incompletely amputated. We present this case to exemplify the importance of advanced in-field management of frostbite injuries.

Role versatility among men who have sex with men in urban Peru.

Role versatility refers to the practice in which individual men who have sex with men (MSM) play both insertive and receptive sexual roles over time. Versatility has been thought to be relatively uncommon among Latin American MSM but possibly rising. Versatility has also been shown to be a potentially large population-level risk factor for HIV infection. In this study we examine the correlates of versatile behavior and identity among 2,655 MSM in six Peruvian cities. Versatile behavior with recent male partners was found in 9% of men and versatile ("moderno") identity was reported by 16%. Significant predictors included high education, white-collar occupation, sex work, and residence in Lima. Age was not significant in any analysis. Since sex work is negatively correlated with other predictors, versatile men appear to comprise two distinct sub-populations. Insertive-only men appear to play a strong role in bridging the HIV epidemic between MSM and women.

El guaco: un agente vegetal utilizado en el Nuevo Reino de Granada contra los síntomas generados por afecciones del sistema músculo-esquelético / Guaco: A plant agent used in the New Kingdom of Granada against symptoms generated by disorders of the musculoskeletal system

RESUMEN Objetivo: Contextualizar una receta médica de comienzos del siglo XIX en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, en la cual se prescribe el guaco para disminuir síntomas generados por afecciones del sistema músculo-esquelético. De igual forma, analizar, en función de los conocimientos actuales, cómo actúa la fórmula sobre mecanismos fisiopatológicos de la enfermedad, explicando la reducción del dolor y las secuelas asociadas. Material y método: Búsqueda documental en el Archivo Histórico Cipriano Rodríguez Santamaría, de la Biblioteca Octavio Arizmendi Posada, de la Universidad de La Sabana. Se analizó el documento denominado Reumatismo. Posteriormente se realizó una revisión de la literatura entre 1999-2018, en las bases de datos ScienceDirect/ClinicalKey/Scielo. Conclusiones: Existe evidencia científica que podría explicar la efectividad del guaco, usado en el Nuevo Reino de Granada por sus propiedades antiinflamatorias y analgésicas aportadas por componentes como la cumarina y los flavonoides. Sin embargo, una descripción vaga en la posología del guaco, signos, síntomas y comorbilidades que no se mencionan en la receta, dificulta analizar la eficacia del tratamiento y cómo lograba disminuir o controlar específicamente los síntomas dados por afecciones del sistema musculoesquelético con su aplicación. Esta tradición, en consecuencia, carece de sustento propiamente científico para el tratamiento médico de enfermedades osteomusculares.

ABSTRACT Objective: To contextualize a medical prescription of the early 19th century in the New Kingdom of Granada, in which guaco was prescribed to reduce symptoms caused by musculoskeletal system disorders, which were ill-defined at the time. Similarly, based on current knowledge, to analyse the manner in which the formula acts on pathophysiological mechanisms of rheumatic diseases, in order to explain the reduction of pain, and associated sequelae. Material and method: Documentary research into the Cipriano Rodríguez Santamaría Historical Archive of the Octavio Arizmendi Library of the University of La Sabana, in Chía, Colombia. The document analysed was called Rheumatism. Subsequently, a review of the literature was carried out in Science Direct / Clinical Key / Scielo databases in the period from 1999 to 2018. Conclusions: There is scientific evidence that supports the efficiency of guaco used in the Kingdom of New Granada due its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. However, a vague description of the dosage of the guaco, signs, symptoms, and comorbidities, which are not mentioned in the prescription, hinders the understanding of its application and the thorough effectiveness of the treatment in order to control the symptoms of musculoskeletal system conditions. This tradition, consequently, lacks proper scientific support for the medical treatment of musculoskeletal disorders.

Prescription to reduce heart palpitations, a mid-18th century prescription in the New Kingdom of Granada / Formulación para reducir las palpitaciones cardiacas, una receta médica de mediados del siglo xviii en el Nuevo Reino de Granada

Abstract The human being, throughout history, has used plants to prevent and cure diseases. It is important to know that for a long time, the mechanism through which those plants worked was unknown, making herbal medicine a purely empirical science. Medical prescriptions in the 19th century in the Kingdom of Nueva Granada were considered a significant medical advance as a result of knowledge and medical practices in the old continent. Medical literature of the time achieved, despite the lack of studies, the development of new schemes with exact dosages and new therapeutic possibilities. The medical prescription presented in this article was used in the management of heart palpitations, a frequent symptom nowadays, described as thoracic and/or neck beating, underlying various cardiac and non-cardiac diseases. The recipe for the palpitations of the historical archive "Cipriano Rodríguez Santa María" is a mixture of herbal agents that, as reviewed in the medical literature, showed to have anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and antioxidant effects, among others, allowing a beneficial effect on cardiac palpitations. Due to the lack of information on the posology, safety in its use, contraindications, and possible adverse effects, its potential use should have been underestimated at that time for the control of palpitations or as phytochemical agents directed to treat diseases causing this symptom.

Resumen A lo largo de la historia, el ser humano ha utilizado plantas para prevenir, aliviar y curar enfermedades. Cabe destacar que durante mucho tiempo se desconoció el mecanismo por el cual su uso era beneficioso, lo que hacía de la fitoterapia una ciencia netamente empírica. Las recetas médicas eran consideradas un avance médico significativo, resultado de conocimientos y prácticas traídas desde el viejo continente. Pese a la carencia de estudios locales, la literatura médica de la época permitió utilizar la biodiversidad de América para el desarrollo, investigación y uso de nuevos esquemas fitoterapéuticos con dosificaciones establecidas e indicaciones de uso, incluso un lugar específico de dispensación, ampliando aún más las posibilidades terapéuticas. La receta médica que se expone en este artículo era empleada en el manejo de las palpitaciones cardiacas, síntoma frecuente aún en la actualidad, descrito como golpes en tórax y/o cuello, subyacente en diversas enfermedades cardiacas y no cardiacas. La receta para las palpitaciones del archivo histórico Cipriano Rodríguez Santa María es una mezcla de agentes herbarios que, al realizar una revisión en la literatura médica, evidencian efectos antiinflamatorios, ansiolíticos y antioxidantes entre otros, sustentando un posible efecto beneficioso en las palpitaciones cardiacas. Debido a la ausencia de información sobre la posología, seguridad en su uso, contraindicaciones y posibles efectos adversos, es subestimado su potencial uso en aquel entonces para el control de las palpitaciones o como unos agentes fitoquímicos dirigidos para tratar enfermedades causantes de dicho síntoma.

Preservación de la fertilidad: opinión de grupo de expertos en México / Fertility preservation: an expert taskforce opinion

La preservación de la fertilidad es la aplicación de estrategias médicas y de laboratorio para preservar la descendencia genética parental en adultos o niños en riesgo de esterilidad. El cáncer es la principal indicación de preservación de fertilidad en pacientes en edad reproductiva. En las últimas décadas ha incrementado la incidencia de cáncer en adolescentes. Los tratamientos oncológicos también han mejorado significativamente, por lo que hoy es posible la curación en un amplio porcentaje de pacientes. La mayoría de los niños y adolescentes con cáncer se convierten en sobrevivientes a largo plazo, lo que aumenta el interés en los efectos del tratamiento del cáncer sobre la fertilidad. Las condiciones sociales, económicas y culturales también son determinantes para decidir el momento que una pareja busque promover su fertilidad. Además, otras patologías o incluso fármacos para prevención del rechazo de órganos trasplantados pueden afectar la fertilidad y, por tanto, tales pacientes son susceptibles de orientación sobre preservación de la fertilidad. El éxito en los programas de reproducción asistida y en los tratamientos oncológicos brindan alternativas para preservar la fertilidad. En esta primera Opinión de Grupo de Expertos Mexicanos en Preservación de la Fertilidad hemos evaluado pacientes oncológicas que son candidatas a preservación de fertilidad: jóvenes con riesgo de compromiso de su fertilidad por el tratamiento oncológico, pero con reserva ovárica suficiente y pronóstico vital aceptable. También se consideraron casos especiales como la preservación social, en casos de conceptualización sexual diferente, así como los aspectos legales y éticos básicos

Fertility preservation is the application of medical and laboratory strategies to preserve parental genetic offspring in adults or children at risk of sterility. Cancer is the main indication of fertility preservation in patients of reproductive age. In recent decades, the incidence of cancer in adolescents has increased. Cancer treatments have also improved significantly, making cure possible today in a large percentage of patients. Most children and adolescents with cancer become long-term survivors, increasing interest in the effects of cancer treatment on fertility. Social, economic and cultural conditions are also decisive in deciding when a couple seeks to promote their fertility. Furthermore, other pathologies or even drugs for the prevention of rejection of transplanted organs can affect fertility and, therefore, such patients are susceptible to guidance on fertility preservation. Success in assisted reproduction programs and cancer treatments provide alternatives to preserve fertility. In this first Opinion of the Group of Mexican Experts on Fertility Preservation, we have evaluated oncological patients who are candidates for fertility preservation: young people at risk of compromising their fertility due to oncological treatment, but with sufficient ovarian reserve and acceptable vital prognosis. Special cases such as social preservation were also considered, in cases of different sexual conceptualization, as well as the basic legal and ethical aspects

Opilation and menstrual suppression: an 18 th century medical prescription in the new kingdom of granada / Opilación y supresión de menstruos: una receta médica del siglo XVIII en el nuevo reino de granada

ABSTRACT Objective: To present and define the context of a medical prescription dating from the eighteenth century in the New Kingdom of Granada, used for the suppression of menstruation, and to analyze it in the light of current knowledge as to whether its ingredients as a whole, may or may not achieve inhibition of menstrual bleeding. Materials and methods: Documentary search in the Historical Archives of the Octavio Arizmendi Posada Library at Universidad de La Sabana where the prescription "Opilation and menstrual suppression" was found. A review of the literature available in SciELO/proQuest databases was subsequently conducted for the period 1993-2015. Conclusions: The manuscript found describes multiple ingredients that, as a whole, and analyzed in light of current knowledge, are not valid to achieve the alleged suppressive effect. However, the components of the "liquid vitriol of Mars" could be recognized as having antianemic properties, and the potential suppressive effect of prescribing vigorous exercise in the middle of the menstrual cycle, although the recipe does not accurately describe the frequency or intensity of exercising to achieve the desired effect.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Presentar y definir el contexto de una receta médica que data del siglo XVIII en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, utilizada para la supresión de la menstruación, y analizar, a la luz de los conocimientos actuales, si sus ingredientes en conjunto podrían o no lograr la inhibición del sangrado menstrual. Materiales y métodos: Búsqueda documental en el Archivo Histórico de la Biblioteca Octavio Arizmendi Posada en la Universidad de La Sabana, donde se identifica la receta "Opilación y supresión de menstruos", y, posteriormente, se realizó una revisión de la literatura disponible en las bases de datos SciELO/proQuest en el periodo 1993-2015. Conclusiones: En la receta manuscrita hallada se describen múltiples ingredientes que, analizados a la luz de los conocimientos actuales, y en su conjunto, no tienen validez para lograr el pretendido efecto supresor. Sin embargo, se reconocen las propiedades antianémicas del "vitriolo líquido de Marte", y el posible efecto que ejercería el ejercicio excesivo formulado en medio del ciclo menstrual, aunque en la receta no se describe con exactitud la frecuencia ni la intensidad con la que este debería ser realizado para lograr una supresión del menstruo.