Association of significantly elevated plasma levels of NGAL and IGFBP4 in patients with diabetic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a type of progressive kidney disease affecting approximately 40% of patients with diabetes. Current DN diagnostic criteria predominantly rely on albuminuria and serum creatinine (sCr) levels. However, the specificity and reliability of both markers are limited. Hence, reliable biomarkers are required for early diagnosis to effectively manage DN progression. METHODS: In this study, a cohort of 159 individuals were clinically evaluated and the plasma levels of NGAL, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-4 were determined using Multiplexing Assays. Additionally, the association between the plasma levels of NGAL, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-4 in patients with DN were compared to those in patients with T2D without kidney disease and control participants. RESULTS: Circulating level of NGAL were significantly higher in people with DN compared to people with T2D and non-diabetic groups (92.76 ± 7.5, 57.22 ± 8.7, and 52.47 ± 2.9 mg/L, respectively; p <  0.0001). IGFBP-4 showed a similar pattern, where it was highest in people with DN (795.61 ng/ml ±130.7) compared to T2D and non-diabetic people (374.56 ng/ml ±86.8, 273.06 ng/ml ±27.8 respectively, ANOVA p <  0.01). The data from this study shows a significant positive correlation between NGAL and IGFBP-4 in people with DN (ρ = .620, p <  0.005). IGFBP-4 also correlated positively with creatinine level and negatively with eGFR, in people with DN supporting its involvement in DN. CONCLUSION: The data from this study shows a parallel increase in the plasma levels of NGAL and IGFBP-4 in DN. This highlights the potential to use these markers for early diagnosis of DN.

Potential Role of N-Cadherin in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diabetic Nephropathy.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes affecting about half the people with diabetes and the leading cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Albuminuria and creatinine levels are currently the classic markers for the diagnosis of DN. However, many shortcomings are arising from the use of these markers mainly because they are not specific to DN and their levels are altered by multiple non-pathological factors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify better markers for the accurate and early diagnosis of DN. The study was performed on 159 subjects including 42 control subjects, 50 T2D without DN and 67 T2D subjects with DN. Our data show that circulating N-cadherin levels are significantly higher in the diabetic patients who are diagnosed with DN (842.6 ± 98.6 mg/l) compared to the diabetic patients who do not have DN (470.8 ± 111.5 mg/l) and the non-diabetic control group (412.6 ± 41.8 mg/l). We also report that this increase occurs early during the developmental stages of the disease since N-cadherin levels are significantly elevated in the microalbuminuric patients when compared to the healthy control group. In addition, we show a significant correlation between N-cadherin levels and renal markers including creatinine (in serum and urine), urea and eGFR in all the diabetic patients. In conclusion, our study presents N-cadherin as a novel marker for diabetic nephropathy that can be used as a valuable prognostic and diagnostic tool to slow down or even inhibit ESRD.

Intermediate hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome among obese Arab children (12-17 years old) in Kuwait.

OBJECTIVE: To screen 97 obese Arab adolescents for metabolic risk factors. RESULTS: Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and intermediate hyperglycaemia was found in 56.7 %, 14.4 % and 27.8 % (HbA1c) while fasting plasma glucose was impaired in 0-16.5 %, using different cut-offs. Interventions to prevent obesity and diabetes are needed.

Abnormal routine pre-operative test results and their impact on anaesthetic management: An observational study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: One of the reasons for continued routine pre-operative testing practice is the identification of hidden problems which may affect perioperative management. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence of abnormal test results, their impact on perioperative management and cost-effectiveness for detecting such abnormalities. METHODS: This observational study was conducted by screening the files of the patients attending pre-anaesthetic check-up during December 2016-January 2017. Patients' physical status, surgery grade, normal and abnormal test results and different impacts were noted and expressed in absolute numbers/percentage. Number needed to investigate (NNI) to detect a significant abnormality was calculated. RESULTS: Data of 414 patients (46.3% male) with mean ± standard deviation age 43.78 ± 17.24 years and 58.65 ± 12.93 kg weight were analysed. Patients were mostly American Society of Anesthesiologists II and underwent National Institute of Clinical and Health Excellence Grade 3 surgeries. Totally, 345 (11.6%) test results were abnormal. Only 56 (16.2%) abnormalities had an impact in terms of referral, further investigations or delay. Twenty were significant in terms of changing perioperative anaesthetic management. Laboratory abnormalities with non-significant impact resulted in median delay of 3 days (range 1 to 12 days). The NNI for a significant impact and detecting new abnormality was 21 and 28, respectively. CONCLUSION: Majority (57.2%) of the patients had at least one abnormal routine test result but only 1.8% abnormalities had significant impact. The NNI to find a significant impact or hidden comorbidity was more than 20.