SiMix: A domain generalization method for cross-site brain MRI harmonization via site mixing.

Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used in clinical practice for disease diagnosis. However, MRI scans acquired at different sites can have different appearances due to the difference in the hardware, pulse sequence, and imaging parameter. It is important to reduce or eliminate such cross-site variations with brain MRI harmonization so that downstream image processing and analysis is performed consistently. Previous works on the harmonization problem require the data acquired from the sites of interest for model training. But in real-world scenarios there can be test data from a new site of interest after the model is trained, and training data from the new site is unavailable when the model is trained. In this case, previous methods cannot optimally handle the test data from the new unseen site. To address the problem, in this work we explore domain generalization for brain MRI harmonization and propose Site Mix (SiMix). We assume that images of travelling subjects are acquired at a few existing sites for model training. To allow the training data to better represent the test data from unseen sites, we first propose to mix the training images belonging to different sites stochastically, which substantially increases the diversity of the training data while preserving the authenticity of the mixed training images. Second, at test time, when a test image from an unseen site is given, we propose a multiview strategy that perturbs the test image with preserved authenticity and ensembles the harmonization results of the perturbed images for improved harmonization quality. To validate SiMix, we performed experiments on the publicly available SRPBS dataset and MUSHAC dataset that comprised brain MRI acquired at nine and two different sites, respectively. The results indicate that SiMix improves brain MRI harmonization for unseen sites, and it is also beneficial to the harmonization of existing sites.

Pharmacologically significant constituents collectively responsible for anti-sepsis action of XueBiJing, a Chinese herb-based intravenous formulation.

Sepsis, a life-threatening health issue, lacks effective medicine targeting the septic response. In China, treatment combining the intravenous herbal medicine XueBiJing with conventional procedures reduces the 28-day mortality of critically ill patients by modulating septic response. In this study, we identified the combined active constituents that are responsible for the XueBiJing's anti-sepsis action. Sepsis was induced in rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The compounds were identified based on their systemic exposure levels and anti-sepsis activities in CLP rats that were given an intravenous bolus dose of XueBiJing. Furthermore, the identified compounds in combination were assessed, by comparing with XueBiJing, for levels of primary therapeutic outcome, pharmacokinetic equivalence, and pharmacokinetic compatibility. We showed that a total of 12 XueBiJing compounds, unchanged or metabolized, circulated with significant systemic exposure in CLP rats that received XueBiJing. Among these compounds, hydroxysafflor yellow A, paeoniflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, albiflorin, senkyunolide I, and tanshinol displayed significant anti-sepsis activities, which involved regulating immune responses, inhibiting excessive inflammation, modulating hemostasis, and improving organ function. A combination of the six compounds, with the same respective doses as in XueBiJing, displayed percentage survival and systemic exposure in CLP rats similar to those by XueBiJing. Both the combination and XueBiJing showed high degrees of pharmacokinetic compatibility regarding interactions among the six active compounds and influences of other circulating XueBiJing compounds. The identification of XueBiJing's pharmacologically significant constituents supports the medicine's anti-sepsis use and provides insights into a polypharmacology-based approach to develop medicines for effective sepsis management.

MADS-Box Subfamily Gene GmAP3 from Glycine max Regulates Early Flowering and Flower Development.

AP3 has been studied and is reported to affect structural changes in floral organs in various plants. However, the function of the soybean AP3 genes in flower development is unknown. Here, the full-length cDNA sequence of GmAP3 was obtained by RACE and it was verified that it belongs to the MADS-box subfamily by a bioinformatics analysis. The expression of GmAP3 is closely related to the expression of essential enzyme genes related to flower development. Yeast two-hybrid assays demonstrated that GmAP3 interacts with AP1 to determine the identity of flower organ development. A follow-up analysis showed that overexpression of the GmAP3 gene advanced flowering time and resulted in changes in floral organ morphology. The average flowering time of overexpressed soybean and tobacco plants was 6-8 days earlier than that of wild-type plants, and the average flowering time of gene-edited soybean and tobacco plants was 6-11 days later than that of wild-type plants. In conclusion, GmAP3 may directly or indirectly affect the flower development of soybean. The results of this study lay the foundation for further research on the biological functions of MADS transcriptional factors in soybeans.

Effects of Different Gene Editing Modes of CRISPR/Cas9 on Soybean Fatty Acid Anabolic Metabolism Based on GmFAD2 Family.

Δ12-fatty acid dehydrogenase (FAD2) is the essential enzyme responsible for catalyzing the formation of linoleic acid from oleic acid. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology has been an essential tool for molecular breeding in soybeans. To evaluate the most suitable type of gene editing in soybean fatty acid synthesis metabolism, this study selected five crucial enzyme genes of the soybean FAD2 gene family-GmFAD2-1A, GmFAD2-1B, GmFAD2-2A, GmFAD2-2B, and GmFAD2-2C-and created a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated single gene editing vector system. The results of Sanger sequencing showed that 72 transformed plants positive for T1 generation were obtained using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, of which 43 were correctly edited plants, with the highest editing efficiency of 88% for GmFAD2-2A. The phenotypic analysis revealed that the oleic acid content of the progeny of GmFAD2-1A gene-edited plants had a higher increase of 91.49% when compared to the control JN18, and the rest of the gene-edited plants in order were GmFAD2-2A, GmFAD2-1B, GmFAD2-2C, and GmFAD2-2B. The analysis of gene editing type has indicated that base deletions greater than 2bp were the predominant editing type in all editing events. This study provides ideas for the optimization of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology and the development of new tools for precise base editing in the future.

Analysis of Intestinal Metabolites in SR-B1 Knockout Mice via Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry.

Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), a multiligand membrane receptor, is expressed in a gradient along the gastrocolic axis. SR-B1 deficiency enhances lymphocyte proliferation and elevates inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. However, whether SR-B1 affects intestinal metabolites is unclear. In this study, we detected metabolite changes in the intestinal tissue of SR-B1-/- mice, including amino acids and neurotransmitters, by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and HPLC. We found that SR-B1-/- mice exhibited changes in intestinal lipid metabolites and metabolic pathways, including the glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, linoleic acid, taurine, and hypotaurine metabolic pathways. SR-B1 deficiency influenced the contents of amino acids and neurotransmitters in all parts of the intestine; the contents of leucine (LEU), phenylalanine (PHE), tryptophan (TRP), and tyrosine (TYR) were affected in all parts of the intestine; and the contents of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and dopamine (DA) were significantly decreased in both the colon and rectum. In summary, SR-B1 deficiency regulated intestinal lipids, amino acids, and neurotransmitter metabolism in mice.

Sestrin2 protects against lethal sepsis by suppressing the pyroptosis of dendritic cells.

Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sestrin2 (SESN2), a highly evolutionarily conserved protein, is critically involved in the cellular response to various stresses and has been confirmed to maintain the homeostasis of the internal environment. However, the potential effects of SESN2 in regulating dendritic cells (DCs) pyroptosis in the context of sepsis and the related mechanisms are poorly characterized. In this study, we found that SESN2 was capable of decreasing gasdermin D (GSDMD)-dependent pyroptosis of splenic DCs by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ERS)-related nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-mediated ASC pyroptosome formation and caspase-1 (CASP-1) activation. Furthermore, SESN2 deficiency induced NLRP3/ASC/CASP-1-dependent pyroptosis and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by exacerbating the PERK-ATF4-CHOP signaling pathway, resulting in an increase in the mortality of septic mice, which was reversed by inhibiting ERS. These findings suggest that SESN2 appears to be essential for inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome hyperactivation, reducing CASP-1-dependent pyroptosis, and improving sepsis outcomes through stabilization of the ER. The present study might have important implications for exploration of novel potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of sepsis complications.

Circular RNAs acting as ceRNAs mediated by miRNAs may be involved in the synthesis of soybean fatty acids.

Soybean oil is composed of fatty acids and glycerol. The content and composition of fatty acids partly determine the quality of soybean seeds. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are endogenous non-coding RNAs that competitively bind to microRNAs (miRNAs) through miRNA recognition elements, thereby acting as sponges to regulate the expression of target genes. Although circRNAs have been identified previously in soybean, only their expression has been investigated without exploration of the competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) network of circRNAs-miRNAs-mRNAs. In this study, circRNAs in immature pods of a low linolenic acid soybean Mutant 72' (MT72) and the wild-type control 'Jinong 18' (JN18) were systematically identified and analyzed at 30 and 40 days after flowering using high-throughput sequencing technology. We identified 6377 circRNAs, of which 114 were differentially expressed. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analyses of targeted mRNAs in the ceRNAs network indicated that the differentially expressed circRNAs may be involved in fatty acid transport, suggesting that circRNAs may play a post-transcriptional regulatory role in soybean oil synthesis. This study provides a foundation for future exploration of the function of circRNAs in soybean and presents novel insights to guide further studies of plant circRNAs.

Hierarchical integrated processing of reward-related regions in obese males: A graph-theoretical-based study.

Abnormal activities in reward-related regions are associated with overeating or obesity. Preliminary studies have shown that changes in neural activity in obesity include not only regional reward regions abnormalities but also impairments in the communication between reward-related regions and multiple functional areas. A recent study has shown that the transitions between different neural networks are nonrandom and hierarchical, and that activation of particular brain networks is more likely to occur after other brain networks. The aims of this study were to investigate the key nodes of reward-related regions in obese males and explore the hierarchical integrated processing of key nodes. Twenty-four obese males and 24 normal-weight male controls of similar ages were recruited. The fMRI data were acquired using 3.0 T MRI. The fMRI data preprocessing was performed in DPABI and SPM 12. Degree centrality analyses were conducted using GRETNA toolkit, and Granger causality analyses were calculated using DynamicBC toolbox. Decreased degree centrality was observed in left ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and right parahippocampal/hippocampal gyrus in group with obesity. The group with obesity demonstrated increased effective connectivity between left vmPFC and several regions (left inferior temporal gyrus, left supplementary motor area, right insular cortex, right postcentral gyrus, right paracentral lobule and bilateral fusiform gyrus). Increased effective connectivity was observed between right parahippocampal/hippocampal gyrus and left precentral/postcentral gyrus. Decreased effective connectivity was found between right parahippocampal/hippocampal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule. This study identified the features of hierarchical interactions between the key reward nodes and multiple function networks. These findings may provide more evidence for the existing view of hierarchical organization in reward processing.

Incremental value of plaque enhancement in predicting stroke recurrence in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis.

PURPOSE: To investigate the association between plaque enhancement and stroke recurrence in subjects with intracranial atherosclerosis. METHODS: Ischemic stroke patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis were prospectively included and followed in a comprehensive stroke center. Pre- and post-contrast vessel wall images were used to evaluate plaque enhancement. Other established suggestive imaging markers were also acquired simultaneously. Univariate- and multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to determine the association between plaque enhancement and stroke recurrence. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to demonstrate the predictive value of different imaging markers. RESULTS: Of the 60 subjects included, 12 (20.0%) patients presented with ipsilateral stroke recurrence during the median 12-month follow-up. Cox proportional hazard regression models indicated that plaque enhancement was an independent risk factor associated with stroke recurrence after adjusted covariates, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 14.24 and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) (1.21, 168.11), p = 0.04. In addition, border zone infarction was also statistically significant in predicting stroke recurrence in multi-variable regression (HR = 3.80; 95% CI = 1.04, 13.80; p = 0.04). Collateral status was in marginal significance (HR = 0.25; 95% CI = 0.06, 1.08; p = 0.06). ROC analysis indicated that the area under the curve and 95% CI to identify stroke recurrence are 0.67 (0.51, 0.82) for plaque enhancement and 0.71 (0.54, 0.88) for infarction pattern and collateral status and may increase to 0.82 (0.70, 0.93) by combining the three markers above. CONCLUSION: Plaque enhancement is independently associated with stroke recurrence in subjects with intracranial atherosclerosis and has added value to hemodynamic indicators in predicting stroke recurrence.

Comparative evaluation of epidural bupivacaine alone and bupivacaine combined with magnesium sulfate in providing postoperative analgesia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: The comparative efficacy of epidural bupivacaine alone and bupivacaine combined with magnesium sulfate in providing postoperative analgesia remains controversial. METHODS: We searched Mediline (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) to identify trials that compared epidural bupivacaine and magnesium sulfate combination (intervention) with bupivacaine alone (control). Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) framework was used to assess the quality of evidence. RESULTS: Eleven studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria after screening. We found that epidural bupivacaine combined with magnesium sulfate could prolong the time for first rescue analgesics (SMD 4.96; 95% CI [2.75, 7.17], P < 0.00001, I2 = 98%), reduce the number of patients who need rescue analgesics (RR 0.38; 95% CI [0.20, 0.74], P = 0.004, I2 = 75%) and requirement for rescue analgesics (SMD -2.65; 95% CI [- 4.23, - 1.06], P = 0.001, I2 = 96%). CONCLUSIONS: Magnesium suifate as an adjuvant of epidural bupivacaine improved postoperative analgesia. However, we rated the quality of evidence to be very low because of high heterogeneity, imprecise of results and small sample sizes. Furthermore, further large high-quality trials are still needed to confirm the effects of magnesium sulfate on postoperative analgesia.

[Study on antipyretic effect of rhubarb on rats and its antipyretic ingredients].

A combination of LC-MS technology and activity evaluation was used to identify the antipyretic ingredients in rhubarb. The rat model of fever was established with dried yeast and then was administered ethanol extract and different polar fractions of rhubarb. Next, the anal temperature of these rats was measured and recorded at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h after administration, and the inhibition rate of each part on the rise of body temperature was calculated. The inhibition rate is higher and the antipyretic effect is better. The chemical composition of the effective fraction was analyzed with UPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS technology. Compared with the model group, the increase of body temperature of ethanol extract group all reduced at each measurement time especially after 3 h, and the inhibition rate were 38.7%(P<0.05), 78.2%(P<0.01) and 72.4%(P<0.01) at 3 h, 4 h, and 5 h after administration, respectively. Both n-butanol and water fraction showed some antipyretic activity in the early stage, with the inhibition rate of 28.1%(P<0.01) and 24.9%(P<0.05) at 1 h after administration, respectively, while other fractions were not active. Thirty-three and twelve compounds were identified from n-butanol and water fraction by LC-MS/MS analysis, respectively, including ten tannins, fifteen anthraquinone glycosides, four anthrone glycosides, one phenolic glycoside, one naphthaline derivative, one anthraquinone and one sucrose. These results revealed that rhubarb had antipyretic activity on rats, and tannin and anthraquinone glycosides were the main active ingredients inside.

Integration of Neural Reward Processing and Appetite-Related Signaling in Obese Females: Evidence From Resting-State fMRI.

BACKGROUND: The reward-related regions have been considered a crucial component in the regulation of eating behavior. Furthermore, appetite-related regions associated with reward can influence eating behaviors through altered functional activity related to food in brain areas associated with emotion, memory, sensory processing, motor function, and cognitive control. PURPOSE: To investigate the key nodes in obese females of reward-related regions and, based on key nodes, to evaluate the directionality of functional connectivity between key nodes and appetite-related regions. STUDY TYPE: Prospective. POPULATION: Twenty-eight obese and 28 normal-weight female controls of similar age. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 3.0 T MRI and echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence, 3D BRAVO sequence. ASSESSMENT: The fMRI data preprocessing was based on the Data Processing & Analysis of Brain Imaging and Statistical Parametric Mapping 12. Degree centrality calculation was based on the GRETNA toolkit and granger causality analysis were based on the DynamicBC toolbox. Statistical Tests: Independent two-sample t-tests were used to assess the differences in demographic and clinical data between two groups. Two-sample t-tests were conducted to test the difference in degree centrality and effective connectivity of key nodes between two groups. RESULTS: Compared with normal-weight controls, obese females showed an increased degree centrality in the left ventral striatum/caudate (t = 2.96808, P < 0.05) and decreased degree centrality in right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (t = -3.3558, P < 0.05). The obese females showed directional effective connectivity between left ventral striatum/caudate and several regions (left inferior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and right precentral gyrus) (P < 0.05). Directional effective connectivity was also observed between the right OFC and several regions (left middle temporal gyrus, cuneus, OFC, superior temporal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and right inferior parietal lobule) (P < 0.05). DATA CONCLUSION: The left ventral striatum/caudate and right OFC are key nodes in reward-related regions. The key nodes with reward processing mainly enhance visual processing of information and further participate in cognitive, attention, and sensorimotor processing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1. Technical Efficacy: Stage 4. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:541-551.

Preparative isolation and purification of steroidal glycoalkaloid from the ripe berries of Solanum nigrum L. by preparative HPLC-MS and UHPLC-TOF-MS/MS and its anti-non-small cell lung tumors effects in vitro and in vivo.

Overcoming epidermal growth factor receptor resistance is a critical problem that needs to be solved in clinical practice. Drugs that downregulate the fatty acid synthase-epidermal growth factor receptor will become novel treatments for non-small cell lung cancer. Solanum nigrum, extracted with water at 4°C, shows strong cytotoxic activity and inhibits tumor growth in Lewis tumor bearing-mice in a dose-dependent manner. A novel active compound in S. nigrum, solaoiacid, was successfully separated and purified from S. nigrum by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and ultra high performance liquid chromatography with time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. The IC50 of solaoiacid on lung cancer cells was 2.3 µmol/L, which was significantly lower than that of the known steroidal glycoalkaloid. Label-free proteomics and STRING Network analysis were used to identify significantly deregulated proteins in lung cancer cells that were treated with the fresh ripe fruit extracts of S. nigrum. S. nigrum regulates multiple signal pathways, including the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway. S. nigrum downregulated 24 main proteins with direct roles in fatty acid biosynthesis. Both S. nigrum and solaoiacid showed strong downregulation of the fatty acid synthase-epidermal growth factor receptor and anti-non-small cell lung cancer effects, and thus will become a novel drug for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

MCPIP1 mediates inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid in bovine mammary epithelial cells.

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1) is a kind of zinc finger RNA binding protein, which exerts immune responses in a variety of cell types. However, the role of MCPIP1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells during mastitis has not been studied. In this study, we explored the functions of MCPIP1 in the inflammatory process induced by virulence factors of pathogens in bovine mammary alveolar cell-T (MAC-T) cell line. Our results showed that MCPIP1 was significantly highly expressed both in the mammary tissue of dairy cows with mastitis and in inflammatory MAC-T cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Furthermore, we found that overexpression of MCPIP1 in MAC-T cells abated the LPS-induced increase at the gene expression levels of inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-α-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6 and IL-8, enhanced the LPS- and LTA-induced inhibition of epithelial proliferation and promoted the LPS- and LTA-induced oxidative and DNA damage. These findings indicated that MCPIP1 has an enormous potential in regulating the inflammatory response of bovine mammary epithelial cells during infection and may provide an effective therapeutic target for bovine mastitis to reduce the damage caused by inflammatory reactions.

Identification of a NFκB Inhibition Site on the Proximal Promoter Region of Human Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1A2 Coding Gene SLCO1A2.

Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs; gene symbol SLCO) are membrane transporters that mediate the transport of wide ranges of compounds. The expression of different OATP members has been reported in the kidney, liver, placenta, brain, and intestine. Because of their broad substrate spectra and wide distribution within the human body, these transporters have been proposed to play key roles in the influx transport of many oral drugs. Inflammation is known to regulate the expression and functions of many drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. As a proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) has been shown to affect the expression of different drug transporters, including OATP family members. In the present study, a putative nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) binding site ranging from -1845 to -1836 was identified at the proximal promoter region of OATP1A2 coding gene SLCO1A2 Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that nuclear extracts from both breast cancer cell MCF7 and liver cancer cell HepG2 interacted with an oligonucleotide probe containing the putative NFκB binding site and that the DNA-protein complexes contained both p65 and p50 subunits of NFκB. Further study revealed that the binding site may be responsible in part for the suppression effect of TNFα toward SLCO1A2 expression because the treatment of TNFα significantly increased. Treatment of TNFα significantly increased formation of the DNA-protein complexes and mutations at essential bases of the putative NFκB binding site abolished responsiveness to the TNFα neutralizing antibody, suggesting that the binding site may be responsible in part for the suppression effect of TNFα towars SLCO1A2 expression.

Synthesis of novel galactose functionalized gold nanoparticles and its radiosensitizing mechanism.

BACKGROUND: Biocompatible gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are potentially practical and efficient agents in cancer radiotherapy applications. In this study, we demonstrated that GNPs can significantly modulate irradiation response of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and investigated the underlying mechanisms. We co-grafted galactose (GAL) targeting hepatocyte specific asialoglycoprotein receptor and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) onto GNPs surfaces to increase GNPs targeting specificity and stability. RESULTS: This novel GAL-PEG-GNPs and bare GNPs show similar appearance and cytotoxicity profiles, while more GAL-PEG-GNPs can be effectively uptaken and could enhance cancer cell killing. CONCLUSION: GAL-PEG-GNPs have better radiosensitization to HepG2. The sensitization mechanism of GAL-PEG-GNPs is related to the apoptotic gene process activated by generation of a large amount of free radicals induced by GNPs.

[Comparative Study on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Medicinal Ingredients in Different Months of Inula nervosa].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the photosynthetic characteristics and medicinal ingredients in different months in order to provide a theoretical basis for cultivation and harvest of Inula nervosa. METHODS: The photosynthetic characteristics was measured by using LI-6400 and morphological characteristics were compared in different months, and the contents of total flavonoids and total phenols were determined by UV spectrophotometry. RESULTS: Net photosynthetic rate of Inula nervosa was the highest in June, which showed a single peak curve, and the average of daily change reached to 8.50 µmol/(m2 x s). Light response curve data showed the ability of using the strongest light was in June. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters values also displayed that, openness of reflect center and photochemical efficiency of leaves' photosystem II were the highest, which also had the fastest rate of electron transfer in June. Morphological indicators showed that the single leaf area and leaf area of Inula nervosa were significantly higher in June than those in other months. The content of total phenols were much higher than that of total flavonoids in Inula nervosa. And the medicinal ingredient content of the underground part was higher than that in the aerial part. CONCLUSION: The best harvest time of underground part of Inula nervosa should be after autumn, when the weight and active ingredients are accumulated to a considerable level.

Mechanisms of visual working memory processing task-irrelevant information retrieved from visual long-term memory.

Visual working memory (VWM) can selectively filter task-irrelevant information from incoming visual stimuli. However, whether a similar filtering process applies to task-irrelevant information retrieved from visual long-term memory (VLTM) remains elusive. We assume a "resource-limited retrieval mechanism" in VWM in charge of the retrieval of irrelevant VLTM information. To make a comprehensive understanding of this mechanism, we conducted three experiments using both a VLTM learning task and a VWM task combined with pupillometry. The presence of a significant pupil light response (PLR) served as empirical evidence that VLTM information can indeed make its way into VWM. Notably, task-relevant VLTM information induced a sustained PLR, contrasting with the transient PLR observed for task-irrelevant VLTM information. Importantly, the transience of the PLR occurred under conditions of low VWM load, but this effect was absent under conditions of high load. Collectively, these results show that task-irrelevant VLTM information can enter VWM and then fade away only under conditions of low VWM load. This dynamic underscores the resource-limited retrieval mechanism within VWM, exerting control over the entry of VLTM information.

Revolutionizing early Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment diagnosis: a deep learning MRI meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains a significant challenge in neurology, with conventional methods often limited by subjectivity and variability in interpretation. Integrating deep learning with artificial intelligence (AI) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis emerges as a transformative approach, offering the potential for unbiased, highly accurate diagnostic insights. OBJECTIVE: A meta-analysis was designed to analyze the diagnostic accuracy of deep learning of MRI images on AD and MCI models. METHODS: A meta-analysis was performed across PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, focusing on the diagnostic accuracy of deep learning. Subsequently, methodological quality was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. Diagnostic measures, including sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratio, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were analyzed, alongside subgroup analyses for T1-weighted and non-T1-weighted MRI. RESULTS: A total of 18 eligible studies were identified. The Spearman correlation coefficient was -0.6506. Meta-analysis showed that the combined sensitivity and specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio were 0.84, 0.86, 6.0, 0.19, and 32, respectively. The AUROC was 0.92. The quiescent point of hierarchical summary of receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) was 3.463. Notably, the images of 12 studies were acquired by T1-weighted MRI alone, and those of the other 6 were gathered by non-T1-weighted MRI alone. CONCLUSION: Overall, deep learning of MRI for the diagnosis of AD and MCI showed good sensitivity and specificity and contributed to improving diagnostic accuracy.

ANTECEDENTES: O diagnóstico precoce da doença de Alzheimer (DA) e do comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) continua sendo um desafio significativo na neurologia, com métodos convencionais frequentemente limitados pela subjetividade e variabilidade na interpretação. A integração da aprendizagem profunda com a inteligência artificial (IA) na análise de imagens de ressonância magnética surge como uma abordagem transformadora, oferecendo o potencial para insights diagnósticos imparciais e altamente precisos. OBJETIVO: Uma metanálise foi projetada para analisar a precisão diagnóstica do aprendizado profundo de imagens de ressonância magnética em modelos de DA e CCL. MéTODOS: Uma metanálise foi realizada nos bancos de dados das bibliotecas PubMed, Embase e Cochrane seguindo as diretrizes Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), com foco na precisão diagnóstica do aprendizado profundo. Posteriormente, a qualidade metodológica foi avaliada por meio do checklist QUADAS-2. Medidas diagnósticas, incluindo sensibilidade, especificidade, razões de verossimilhança, razão de chances diagnósticas e área sob a curva característica de operação do receptor (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]) foram analisadas, juntamente com análises de subgrupo para ressonância magnética ponderada em T1 e não ponderada em T1. RESULTADOS: Um total de 18 estudos elegíveis foram identificados. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman foi de -0,6506. A metanálise mostrou que a sensibilidade e a especificidade combinadas, a razão de verossimilhança positiva, a razão de verossimilhança negativa e a razão de chances de diagnóstico foram 0,84, 0,86, 6,0, 0,19 e 32, respectivamente. A AUROC foi de 0,92. O ponto quiescente do resumo hierárquico da característica de operação do receptor (hierarchical summary of receiver operating characteristic [HSROC]) foi 3,463. Notavelmente, as imagens de 12 estudos foram adquiridas apenas por ressonância magnética ponderada em T1, e as dos outros 6 foram obtidas apenas por ressonância magnética não ponderada em T1. CONCLUSãO: Em geral, a aprendizagem profunda da ressonância magnética para o diagnóstico de DA e CCL mostrou boa sensibilidade e especificidade e contribuiu para melhorar a precisão diagnóstica.

Optimized early recurrence score for distal cholangiocarcinoma: A new attempt by adding imaging indicators.

PURPOSE: To improve the preoperative prediction efficacy for patients with risk for early recurrence (ER) of distal cholangiocarcinoma (DCC). METHODS: 56 patients pathologically diagnosed as DCC were included. Their clinical data and preoperative upper abdominal enhanced MSCT images were retrospectively reviewed to look for risk factors associated with ER. ER scores were calculated by Distal Cholangiocarcinoma Early Recurrence (DICER) score and optimized ER score (OERS). Chi-square test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between ER group and Non-ER group, DICER score and OERS, and TNM stage and OERS. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors of ER. RESULTS: Of 56 DCC patients, 15 (26.8 %) experienced ER who were classified as ER group. Patients in ER group had significantly higher percentage of soft tissue around superior mesenteric artery (STASMA), positive lymph node, microvascular invasion and TNM stage III than those in Non-ER group, among which STASMA and positive lymph node were found to be independent risk factors for ER of DCC (All P values < 0.050). DICER score was optimized by adding STASMA and positive lymph node score to form OERS. OERS predicted more accurately than DICER score in low- and high-risk patients for ER of DCC (30.0 % vs. 0 %, 50.0 % vs. 75.0 %, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: By adding preoperative imaging indicators, OERS could improve the predictive efficacy for ER of DCC.