The Association of ACGME Milestones With Performance on American Board of Surgery Assessments: A National Investigation of Surgical Trainees.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between, and predictive utility of, milestone ratings and subsequent American Board of Surgery (ABS) vascular surgery in-training examination (VSITE), vascular qualifying examination (VQE), and vascular certifying examination (VCE) performance in a national cohort of vascular surgery trainees. BACKGROUND: Specialty board certification is an important indicator of physician competence. However, predicting future board certification examination performance during training continues to be challenging. METHODS: This is a national longitudinal cohort study examining relational and predictive associations between Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Milestone ratings and performance on VSITE, VQE, and VCE for all vascular surgery trainees from 2015 to 2021. Predictive associations between milestone ratings and VSITE were conducted using cross-classified random-effects regression. Cross-classified random-effects logistic regression was used to identify predictive associations between milestone ratings and VQE and VCE. RESULTS: Milestone ratings were obtained for all residents and fellows(n=1,118) from 164 programs during the study period (from July 2015 to June 2021), including 145,959 total trainee assessments. Medical knowledge (MK) and patient care (PC) milestone ratings were strongly predictive of VSITE performance across all postgraduate years (PGYs) of training, with MK ratings demonstrating a slightly stronger predictive association overall (MK coefficient 17.26 to 35.76, ß = 0.15 to 0.23). All core competency ratings were predictive of VSITE performance in PGYs 4 and 5. PGY 5 MK was highly predictive of VQE performance [OR 4.73, (95% CI, 3.87-5.78), P <0.001]. PC subcompetencies were also highly predictive of VQE performance in the final year of training [OR 4.14, (95% CI, 3.17-5.41), P <0.001]. All other competencies were also significantly predictive of first-attempt VQE pass with ORs of 1.53 and higher. PGY 4 ICS ratings [OR 4.0, (95% CI, 3.06-5.21), P <0.001] emerged as the strongest predictor of VCE first-attempt pass. Again, all subcompetency ratings remained significant predictors of first-attempt pass on CE with ORs of 1.48 and higher. CONCLUSIONS: ACGME Milestone ratings are highly predictive of future VSITE performance, and first-attempt pass achievement on VQE and VCE in a national cohort of surgical trainees.

Graduating Vascular Surgery Trainee Proficiency in Endovascular and Open Peripheral Revascularization Procedures.

INTRODUCTION: Endovascular interventions for peripheral artery disease have increased in prevalence over time given the inherent benefits of minimally invasive approaches. While it is essential that vascular surgery graduates are facile with endovascular techniques, the results of the BEST-CLI trial highlight the equivalent importance of ensuring trainee competence in open skills. Recent studies demonstrate increasing case volume of both endovascular and open procedures during vascular surgery training. Case volume is merely a surrogate marker for competence, however, and the objective competence attained by trainees at the time of graduation is unknown. We sought to investigate operative autonomy and competence of graduating vascular surgery trainees performing endovascular as compared to open peripheral vascular revascularization procedures. METHODS: Operative performance and autonomy ratings for infrainguinal endovascular and open revascularizations from the Society for Improving Professional Learning Operative (SIMPL OR) application database were collected for all vascular surgery participating institutions from 2018-23. The distribution for autonomy and performance ratings were determined by training level for endovascular and open procedures, respectively. Mixed effects logistic regressions were conducted to estimate the predictive association between procedure type and autonomy and performance assessment, adjusting for training level and case complexity. Subsequently, the estimated model was applied to predict the probability of a graduating trainee being rated as meaningfully autonomous or competent while performing endovascular and open procedures across various case complexities. RESULTS: Sixty-nine residents from 23 programs (12 fellowship, 11 residency) were assessed on 706 revascularization procedures (n=383 endovascular, 323 open). When controlling for training level and case complexity, there were no differences in autonomy (OR 1.11 [95% CI: 0.62-1.99]) or competency assessment (OR 0.86 [95% CI: 0.46-1.59]) for endovascular, as compared to open, peripheral revascularization procedures. For average complexity procedures, the predicted probability of a trainee being assessed as competent and autonomous at the time of graduation was high (competent: 88% endovascular, 86% open; autonomous: 96% endovascular, 97% open). Predicted probability of competence and autonomy for complex procedures was lower but remained similar between groups (competent:73% endovascular, 70% open; autonomous: 92% endovascular, 92% open). CONCLUSIONS: There is no difference in the graduating level of autonomy and competence of endovascular as compared to open peripheral revascularization procedures for vascular surgery trainees. These findings suggest vascular surgery trainees enter independent practice with adequate proficiency to utilize the full scope of techniques to care for patients requiring peripheral revascularization procedures.

Center-level outcomes following elective fenestrated endovascular aortic aneurysm repair in the Vascular Quality Initiative database.

OBJECTIVE: Hospital volume is associated with mortality after open aortic aneurysm repair. Fenestrated and branched endovascular aortic repair (B-FEVAR) has been increasingly used for repair of complex thoracoabdominal and juxtarenal aneurysms, but evidence of a center-volume relationship is limited. We aimed to measure the association of center volume with in-hospital mortality, postoperative outcomes, and 1-year survival following B-FEVAR. METHODS: Patients undergoing elective endovascular thoracoabdominal and complex abdominal aneurysm repair with branch intervention (2014-2021) listed within the national Vascular Quality Initiative Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair/Complex EVAR database were analyzed. Centers were grouped into quartiles by mean annual procedure volume. Multivariable regression was used to evaluate the effect of center volume on in-hospital mortality adjusting for baseline and procedural characteristics. Kaplan-Meier estimation, log rank test, and mixed effects Cox regression were used to evaluate 1-year survival. RESULTS: A total of 4302 adult elective F-BEVAR procedures were identified at a total of 163 centers. In-hospital mortality did not differ by hospital volume (quartile [Q]1 = 35/1059 [3.3%]; Q2 = 30/1063 [2.8%]; Q3 = 33/1120 [2.9%]; and Q4 = 44/1060 [4.2%]; P = .308). The high volume group had a higher rate of major complication (Q1 = 14.9%; Q2 = 12.8%; Q3 = 13.3%; and Q4 = 20.1%; adjusted P < .001). Physician-modified grafts were more frequently employed in high-volume centers (Q1 = 4.5%; Q2 = 18.7%; Q3 = 11.3%; and Q4 = 19.2%; P < .001), with a decreased incidence of any endoleak noted at the end of the procedure (Q1 = 34.9%; Q2 = 32.8%; Q3 = 30.0%; and Q4 = 29.0%; P = .003). In the multivariable analysis, in-hospital mortality was not associated with center volume, comparing very low volume to medium- and high-volume centers (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] vs Q4: Q1 = 1.1 [0.6-1.9], Q2 = 0.6 [0.4-1.1], and Q3 = 0.9 [0.5-1.5]; all P > .05). No significant difference was found in 1-year survival between center volume groups. CONCLUSIONS: In-hospital mortality is not associated with procedure volume within centers performing complex endovascular aortic repair. However, complication rates and endoleak may be associated with procedure volume. Long-term outcomes by annualized procedure volume, specifically graft durability and sac expansion, should be investigated.

Clinical factors associated with ultrashort length of stay in patients undergoing lower extremity bypass for peripheral arterial disease.

BACKGROUND: Length of stay (LOS) is a major driver of cost and resource utilization following lower extremity bypass (LEB). However, the variable comorbidity burden and mobility status of LEB patients makes implementing enhanced recovery after surgery pathways challenging. The aim of this study was to use a large national database to identify patient factors associated with ultrashort LOS among patients undergoing LEB for peripheral artery disease. METHODS: All patients undergoing LEB for peripheral artery disease in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Project database from 2011 to 2018 were included. Patients were divided into two groups based on the postoperative length of stay : ultrashort (≤2 days) and standard (>2 days). Thirty-day outcomes were compared using descriptive statistics, and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify patient factors associated with ultrashort LOS. RESULTS: Overall, 17,510 patients were identified who underwent LEB, of which 2678 patients (15.3%) had an ultrashort postoperative LOS (mean, 1.8 days) and 14,832 (84.7%) patients had a standard LOS (mean, 7.1 days). When compared to patients with a standard LOS, patients with an ultrashort LOS were more likely to be admitted from home (95.9% vs 88.0%; P < .001), undergo elective surgery (86.1% vs 59.1%; P < .001), and be active smokers (52.1% vs 40.4%; P < .001). Patients with an ultrashort LOS were also more likely to have claudication as the indication for LEB (53.1% vs 22.5%; P < .001), have a popliteal revascularization target rather than a tibial/pedal target (76.7% vs 55.3%; P < .001), and have a prosthetic conduit (40.0% vs 29.9%; P < .001). There was no significant difference in mortality between the two groups (1.4% vs 1.8%; P = .21); however, patients with an ultrashort LOS had a lower frequency of unplanned readmission (10.7% vs 18.8%; P < .001) and need for major reintervention (1.9% vs 5.6%; P < .001). On multivariable analysis, elective status (odds ratio , 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.33-3.04), active smoking (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.07-1.30), and lack of vein harvest (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.41-1.70) were associated with ultrashort LOS. Presence of rest pain (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.51-0.63), tissue loss (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.27-0.34), and totally dependent functional status (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.35-0.84) were associated negatively with an ultrashort LOS. When examining the subgroup of patients who underwent vein harvest, totally dependent (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.19-0.75) and partially dependent (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.32-0.88) functional status were persistently negatively associated with ultrashort LOS. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrashort LOS (≤2 days) after LEB is uncommon but feasible in select patients. Preoperative functional status and mobility are important factors to consider when identifying LEB patients who may be candidates for early discharge.

Gender differences in autonomy and performance assessments in a national cohort of vascular surgery trainees.

OBJECTIVE: Gender disparities in surgical training and assessment are described in the general surgery literature. Assessment disparities have not been explored in vascular surgery. We sought to investigate gender disparities in operative assessment in a national cohort of vascular surgery integrated residents (VIRs) and fellows (VSFs). METHODS: Operative performance and autonomy ratings from the Society for Improving Medical Professional Learning (SIMPL) application database were collected for all vascular surgery participating institutions from 2018 to 2023. Logistic generalized linear mixed models were conducted to examine the association of faculty and trainee gender on faculty and self-assessment of autonomy and performance. Data were adjusted for post-graduate year and case complexity. Random effects were included to account for clustering effects due to participant, program, and procedure. RESULTS: One hundred three trainees (n = 63 VIRs; n = 40 VSFs; 63.1% men) and 99 faculty (73.7% men) from 17 institutions (n = 12 VIR and n = 13 VSF programs) contributed 4951 total assessments (44.4% by faculty, 55.6% by trainees) across 235 unique procedures. Faculty and trainee gender were not associated with faculty ratings of performance (faculty gender: odds ratio [OR], 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27-2.29; trainee gender: OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 0.76-0.43) or autonomy (faculty gender: OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.41-2.39; trainee gender: OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.62-2.45) of trainees. All trainees self-assessed at lower performance and autonomy ratings as compared with faculty assessments. However, women trainees rated themselves significantly lower than men for both autonomy (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.43-0.74) and performance (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.30-0.54). CONCLUSIONS: Although gender was not associated with differences in faculty assessment of performance or autonomy among vascular surgery trainees, women trainees perceive themselves as performing with lower competency and less autonomy than their male colleagues. These findings suggest utility for exploring gender differences in real-time feedback delivered to and received by trainees and targeted interventions to align trainee self-perception with actual operative performance and autonomy to optimize surgical skill acquisition.

Practice patterns of peripheral vascular interventions for peripheral artery disease in the office-based laboratory setting versus outpatient hospital.

OBJECTIVE: Controversy exists regarding the value and limitations of different sites of service for peripheral artery disease treatment. We aimed to examine practice patterns associated with peripheral vascular interventions (PVIs) performed in the office-based laboratory (OBL) vs outpatient hospital site of service using a nationally representative database. METHODS: Using 100% Medicare fee-for-service claims data, we identified all patients undergoing PVI for claudication or chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) between January 2017 and December 2022. We evaluated the associations of patient and procedure characteristics with site of service using multivariable hierarchical logistic regression. We used multinomial regression models to estimate the relative risk ratios (RRRs) of site of service and intervention type (angioplasty, stent, or atherectomy) and intervention anatomic level (iliac, femoropopliteal, or tibial) after adjusting for baseline patient characteristics and clustering by physician. RESULTS: Of 848,526 PVI, 485,942 (57.3%) were performed in an OBL. OBL use increased significantly over time from 48.3% in 2017 to 65.5% in 2022 (P < .001). Patients treated in OBLs were more likely to be Black (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.18) or other non-White race (aOR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.08-1.18), have fewer comorbidities, and undergo treatment for claudication vs CLTI (aOR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.26-1.33) compared with patients treated in outpatient hospital settings. Physicians with majority practice (>50% procedures) in an OBL were more likely to practice in urban settings (aOR, 21.58; 95% CI, 9.31-50.02), specialize in radiology (aOR, 18.15; 95% CI, 8.92- 36.92), and have high-volume PVI practices (aOR, 2.15; 95% CI, 2.10-2.29). The median time from diagnosis to treatment was shorter in OBLs, particularly for patients with CLTI (29 vs 39 days; P < .001). The OBL setting was the strongest predictor of patients receiving an atherectomy alone (adjusted RRR [aRRR] 6.67; 95% CI, 6.59-6.76) or atherectomy + stent (aRRR, 10.84; 95% CI, 10.64-11.05), and these findings were consistent in subgroup analyses stratified by PVI indication. The OBL setting was also associated with higher risk of tibial interventions for both claudication (aRRR, 3.18; 95% CI, 3.11-3.25) and CLTI (aRRR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.86-1.92). The average reimbursement (including professional and facility fees) was slightly higher for OBLs compared with the hospital ($8742/case vs $8459/case; P < .001). However, in a simulated cohort resetting the OBL's intervention type distribution to that of the hospital, OBLs were associated with a hypothetical cost savings of $221,219,803 overall and $2602 per case. CONCLUSIONS: The OBL site of service was associated with greater access to care for non-White patients and a shorter time from diagnosis to treatment, but more frequently performed high-cost interventions compared with the outpatient hospital setting. The benefit to patients from improved access to peripheral artery disease care in OBL settings must be balanced with the potential limitations of receiving differential care.

Health Disparities Curricula in General Surgery Residency Programs: A Critical Scoping Review.

INTRODUCTION: In 2021, the structural determinants of health (SDOH) were added to the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education common program requirements for all accredited residency programs, including general surgery. In this study, we sought to explore the current scope of, and concepts used in, health disparities curricula for general surgery residents, specifically investigating how general surgery residents learn about health disparities and the SDOH. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Education Research Complete (EBSCOhost), and Web of Science Core Collection using keywords related to health disparities and the SDOH. Inclusion criteria consisted of all studies published after 2005 that discussed health disparities curricula for Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education-accredited general surgery residency programs. Five thousand three hundred seventeen articles were screened using a two-phase process. Data extraction and analysis was performed using critical review methods. RESULTS: Seventeen articles were identified. Within these articles, seven unique health disparities curricula were found. All seven of the identified curricula employed cultural frameworks as methods to mitigate health disparities. Three curricula, all published after 2011, included education on the SDOH. A wide variety of educational methods were utilized; in-person didactics was the most common. CONCLUSIONS: In the current literature, culture continues to play a large role in health disparities training for general surgery residents. Though further efforts are needed to understand the methods used in programs that have not published scholarly work, it is imperative to ensure that residents are provided with the sociopolitical perspective needed to understand the SDOH and serve all patients, including those affected by health disparities.

Lessons Learned from Coronary Revascularization Appropriateness Statements for Application to Peripheral Artery Disease.

Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) are evidence-based criteria developed in a methodologically robust manner with the input of expert providers across a wide range of disciplines and practice settings. AUC have been successfully implemented in the diagnosis and management of a wide range of cardiovascular disease processes. AUC have demonstrated clear potential for influencing meaningful change in practice patterns with regards to high-value, high-quality care in cardiovascular pathologies. Potential for similar impact in the management of peripheral artery disease, specifically for patients presenting with intermittent claudication (IC), may be limited due to unique challenges. These challenges include multidisciplinary interventionalists, variability in existing AUC across specialties, and financial incentives influencing physician behavior. AUC serve to benefit patients by improving outcomes, and adoption of AUC is a critical step toward improving the quality of care provided to patients with IC. Societal support is necessary for effective AUC implementation.

Co-Existing Vascular Surgery Integrated Residencies are Associated with Increased General Surgery Resident Proficiency and Autonomy in Vascular Cases.

BACKGROUND: Integrated vascular surgery residency positions have doubled more than the last decade. Studies have investigated the impact of co-existing subspecialty surgical training programs on case volume of general surgery residents (GSRs). However, no studies have explored the impact of subspecialty training on GSR operative competency. The aim of this study is to understand the impact of integrated residencies on operative performance and autonomy of GSR performing vascular procedures. METHODS: Autonomy and performance ratings of GSR participating in vascular surgery cases were collected from all institutions participating in the Society for Improving Medical Professional Learning application database from 2015 to 2023. Faculty and self-assessments of autonomy and performance on vascular cases performed by GSRs at programs with co-existing vascular integrated residency (VIR), vascular surgery fellowship (VSF), or no subspecialty vascular training (VX) were compared using Fisher's exact tests with Bonferroni corrections across training levels and case complexity. RESULTS: Eleven thousand one hundred seventy five assessments (26% at institutions with VIR, 46% VSF, and 28% VX) were submitted by 920 GSRs and 343 faculty. Senior GSRs at programs with VSF achieved lower autonomy than those with VIR (P = 0.049) or VX (P = 0.042) based on faculty assessment. GSRs achieved a level of "practice ready" at significantly higher rates when training at programs with VIR, and at the lowest rates with VSF (P < 0.001). However, self-perception of autonomy and performance was highest among GSRs at programs with VX compared with VIR and VSF (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of VIR was associated with higher achievement of "practice ready" competency and higher levels of operative autonomy among senior GSRs performing vascular procedures. Shared-learning among peers and faculty expertise in teaching resident-level trainees may contribute to this finding.

Current Transthoracic Supra-Aortic Trunk Surgical Reconstruction Has Similar 30-Day Cardiovascular Outcomes Compared to Extra-Anatomic Revascularization but With Higher Morbidity Burden.

BACKGROUND: Operative risk for supra-aortic trunk (SAT) surgical revascularization for occlusive disease, particularly transthoracic reconstruction (TR), remains ill-defined. This study sought to describe and compare 30-day outcomes of TR and extra-anatomic (ER) SAT surgical reconstruction for an occlusive indication across the United States over a contemporary 15-year period. METHODS: Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, TR and ER performed during 2005-2019 were identified. Procedures performed for nonocclusive indications and those concomitant with coronary or valve operations were excluded. Rates of stroke, death, myocardial infarction (MI) and these as composite outcome (S/D/M) were compared. Logistic regression with stabilized inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to compare groups via average treatment effect (ATE) while adjusting for covariate imbalances. RESULTS: Over the 15-year period, 166 TR and 1,900 ER patients were identified. The majority of ERs were carotid-subclavian bypass (n = 1,344; 70.7%) followed by carotid-carotid bypass (n = 261; 13.7%) and subclavian/carotid transpositions (n = 123; 6.5%). TR consisted of aorto-SAT bypass (n = 120; 72.3%) and endarterectomy (n = 46; 27.7%). The median age was 64 years for TR and 65 years in ER (P = 0.039). Those undergoing TR were more often women (69.0% vs. 56.9%; P = 0.001) and less likely to have undergone previous cardiac surgery (9.2% vs. 20.8%; P = 0.006). TR were also less frequently hypertensive (68.1% vs. 75.4%; P = 0.038) and had statistically lower preoperative creatinine levels (0.86 vs 0.91; P = 0.002). Unadjusted rates of MI (0.6% vs. 1.3%; P = 0.72) and stroke (3.6% vs. 1.9%; P = 0.15) were similar between groups with mortality (3.6% vs. 1.5%; P = 0.05) and S/D/M (6.6% vs. 3.9%; P = 0.10) trending higher with TR. IPWs could be calculated for 1,754 patients (148 TR; 1,606 ER). The estimated probability of S/D/M was 3.8% in the ER group and 6.2% in TR; no difference was seen in ATE (2.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.5 to 6.2; P = 0.23). No differences were seen in individual component ATEs (stroke: 3.0% vs. 1.7%; ATE = 1.3%; 95% CI: -3.9 to 1.3; P = 0.32; mortality: 3.8% vs. 1.4%; ATE = 2.4%; 95% CI: -5.6 to 0.7; P = 0.13). Secondary outcomes showed TR patients were more likely to have non-home discharge (18.7% vs. 6.6%; ATE = 12.1%; 95% CI: 5.0-19.2; P < 0.001) and longer lengths of stay (6.1 vs. 4.0; ATE = 2.2 days; 95% CI: 0.9-3.4; P < 0.001). Moreover, TR patients were more likely to require transfusion (22.7% vs. 5.0%; ATE = 17.7%; 95% CI: 10.2-25.2; P < 0.001) and develop sepsis (2.7% vs. 0.2%; ATE = 2.5%; 95% CI: 0.1-5.0; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Transthoracic and extra-anatomic surgical reconstruction of the SATs for occlusive disease have similar operative cardiovascular risk. However, morbidity tends to be higher with TR due to higher transfusion requirements, sepsis risk, and need for facility stay. These results suggest ER as a first-line approach in those with proper disease anatomy is reasonable with lower morbidity, while TR remains justified in appropriate patients.

Perioperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Drain Placement Does Not Increase Venous Thromboembolism Risk After Thoracic and Fenestrated Endovascular Aortic Repair.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) incidence after thoracic and fenestrated endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR/FEVAR) is high (up to 6-7%) relative to other vascular procedures; however, the etiology for this discrepancy remains unknown. Notably, patients undergoing TEVAR/FEVAR commonly receive cerebrospinal fluid drains (CSFDs) for neuroprotection, requiring interruption of perioperative anticoagulation and prolonged immobility. We hypothesized that CSFDs are a risk factor for VTE after TEVAR/FEVAR. METHODS: Consecutive TEVAR/FEVAR patients at a single center were reviewed (2011-2020). Cerebrospinal fluid drains (CSFDs) were placed based on surgeon preference preoperatively or for spinal cord ischemia (SCI) rescue therapy postoperatively. The primary end-point was VTE occurrence, defined as any new deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) confirmed on imaging within 30 days postoperatively. Routine postoperative VTE screening was not performed. Patients with and without VTE, and subjects with and without CSFDs were compared. Logistic regression was used to explore associations between VTE incidence and CSFD exposure. RESULTS: Eight hundred ninety-seven patients underwent TEVAR/FEVAR and 43% (n = 387) received a CSFD at some point during their care (preoperative: 94% [n = 365/387]; postoperative SCI rescue therapy: 6% [n = 22/387]). CSFD patients were more likely to have previous aortic surgery (44% vs. 37%; P = 0.028) and received more postoperative blood products (780 vs. 405 mL; P = 0.005). The overall VTE incidence was 2.2% (n = 20). 70% (14) patients with VTE had DVT, 50% (10) had PE, and 20% (4) had DVT and PE. Among TEVAR/FEVAR patients with VTE, 65% (n = 13) were symptomatic. Most VTEs (90%, n = 18) were identified inhospital and the median time to diagnosis was 12.5 (interquartile range 7.5-18) days postoperatively. Patients with VTE were more likely to have nonelective surgery (95% vs. 41%; P < 0.001), had higher American Society of Anesthesiologists classification (4.1 vs. 3.7; P < 0.001), required longer intensive care unit admission (24 vs. 12 days; P < 0.001), and received more blood products (1,386 vs. 559 mL; P < 0.001). Venous thromboembolism (VTE) incidence was 1.8% in CSFD patients compared to 3.5% in non-CSFD patients (odds ratio 0.70 [95% confidence interval 0.28-1.78, P = 0.300). However, patients receiving CSFDs postoperatively for SCI rescue therapy had significantly greater VTE incidence (9.1% vs. 1.1%; P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: CSFD placement was not associated with an increased risk of VTE in patients undergoing TEVAR/FEVAR. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk was greater in patients undergoing nonelective surgery and those with complicated perioperative courses. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk was greater in patients receiving therapeutic CSFDs compared to prophylactic CSFDs, highlighting the importance of careful patient selection for prophylactic CSFD placement.

The measurable impact of a diversity, equity, and inclusion editor on diversifying content, authorship, and peer review participation in the Journal of Vascular Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Women and minorities remain under-represented in academic vascular surgery. This under-representation persists in the editorial peer review process which may contribute to publication bias. In 2020, the Journal of Vascular Surgery (JVS) addressed this by diversifying the editorial board and creating a new Editor of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI). The impact of a DEI editor on modifying the output of JVS has not yet been examined. We sought to determine the measurable impact of a DEI editor on diversifying perspectives represented in the journal, and on contributing to changes in the presence of DEI subject matter across published journal content. METHODS: The authorship and content of published primary research articles, editorials, and special articles in JVS were examined from November 2019 through July 2022. Publications were examined for the year prior to initiation of the DEI Editor (pre), the year following (post), and from September 2021 to July 2022, accounting for the average 47-week time period from submission to publication in JVS (lag). Presence of DEI topics and women authorship were compared using χ2 tests. RESULTS: During the period examined, the number of editorials, guidelines, and other special articles dedicated to DEI topics in the vascular surgery workforce or patient population increased from 0 in the year prior to 4 (16.7%) in the 11-month lag period. The number of editorials, guidelines, and other special articles with women as first or senior authors nearly doubled (24% pre, 44.4% lag; P = .31). Invited commentaries and discussions were increasingly written by women as the study period progressed (18.7% pre, 25.9% post, 42.6% lag; P = .007). The number of primary research articles dedicated to DEI topics increased (5.6% pre, 3.3% post, 8.1% lag; P = .007). Primary research articles written on DEI topics were more likely to have women first or senior authors than non-DEI specific primary research articles (68.0% of all DEI vs 37.5% of a random sampling of non-DEI primary research articles; P < .001). The proportion of distinguished peer reviewers increased (from 2.8% in 2020 to 21.9% in 2021; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of a DEI editor to JVS significantly impacted the diversification of topics, authorship of editorials, special articles, and invited commentaries, as well as peer review participation. Ongoing efforts are needed to diversify subject matter and perspective in the vascular surgery literature and decrease publication bias.

Market competition influences practice patterns in management of patients with intermittent claudication in the vascular quality initiative.

OBJECTIVE: The Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) clinical practice guidelines recommend best medical therapy (BMT) as first-line therapy before offering revascularization to patients with intermittent claudication (IC). Notably, atherectomy and tibial-level interventions are generally discouraged for management of IC; however, high regional market competition may incentivize physicians to treat patients outside the scope of guideline-directed therapy. Therefore, we sought to determine the association between regional market competition and endovascular treatment of patients with IC. METHODS: We examined patients with IC undergoing index endovascular peripheral vascular interventions (PVI) in the SVS Vascular Quality Initiative from 2010 to 2022. We assigned the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index as a measure of regional market competition and stratified centers into very high competition (VHC), high competition, moderate competition, and low competition cohorts. We defined BMT as preoperative documentation of being on antiplatelet medication, statin, nonsmoking status, and a recorded ankle-brachial index. We used logistic regression to evaluate the association of market competition with patient and procedural characteristics. A sensitivity analysis was performed in patients with isolated femoropopliteal disease matched by the TransAtlantic InterSociety classification of disease severity. RESULTS: There were 24,669 PVIs that met the inclusion criteria. Patients with IC undergoing PVI were more likely to be on BMT when treated in higher market competition centers (odds ratio [OR], 1.07 per increase in competition quartile; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.11; P < .0001). The probability of undergoing aortoiliac interventions decreased with increasing competition (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.81-0.87; P < .0001), but there were higher odds of receiving tibial (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.30-1.50; P < .0001) and multilevel interventions in VHC vs low competition centers (femoral + tibial OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.14; P = .001). Stenting decreased as competition increased (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.87-0.92; P < .0001), whereas exposure to atherectomy increased with higher market competition (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.11-1.19; P < .0001). When assessing patients undergoing single-artery femoropopliteal intervention for TransAtlantic InterSociety A or B lesions to account for disease severity, the odds of undergoing either balloon angioplasty (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.625-0.840; P < .0001) or stenting only (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.727-0.966; P < .0001) were lower in VHC centers. Similarly, the likelihood of receiving atherectomy remained significantly higher in VHC centers (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.36-1.84; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: High market competition was associated with more procedures among patients with claudication that are not consistent with guideline-directed therapy per the SVS clinical practice guidelines, including atherectomy and tibial-level interventions. This analysis demonstrates the susceptibility of care delivery to regional market competition and signifies a novel and undefined driver of PVI variation among patients with claudication.

National Institutes of Health funding among vascular surgeons is rare.

BACKGROUND: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an essential source of funding for vascular surgeons conducting research. NIH funding is frequently used to benchmark institutional and individual research productivity, help determine eligibility for academic promotion, and as a measure of scientific quality. We sought to appraise the current scope of NIH funding to vascular surgeons by appraising the characteristics of NIH-funded investigators and projects. In addition, we also sought to determine whether funded grants addressed recent Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) research priorities. METHODS: In April 2022, we queried the NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results (RePORTER) database for active projects. We only included projects that had a vascular surgeon as a principal investigator. Grant characteristics were extracted from the NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results database. Principal investigator demographics and academic background information were identified by searching institution profiles. RESULTS: There were 55 active NIH awards given to 41 vascular surgeons. Only 1% (41/4037) of all vascular surgeons in the United States receive NIH funding. Funded vascular surgeons are an average of 16.3 years out of training; 37% (n = 15) are women. The majority of awards (58%; n = 32) were R01 grants. Among the active NIH-funded projects, 75% (n = 41) are basic or translational research projects, and 25% (n = 14) are clinical or health services research projects. Abdominal aortic aneurysm and peripheral arterial disease are the most commonly funded disease areas and together accounted for 54% (n = 30) of projects. Three SVS research priorities are not addressed by any of the current NIH-funded projects. CONCLUSIONS: NIH funding of vascular surgeons is rare and predominantly consists of basic or translational science projects focused on abdominal aortic aneurysm and peripheral arterial disease research. Women are well-represented among funded vascular surgeons. Although the majority of SVS research priorities receive NIH funding, three SVS research priorities are yet to be addressed by NIH-funded projects. Future efforts should focus on increasing the number of vascular surgeons receiving NIH grants and ensuring all SVS research priorities receive NIH funding.

Early findings and strategies for successful implementation of SIMPL workplace-based assessments within vascular surgery residency and fellowship programs.

OBJECTIVE: As medical education systems increasingly move toward competency-based training, it is important to understand the tools available to assess competency and how these tools are utilized. The Society for Improving Medical Professional Learning (SIMPL) offers a smart phone-based assessment system that supports workplace-based assessment of residents' and fellows' operative autonomy, performance, and case complexity. The purpose of this study was to characterize implementation of the SIMPL app within vascular surgery integrated residency (0+5) and fellowship (5+2) training programs. METHODS: SIMPL operative ratings recorded between 2018 and 2022 were collected from all participating vascular surgery training institutions (n = 9 institutions with 5+2 and 0+5 programs; n = 4 institutions with 5+2 program only). The characteristics of programs, trainees, faculty, and SIMPL operative assessments were evaluated using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Operative assessments were completed for 2457 cases by 85 attendings and 86 trainees, totaling 4615 unique operative assessment ratings. Attendings included dictated feedback in 52% of assessments. Senior-level residents received more assessments than junior-level residents (postgraduate year [PGY]1-3, n = 439; PGY4-5, n = 551). Performance ratings demonstrated increases from junior to senior trainees for both resident and fellow cohorts with "performance-ready" or "exceptional performance" ratings increasing by nearly two-fold for PGY1 to PGY5 residents (28.1% vs 40.6%), and from first- to second-year fellows (PGY6, 46.7%; PGY7, 60.3%). Similar gains in autonomy were demonstrated as trainees progressed through training. Senior residents were more frequently granted autonomy with "supervision only" than junior residents (PGY1, 8.7%; PGY5, 21.6%). "Supervision only" autonomy ratings were granted to 21.8% of graduating fellows. Assessment data included a greater proportion of complex cases for senior compared with junior fellows (PGY6, 20.9% vs PGY7, 26.5%). Program Directors felt that faculty and trainee buy-in were the main barriers to implementation of the SIMPL assessment app. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first description of the SIMPL app as an operative assessment tool within vascular surgery that has been successfully implemented in both residency and fellowship programs. The assessment data demonstrates expected progressive gains in trainees' autonomy and performance, as well as increasing case complexity, across PGY years. Given the selection of SIMPL as the assessment platform for required American Board of Surgery and Vascular Surgery Board Entrustable Professional Activities assessments, understanding facilitators and barriers to implementation of workplace-based assessments using this app is imperative, particularly as we move toward competency-based medical education.

Expected Duplex Ultrasound Results in Distal Revascularization and Interval Ligation Conduits.

BACKGROUND: There are no published standards for the expected findings on noninvasive testing following distal revascularization and interval ligation (DRIL). This study evaluated the hemodynamic results and duplex ultrasound characteristics of DRIL. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent DRIL using autogenous vein between 2008 and 2019 was performed. Patients with both preoperative and follow-up noninvasive testing were included. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were included in the study. Median time to first follow-up was 30 days (range 1-226 days), where 12 had complete resolution of their symptoms and 26 had partial resolution. Of the 27 patients that had preoperative and postoperative testing, the wrist brachial index improved from 0.56 to 0.90 with the median finger pressure improving from 56 to 73 (P < 0.001). Seventeen patients had a second follow-up (sFU) at a median time from DRIL of 196 days (range 106-843 days). There was no significant difference in wrist brachial index or finger pressures between first follow-up and sFU. Duplex ultrasound of the DRIL conduits (n = 32) showed a very consistent pattern with elevated median velocities proximally (inflow 235 cm/sec, proximal anastomosis 217.7 cm/sec) and distinctly slower median velocities distally (midconduit 46.4 cm/sec, distal anastomosis 78.3 cm/sec, outflow 59.3 cm/sec). The same pattern of velocities was held constant at the sFU (n = 16). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, velocities at the proximal anastomosis were significantly higher than velocities more distal in the DRIL bypass without evidence of stenosis. This may be due to hemodynamic changes in the brachial artery associated with presence of a fistula. Elevated velocities at the proximal anastomosis do not necessarily warrant further evaluation or intervention without other evidence of conduit compromise.

A 10-Year Analysis of Representation of Women in Patent Applications and NIH Funding in Vascular Surgery.

BACKGROUND: There has been an increasing focus on gender disparities in the medical field and in the field of vascular surgery specifically. We aimed to characterize gender representation in vascular surgery innovation over the past 10 years, using metrics of patents and National Institutes of Health (NIH) support. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all vascular-related patent filings (Google Scholar) and NIH-funded grants (NIH RePORTER) over a 10-year period (January 1st, 2012, to December 31st, 2021). Gender-API (Application Programming Interface) was used to identify the gender of the inventors, with manual confirmation of a 10% random sample. Gender representation for patent inventors and grant principal investigators (PIs) were compared using Chi-squared and Student's t-tests as appropriate. Yearly temporal changes in representation were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and linear regression analyses. RESULTS: We identified 2,992 unique vascular device patents with 6,093 associated inventors over 10 years. Women were underrepresented in patent authorship overall (11.5%), and were least likely to be listed as first inventor (8.9%) and most commonly fourth and fifth inventors (15.5% and 14.1%, respectively) compared to men. There was no significant change in representation of women inventors over time (-0.2% females per year, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.54 to 0.10). We identified 1736 total unique NIH grants, with 23.8% of funded projects having women PIs. There was an increase in the proportion of women PIs over time (+1.31% per year, 95% CI 0.784 to 1.855; P < 0.001). Projects with women PIs received mean total awards that were significantly lower than projects with men PIs ($350,485 ± $220,072 vs. $451,493 ± $411,040; P < 0.001), but the overall ratio of funding:women investigators improved over time (+$11,531 per year, 95% CI $6,167 to $16,895; P = 0.0011). CONCLUSIONS: While we have made strides in increasing the number of women in the surgical research space, there is still room for improvement in funding parity. In addition, we found substantial and persistent room for improvement in representation of women in surgical innovation. As we enter a new frontier of surgery hallmarked by equalizing gender representation, these data should serve as a call-to-action for initiative aimed at rebuilding the foundation of surgical innovations upon equal gender representation.

Fifteen-year trends in participation of women in presentation and leadership positions in the Southern Association for Vascular Surgery, 2006 to 2020.

OBJECTIVE: The implementation of integrated vascular surgery training programs was recently shown to be associated with an increase in women entering the field. However, whether this has precipitated a subsequent increase in the active participation of women in academic vascular societies remains unclear. We sought to examine the trends of academic inclusion of women vascular surgeons and surgical trainees over the past 15 years at the Southern Association for Vascular Surgery (SAVS). METHODS: Scientific programs for annual meetings of the SAVS, and program matriculation statistics from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, were reviewed for the period of 2006 to 2020. Yearly rates and 3-year averages of conference and society participation and vascular surgery training program matriculation rates were calculated and compared with proportion testing. Spearman correlation testing was used to compare trends, with ρ ≥0.600 defined as a strong correlation. RESULTS: Examining 3-year means, the average number of women authors per SAVS abstract increased from 0.78 to 1.42 over the course of the study period (P < .001), and the overall rate of women authors steadily increased from 12.8% to 21.5% (P < .001). Although this remains less than the proportion of women matriculating into vascular surgery programs in 2019 (29.3%; P = .007), the upward trend of women entering vascular surgery overall, and particularly vascular surgery fellowship, strongly correlates with the average number of women authors on abstracts at SAVS (ρ = 0.709 and ρ = 0.737, respectively). The percentage of women presenting authors increased from 9.7% to 28.4% (P = .004), but there was no increase in the percentage of women senior authors (10.1% to 9.6%; P = .92). In the 15-year period, only one abstract of 347 (0.3%) had full authorship by women vs 35.1% with full authorship by men (P < .001). Although the increase of women matriculating into vascular surgery programs over the study period did not correlate with the increase of women in senior leadership positions (ρ < 0.600), there was an increase in the number of women in committee chair positions (0.0% to 25.9%; P = .005), which correlated strongly with increasing society membership (ρ = 0.716). Additionally, there was an increase in women holding executive council positions from 0% to 10.0% (P = .08), although this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Participation of women authoring and presenting papers at the SAVS has increased over the past 15 years at a rate that strongly correlates with the increasing rate of women entering vascular surgery training programs. It is important that society leadership opportunities continue to parallel this trend as we seek to further improve diversity in vascular surgery.

Sex-based differences in patients undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair for acute complicated type B dissection.

OBJECTIVE: Sex-based differences in outcomes for patients undergoing degenerative aortic aneurysm repair have been well described, with female patients having worse early and long-term outcomes compared with male patients. However, differences between men and women after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) of acute complicated type B aortic dissection (TBAD) have not been well characterized. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the sex-based differences in clinical presentation, time to repair, morbidity, and mortality for patients undergoing TEVAR for TBAD. METHODS: All TEVAR procedures performed for acute complicated TBAD from a single academic medical center from August 2005 to January 2020 were analyzed. The clinical presentation, time to repair, and outcomes were compared by sex. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. The secondary outcomes were in-hospital complications, reintervention, aorta-related death, and out of hospital survival. The predictors of mortality, including sex, were determined using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 159 patients (38 women [24%]) were included in the analysis. No sex-based differences were found in clinical presentation or comorbidity prevalence between the female and male patients. The female patients had had a longer overall time from initial symptom onset to TEVAR (female patients: median, 3.5 days [interquartile range (IQR), 1-10 days]; male patients: median, 1 day [IQR, 1-3]; P = .007). However, no differences were found in the time to repair after admission to the academic medical center (female patients: median, 1 day [IQR, 0-5 days]; male patients: median, 1 day [IQR, 0-3]; P = .176). No differences were found in the unadjusted aortic-related, in-hospital, or 30-day death between the female and male patients. Similarly, the risk-adjusted analysis revealed that sex was not associated with adverse outcomes. The 1- and 5-year freedom from aortic-related mortality were 82% ± 4% and 87% ± 6% and 79% ± 4% and 80% ± 8% for the men and women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We found no differences between the female and male patients with acute complicated TBAD who had undergone TEVAR in the clinical presentation or comorbidities. The female patients had undergone TEVAR after a longer duration of symptoms, but this was not associated with sex-based differences in early or late morbidity or mortality.

Distal revascularization and interval ligation for dialysis access-related ischemia is best performed using arm vein conduit.

OBJECTIVE: Distal revascularization and interval ligation (DRIL) is an effective approach to the management of hemodialysis access-related ischemia that offers both symptom relief and access salvage. The great saphenous vein (GSV) has been the most commonly used conduit. However, the use of an ipsilateral arm vein will allow for performance of the operation with the patient under regional anesthesia and might result in lower harvest site morbidity than the GSV. We sought to determine the suitability of DRIL using an arm vein compared with a GSV conduit. METHODS: All patients who had undergone DRIL from 2008 to 2019 were retrospectively identified in the electronic medical records. The characteristics and outcomes of those with an arm vein vs a GSV conduit were compared using the Wilcoxon log-rank and χ2 tests. Access patency was examined using Kaplan-Meier methods, with censoring at lost to follow-up or death. RESULTS: A total of 66 patients who had undergone DRIL for hand ischemia were included in the present study. An arm vein conduit was used in 40 patients (median age, 65 years; 25% male) and a GSV conduit in 26 patients (median age, 58 years; 19% male). No significant differences in comorbidities were found between the two groups, with the exception of diabetes mellitus (arm vein group, 78%; GSV group, 50% GSV; P = .02). No difference in the ischemia stage at presentation was present between the groups, with most patients presenting with stage 3 ischemia. Also, no differences in patency of hemodialysis access after DRIL between the two groups were found (P = .96). At 12 and 24 months after DRIL, 86.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 68.3%-94.9%) and 82.0% (95% CI, 61.3%-92.3%) of patients with an arm vein conduit had access patency compared with 93.8% (95% CI, 63.2%-99.1%) and 76.9% (95% CI, 43.0%-92.2%) of those with a GSV conduit, respectively. All but one patient had symptom resolution. The incidence of wound complications was significantly greater in the GSV group than in the arm vein group (46% vs 11%; P = .003). DRIL bypass had remained patent in all but one patient in each group, with a median follow-up of 18 months (range, 1-112 months) in the arm vein conduit group and 15 months (range, 0.25-105 months) in the GSV conduit group. CONCLUSIONS: DRIL procedures using an arm vein have advantages over those performed with the GSV. In our series, symptom resolution and access salvage were similar but distinctly fewer wound complications had occurred in the arm vein group. Additionally, the use of an arm vein conduit avoids the need for general anesthesia. If an ipsilateral arm vein is available, it should be the conduit of choice when performing DRIL.