ABSTRACT
Long-standing questions about human brain evolution may only be resolved through comparisons with close living evolutionary relatives, such as chimpanzees. This applies in particular to structural white matter (WM) connectivity, which continuously expanded throughout evolution. However, due to legal restrictions on chimpanzee research, neuroscience research currently relies largely on data with limited detail or on comparisons with evolutionarily distant monkeys. Here, we present a detailed magnetic resonance imaging resource to study structural WM connectivity in the chimpanzee. This open-access resource contains (1) WM reconstructions of a postmortem chimpanzee brain, using the highest-quality diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data yet acquired from great apes; (2) an optimized and validated method for high-quality fiber orientation reconstructions; and (3) major fiber tract segmentations for cross-species morphological comparisons. This dataset enabled us to identify phylogenetically relevant details of the chimpanzee connectome, and we anticipate that it will substantially contribute to understanding human brain evolution.
Subject(s)
Brain , Connectome , Pan troglodytes , White Matter , Pan troglodytes/anatomy & histology , Animals , White Matter/diagnostic imaging , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Brain/anatomy & histology , Connectome/methods , Male , Neural Pathways/anatomy & histology , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods , Female , Brain Mapping/methodsABSTRACT
We report the direct dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) of (13)C nuclei of a uniformly [(13)C,(15)N]-labeled, paramagnetic full-length hammerhead ribozyme (HHRz) complex with Mn(2+) where the enhanced polarization is fully provided by the endogenously bound metal ion and no exogenous polarizing agent is added. A (13)C enhancement factor of ε = 8 was observed by intra-complex DNP at 9.4 T. In contrast, "conventional" indirect and direct DNP experiments were performed using AMUPol as polarizing agent where we obtained a (1)H enhancement factor of ε ≈ 250. Comparison with the diamagnetic (Mg(2+)) HHRz complex shows that the presence of Mn(2+) only marginally influences the (DNP-enhanced) NMR properties of the RNA. Furthermore two-dimensional correlation spectra ((15)N-(13)C and (13)C-(13)C) reveal structural inhomogeneity in the frozen, amorphous state indicating the coexistence of several conformational states. These demonstrations of intra-complex DNP using an endogenous metal ion as well as DNP-enhanced MAS NMR of RNA in general yield important information for the development of new methods in structural biology.