Clinicopathologic re-evaluation of 100 malignant fibrous histiocytomas: prognostic relevance of subclassification.

PURPOSE: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) has been regarded as the most common soft tissue sarcoma (STS) in adults. Yet its true nature and the validity of this diagnostic concept have increasingly been questioned. Available data suggest that most patients with MFH can be subclassified into specific STS types, but the clinical relevance of such categorization has been argued. In a retrospective study, we reclassified 100 tumors of the extremity and trunk wall primarily diagnosed as MFH and analyzed the outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were adults (median age, 70 years; range, 32 to 94 years). The median tumor size was 8 cm (range, 1 to 30 cm), and the thigh was the most common tumor location (n = 31). Median follow-up was 8 years (range, 3 to 16 years). The overall 5-year metastasis-free survival rate was 0.64. The tumors were reanalyzed histologically, immunohistochemically, and, where available, ultrastructurally, and were classified according to strict diagnostic criteria. Patients were staged according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer system, and prognoses were compared among different groups of the reclassified diagnoses, paying special attention to myogenic tumors. RESULTS: In 84 of 100 tumors, a specific line of differentiation was either proved or strongly suggested. The most common diagnoses were myxofibrosarcoma (n = 22) and leiomyosarcoma (n = 20). Overall, 30 tumors could be grouped as some form of myogenic sarcoma. These tumors had a worse prognosis, even within the same American Joint Committee on Cancer stage, and a shorter time to metastasis than nonmyogenic tumors. CONCLUSION: This retrospective study confirms that most so-called MFH can be subclassified by defined criteria; it provides evidence that such classification is clinically important. Specifically, pleomorphic STS showing myogenic differentiation are significantly more aggressive, a finding that allows planning future therapeutic trials.

Limb-sparing surgery without radiotherapy based on anatomic location of soft tissue sarcoma.

From 1980 through 1986, 119 patients with soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities were referred to our tumor center either before surgery (n = 78) or immediately after incisional biopsy or marginal excision (n = 41). The tumors were classified according to anatomic location at admittance as subcutaneous (n = 40), intramuscular (n = 30), and extramuscular tumors (n = 49). Open biopsy was omitted in 75 of the 78 patients referred before surgery; the preoperative diagnosis was based on physical and radiographic findings and fine-needle aspiration cytology. The surgical intention for subcutaneous tumor was to obtain a wide margin, which required a cuff of fat tissue around the tumor and inclusion of the deep fascia beneath the tumor. A wide margin for an intramuscular tumor implied no open biopsy and an unbroken muscle fascia or thick muscle cuff around the tumor (primary myectomy). The 70 patients with subcutaneous and intramuscular tumors were all treated by local surgery. A wide margin was obtained in 56 patients who were not given radiotherapy. During a median follow-up of 5 years (range, 3.5 to 10 years), four of these 56 patients--47 of whom had high-grade malignant tumors--had a local recurrence. We conclude that routine combination of limb-sparing surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy is not necessary in patients with soft tissue sarcoma. Two thirds of soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities are primarily subcutaneous or intramuscular tumors, the majority of which can be treated by local surgery without local adjuvant therapy with a local recurrence rate of less than 10%, irrespective of malignancy grade.

Cytogenetic evolution in primary tumors, local recurrences, and pulmonary metastases of two soft tissue sarcomas.

The karyotypic pattern at different stages of tumor development may provide information on tumor progression but few data are available regarding human solid tumors. Cytogenetic analysis was performed on the primary tumor and four lung metastases of a synovial sarcoma, and the primary tumor, two consecutive local recurrences, and six pulmonary metastases, obtained at two different occasions, of a malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). Simultaneous existence of more than one cytogenetically aberrant clone was also assessed through analysis of more than one sample from the same surgical specimen. Clonal chromosome aberrations were detected in all samples from the synovial sarcoma, and in both local recurrences and five of the metastases from the MFH. All clones in both tumors were cytogenetically related. The primary synovial sarcoma tumor contained two clones, one of which was also found in the lung metastases, together with a third clone that had acquired additional aberrations. Four clones with a near-tetraploid chromosome number and complex aberrations were identified in the MFH. Likely evolutionary pathways could be deduced in both cases. In the patient with synovial sarcoma one of the pulmonary metastases, rather than the primary tumor, might well have been the source of another of the pulmonary metastases. In the MFH the cytogenetic findings indicated the presence of two co-existing lineages in the primary tumor, one giving rise to the local recurrences and one to the pulmonary metastases. Our findings show that cytogenetic analysis can be used to establish the chronologic relationships between different clones in primary tumors, local recurrences and distant metastases, to determine what genetic changes are of importance for the metastatic capability of tumor cells, and to help establish the origin of the metastatic lesions.

Prognostic information in soft tissue sarcoma using tumour size, vascular invasion and microscopic tumour necrosis-the SIN-system.

We have earlier devised a system for soft tissue sarcoma (STS), based on three negative prognostic features: large tumour size, vascular invasion, and microscopic tumour necrosis, the SIN-system. Tumours which exhibit 2 or 3 of these features are categorised as high-risk, the others as low-risk. We have now tested this system for reproducibility both as regards recognition of its components, and as regards prognostic strength in patients from another institution. We have also compared it with the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) system. 200 patients with STS were analysed, all had been treated by surgery, in 97 patients combined with radiotherapy. The median follow-up for the 117 survivors was 10 (1.5-27) years. Without knowledge of the clinical data, three groups of pathologists independently reviewed original slides from all of the tumours. Based on the factors, the tumours were classified as high-risk or low-risk. The prognostic strength was compared using the results obtained by the different observers. Concordance in recognition of vascular invasion, tumour necrosis, and overall grading was seen in 156 (78%), 154 (77%), and 167 (84%) of the 200 tumours, respectively. Based on the different observers' grading, the cumulative 5-year metastasis-free survival rate (MFSR) varied for patients with low-risk tumours between 0.85 and 0.80, and for patients with high-risk tumours between 0.48 and 0.43. The Kappa-value for grading between all three groups of observers was 0.77. The SIN-system gave more clinically useful prognostic information than the AJCC system. Useful prognostic information in STS can be obtained by using tumour size, vascular invasion and microscopic tumour necrosis. This system provides two distinct prognostic groups, and has a high reproducibility.

Scandinavian Sarcoma Group Osteosarcoma Study SSG VIII: prognostic factors for outcome and the role of replacement salvage chemotherapy for poor histological responders.

From 1990 to 1997, 113 eligible patients with classical osteosarcoma received neo-adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of high-dose methotrexate, cisplatin and doxorubicin. Good histological responders continued to receive the same therapy postoperatively, while poor responders received salvage therapy with an etoposide/ifosfamide combination. With a median follow-up of 83 months, the projected metastasis-free and overall survival rates at 5 years are 63 and 74%, respectively. Independent favourable prognostic factors for outcome were tumour volume < 190 ml, 24-h serum methotrexate > 4.5 microM and female gender. The etoposide/ifosfamide replacement combination did not improve outcome in the poor histological responders. In conclusion, this intensive multi-agent chemotherapy results in > 70% of patients with classical osteosarcoma surviving for 5 years. The data obtained from this non-randomised study do not support discontinuation and exchange of all drugs used preoperatively in histological poor responders. As observed in previous Scandinavian osteosarcoma studies, female gender appears to be a strong predictor of a favourable outcome.

Unique cytological features and chromosome aberrations in chondroid lipoma: a case report based on fine-needle aspiration cytology, histopathology, electron microscopy, chromosome banding, and molecular cytogenetics.

Chondroid lipoma is a rare, benign tumor that may mimic soft-tissue sarcoma clinically. Its histopathologic features may resemble hibernoma, myxoid liposarcoma, myxoid chondrosarcoma, and other lipomatous or chondroid neoplasms. In this study, a chondroid lipoma was analyzed by fine-needle aspiration cytology, histopathology, electron microscopy, chromosome banding, and metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. The results demonstrate that chondroid lipoma exhibits a characteristic pattern by fine-needle aspiration cytology, including a mixture of benign adipose tissue with lipoblastlike cells, and chondroblastlike cells with a fibrochondroid matrix. Cytogenetically, a three-way rearrangement between chromosomes 1, 2, and 5 was found, together with an 11;16 translocation with a breakpoint in 11q13, approximately 1 Mb proximal to the MEN1 region shown to be rearranged frequently in hibernoma. The presence of a karyotype of low complexity, but without any of the genetic aberrations characteristic for other types of soft-tissue tumors, indicate that chondroid lipoma develops along a unique pathogenetic pathway.

Cytogenetic analysis of subcutaneous angiolipoma: further evidence supporting its difference from ordinary pure lipomas: a report of the CHAMP Study Group.

Subcutaneous angiolipomas are benign soft-tissue lesions consisting of two mesenchymal elements (i.e., adipose tissue and blood vessels) and having distinct clinical features. They usually are multiple, with an obvious male predominance, and hereditary occurrence has been described. Twenty subcutaneous angiolipomas from 10 patients with typical clinical and morphologic features were reviewed. All lesions had a normal karyotype. This finding is in striking contrast with ordinary lipomas, spindle-cell and pleomorphic lipomas, lipoblastomas, and hibernomas, most of which have characteristic clonal chromosomal aberrations. The normal karyotype of subcutaneous angiolipoma as well as its distinct clinical and morphologic features suggest a different pathogenesis from pure lipomas.

Combined morphologic and karyotypic study of 59 atypical lipomatous tumors. Evaluation of their relationship and differential diagnosis with other adipose tissue tumors (a report of the CHAMP Study Group).

Fifty-nine cases of atypical lipomatous tumors (ALT) of soft tissue (atypical lipomas, well-differentiated liposarcomas) were studied morphologically and cytogenetically as part of an international collaborative study. Forty-nine cases were deeply seated (including retroperitoneum), and 10 were superficial. Clonal chromosomal abnormalities were found in 55 cases (93%). Supernumerary ring or giant marker chromosomes (RGCs), the sole consistent alteration, were found in 37 ALTs (63%). They were more common in tumors that were large (p < 0.001), deeply seated (p < 0.005), that contained lipoblasts (p < 0.05), and that had marked cytologic atypia (p < 0.05). In a relatively short follow-up period (average, 3 years), only three of 59 cases recurred, one resulting in the patient's death. All three cases had RGCs. Also, five of the six cases that underwent dedifferentiation had RGCs, indicating that RGCs are associated not only with low-grade malignant behavior (in the form of local recurrence) but also with the potential for tumor progression. When the karyotypic profile of ALT was compared with that of 233 other types of adipose tissue tumors similarly analyzed by the authors, a statistically highly significant correlation (p < 0.0001) was found between ALT and RGCs. These results support the existence of ALT as a distinct tumor subtype that is different from ordinary lipoma and from spindle or pleomorphic lipoma, albeit histogenetically closely related to them. It also supports the proposed pathogenetic link between ALT and dedifferentiated liposarcoma. The association between chromosomal and morphologic findings indicates the potential role of karyotypic analysis in the differential diagnosis of ALT with ordinary lipoma, spindle or pleomorphic lipoma, hibernoma, and myxoid liposarcoma.

Combined morphologic and karyotypic study of 28 myxoid liposarcomas. Implications for a revised morphologic typing, (a report from the CHAMP Group).

Cytogenetic analysis carried out in 28 adipose tissue tumors diagnosed microscopically as myxoid liposarcoma (ML) revealed a t(12;16)(q13:p11) chromosomal translocation in 26 of the 28 cases. Morphologically, these tumors were subclassified into the following categories: well-differentiated, six cases: poorly differentiated round cell type, 17 cases: poorly differentiated spindle cell type, five cases. Poorly differentiated ML behaved in a more aggressive fashion than the well-differentiated tumors. The results of this study confirm the consistency and specificity of the t(12;16)(q13:p11) translocation as the genetic marker of ML, support the contention that liposarcomas with round cells belong to the ML category, and confirm Stout's proposal for the existence of a poorly differentiated ML composed of spindle cells. Cytogenetic analysis may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of ML with atypical lipomatous tumors, which is characteristically associated with ring and giant marker chromosomes, and of ML with lipoblastoma, which is typically associated with 8q alterations. The existence of a mixed ML-atypical lipomatous tumor remains questionable. The genetic events associated with the greater aggressiveness of the poorly differentiated types of ML remain to be determined.

Flare phenomenon in osteosarcoma after complete remission.

A patient undergoing cytostatic therapy for osteosarcoma of the right humerus had bone scans at 2-mo intervals. A skeletal focus of increased radiotracer accumulation occurred and subsequently was confirmed by CT and MRI. A necrotic metastasis was found during biopsy. There were no remaining viable tumor cells. This finding confirms the presence of the flare phenomenon in skeletal metastases in primary malignant bone tumors and that radionuclide imaging may fail to detect intramedullary foci of viable metastases in these tumors.

Nonrandom secondary chromosome-aberrations in liposarcomas with t(12, 16).

Ten liposarcomas were analyzed cytogenetically after short-term culturing. Eight tumors had a t(12;16) (q13;p11) and two tumors had complex translocations involving chromosomes 7, 12, and 16 and 2, 9, 12, 16 and 20, respectively. Among the secondary aberrations seen in five tumors, +8 was found in two tumors and i(7)(q10) in four tumors. Trisomy 8 has previously been described as a nonrandom secondary aberration in myxoid liposarcoma, but i(7q) has only been reported in a single case before. All recurrent chromosome aberrations reported in liposarcomas with recombination between 12q13 and 16p11 (42 cases) were surveyed and compared with their frequencies in liposarcomas without this recombination (33 cases). Trisomy 5 and 8 were found in both tumor groups, whereas +19, t(3;15)(p23;q15), del(6)(q21), i(7q), and rearrangements of 1p11 and 2q35 were found exclusively in tumors with 12q13 and 16p11 aberrations.

Nonrandom secondary chromosome-aberrations in synovial sarcomas with t(x-18).

Thirty samples from 19 patients with synovial sarcoma were analyzed cytogenetically after short-term culturing. Thirteen samples were from primary tumors, 11 from local recurrences, and six from distant metastases. All samples showed the characteristic aberration t(X;18)(p11;q11) or variants thereof; 23 samples had additional numerical and/or structural changes. Including the present cases, chromosome aberrations have been reported in 74 synovial sarcomas, 50 of which have had secondary aberrations in addition to t(X;18). No secondary structural aberration was recurrent. The most common numerical changes were +7, +8, +12 (10 cases each), -3, +9, +21 (7 cases each), +2, -14, -17 (6 cases each), +4, -11, +15, and -22 (5 cases each). Unbalanced stuctural aberrations led to loss of 3p and 17p in six cases, each with loss of bands 3p21 and 17p13, respectively, in common. Most monosomies and trisomies seemed to occur at similar frequencies in primary, recurrent, and metastatic tumors. The only exceptions were +2, which was never seen in a primary tumor, and +8, which was never found in any metastatic lesion.

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation--how safe is it? Evaluation with a new experimental model.

This study was undertaken to find out if about 25% right cardiac output is sufficient for preservation of lung function during prolonged periods of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Six healthy pigs weighing 57 kg were subjected to 18-hour venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. During this period 1200 ml/min venous blood was delivered to the lungs through the pulmonary artery with the help of a separate roller pump and with use of the animal's own right ventricle to generate the pulse. Animals were observed for 6 hours after weaning from the venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. At the sixth hour after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, arterial oxygen tension, venous oxygen tension, lung compliance, and cardiac output had decreased significantly. Pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary clearance of technetium 99m-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid increased significantly also. The systemic arterial and venous carbon dioxide tensions, pH, and the base excess remained unchanged, as did the blood pressure and the systemic vascular resistance. Histopathology of the lung specimens revealed focal alveolar wall thickening and alveolar capillary congestion. The major portion of the pulmonary parenchyma looked normal. Alterations in pulmonary parameters cited were, to a major extent, explained on the basis of the experimental protocol followed and were believed to be reversible. This study suggests that about 25% of the systemic cardiac output should be diverted into the pulmonary artery for prevention of irreversible physiologic and histopathologic changes in the lungs during 18-hour normothermic venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in healthy juvenile pigs.

Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 in soft tissue sarcoma. Is prognostic significance histotype-specific?

Abnormal patterns of proliferation characterize the behavior of many tumors. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 are two cell cycle antigens which are expressed in proliferative states. Our study examines the prognostic value of these cell-cycle antigens in soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Paraffin-embedded primary tumor tissues from 185 patients (1980-92) were stained with the anti-PCNA antibody PC-10; 182 of these were stained with the antibody MIB-1 for Ki-67. Using PCNA (< or = 50; > 50%) and Ki-67 (< or = 10; > 10%) indices, we examined and compared metastasis-free survival (MFS) in a mixed-histotype group, as well as after subdivision into MFH and non-MFH groups. Fifty-seven patients developed metastases. The median follow-up for survivors was 6 (2-13) years. In the mixed series, the 2-year MFS for a PCNA index < or = 50 was 76%, and for an index > 50 56%. Survival predicted by Ki-67 index was comparable. PCNA index (but not Ki-67) strongly correlated with the incidence of metastasis in MFH tumors and predicted 2-year MFS of 81 vs 48%. In contrast, Ki-67 index (but not PCNA) strongly correlated with metastasis in non-MFH tumors and predicted 2-year MFS survival of 90 vs 45%. No correlation existed between PCNA and Ki-67 indices in the mixed histotype, MFH or non-MFH groups. In combination, a high PCNA and Ki-67 index correlated with poor survival, a high PCNA and lower Ki-67 index (or vice versa) with an intermediate survival, and low PCNA and Ki-67 indices with the best survival. The pattern of PCNA and Ki-67 expression raises the possibility of histotype specificity.

Prognostic value of Ki-67 expression in 182 soft tissue sarcomas. Proliferation--a marker of metastasis?

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are characterized by deregulated proliferation. Ki-67 is a cell cycle antigen which may be elevated in proliferative states. We analysed Ki-67 expression in fixed and embedded tissues from STS in order to examine associations between proliferation, primary tumour characteristics, and metastasis. One hundred and eighty-two adult patients with trunk wall or extremity STS were treated at our institution between 1980 and 1992 (35 developed local recurrence and 56 developed metastases). Median follow-up time for survivors was 6 years (1-13). We used a semiquantitative score to the assess percentage of Ki-67-positive cells: < or = 10% (n = 86), > 10-25% (n = 57), > 25-50% (n = 30), > 50-75% (n = 7), > 75-100% (n = 2). Increasing Ki-67 expression correlated positively with tumour size, malignancy grade, necrosis, vascular invasion, S-phase fraction, and metastasis. A Ki-67 index Ki-D < or = 10% (n = 86) and > 10% (n = 96) defined two groups who had 84% and 56% 3-year metastasis-free survival (p = 0.0001), respectively. Tumours with Ki-D > 10 were typically large, high grade, necrotic, DNA aneuploid, and had intravascular invasion and a higher S-phase fraction. Ki-67 expression may be helpful in predicting survival of patients with soft tissue sarcomas.

A new cytogenetic subgroup in lipomas: loss of chromosome 16 material in spindle cell and pleomorphic lipomas.

Six spindle cell lipomas and two pleomorphic lipomas were analyzed cytogenetically. One spindle cell lipoma had a supernumerary ring chromosome as the sole anomaly. The other five spindle cell lipomas and both pleomorphic lipomas had hypodiploid stemlines with monosomy 16 or unbalanced aberrations leading to loss of 16q13-qter, a feature distinguishing these lipoma subtypes from other benign and borderline adipose tissue tumor histotypes. unbalanced aberrations of chromosomes 13 and 10 were found in five and three cases respectively; 13q12 was lost in all of these cases, whereas there was no common deleted segment in chromosome 10. No aberrations involving 12q13-15, which are frequent in typical lipomas, were found. Both pleomorphic lipomas, but none of the spindle cell lipomas, had hypotetraploid sidelines, multiple nonclonal aberrations, and telomeric associations. The present findings reveal a new cytogenetic/histopathological association in adipose tissue tumors.

Chromosome aberrations and cytogenetic intratumor heterogeneity in chondrosarcomas.

Clonal chromosome aberrations identified after short-term culture are presented for 13 chondrosarcomas; in 5 cases both the primary tumors and local recurrences were studied. The stemline chromosome number was hypodiploid or hyperhaploid in 9 tumors. The most frequent numerical anomalies were, in falling order of frequency, loss of chromosomes Y, 10, 13, and 6, and gain of chromosomes 7 and 20. No recurrent structural rearrangement was found, but chromosome bands 5q13, 1q21, 7p11, and 20q11 were each involved in three different rearrangements. Karyotypic heterogeneity was assessed in two different ways: as the presence of more than one clone in one sample and as the presence of different clones in different samples from the same surgical specimen. Clonal karyotypic evolution was demonstrated in 6 of the 7 cases in which two or more samples could be investigated. All 6 showed intersample heterogeneity. Intrasample heterogeneity was found in only 5 of the 28 samples with aberrations. By comparing the incidences of the nonrandomly occurring aberrations in stemlines and sidelines in the heterogeneous tumors, it was possible to conclude that loss of chromosome 13 and rearrangement of band 5q13 were early events in the clonal evolution.

Pulmonary sequelae of prolonged total venoarterial bypass: evaluation with a new experimental model.

Total normothermic venoarterial bypass was established in 6 healthy pigs over a period of 18 hours. A heparin-coated closed extracorporeal system was used and no heparin was administered systemically. During the bypass period the main pulmonary artery was occluded and the heart was maintained in a beating state. All the animals maintained stable hemodynamics and normal blood gases during the entire period of bypass. In the postbypass period, the central hemodynamics continued to be stable while the arterial oxygen tension (inspired oxygen fraction = 0.21) decreased significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05). The total body oxygen uptake, on the other hand, remained unaltered. All the animals died within 4 hours after weaning off the venoarterial bypass circuit on account of pulmonary edema in 2 and cardiac arrest in 4. Death was preceded by progressive pulmonary hypertension and lactacidosis in all the animals. Histological examination of the lungs showed pulmonary parenchymal damage ranging from interstitial edema to intraalveolar hemorrhage and parenchymal necrosis involving more than 80% of the pulmonary parenchyma. A normothermic total venoarterial bypass of 18 hours duration or more produces pulmonary edema of varying severity, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary parenchymal necrosis, and lactacidosis in healthy juvenile pigs, resulting uniformly in their death. Despite these sequelae the systemic arterial hypoxemia may only be mild to moderate.

Cytogenetic intratumor heterogeneity in soft tissue tumors.

Multiple (two to seven) samples, obtained from the same surgical specimen or at different occasions, were analyzed in 54 benign and malignant soft tissue tumors, to investigate cytogenetic clonal evolution. In 28 tumors only normal karyotypes were found. Ten tumors had abnormal karyotypes, but were noninformative, most often due to a high level of karyotypic complexity or great cell-to-cell variation. Sixteen tumors were informative: four (leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, malignant Schwannoma, and a benign mesenchymal tumor, probably leiomyoma) had identical karyotypes in different samples, whereas the remaining 12 tumors (seven malignant fibrous histiocytomas [MFH], two leiomyosarcomas, two liposarcomas, and one synovial sarcoma) displayed intersample heterogeneity. Also, intrasample heterogeneity was detected; more than one clone was found in 21 of 73 samples with aberrations from 26 tumors. The different clones were related in all cases except two. In seven cases, samples from different occasions were studied, and clonal evolution could be evidenced in five of them, whereas in two cases the karyotypes remained unchanged. The results indicate that the acquisition of ring chromosomes is an early event in the development of MFH and possibly also pleomorphic liposarcoma. The findings, together with previous data, also indicate that rearrangements of 19p13 are late events in the progression of pleomorphic sarcomas. The overall conclusion from this study is that cytogenetic heterogeneity is common in soft tissue tumors, and that this might influence the evaluation of cytogenetic and molecular genetic findings.

Structural chromosome aberrations in an adamantinoma.

Cytogenetic analysis of a tibial adamantinoma, a malignant tumor that has hitherto not been characterized chromosomally, revealed as the only abnormalities the two apparently balanced translocations, t(1;13;22)(q22;q12;p13) and t(15;17)(q12;p13).