Correction of Ito in human induced pluripotent stem Cell-derived cardiomyocyte carrying DPP6 mutation in early repolarization syndrome by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.

Early repolarization syndrome (ERS) is defined as occurring in patients with early repolarization pattern who have survived idiopathic ventricular fibrillation with clinical evaluation unrevealing for other explanations. The pathophysiologic basis of the ERS is currently uncertain. The objective of the present study was to examine the electrophysiological mechanism of ERS utilizing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Whole genome sequencing was used to identify the DPP6 (c.2561T > C/p.L854P) variant in four families with sudden cardiac arrest induced by ERS. Cardiomyocytes were generated from iPSCs from a 14-year-old boy in the four families with ERS and an unrelated healthy control subject. Patch clamp recordings revealed more significant prolongation of the action potential duration (APD) and increased transient outward potassium current (Ito) (103.97 ± 18.73 pA/pF vs 44.36 ± 16.54 pA/pF at +70 mV, P < 0.05) in ERS cardiomyocytes compared with control cardiomyocytes. Of note, the selective correction of the causal variant in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing normalized the Ito, whereas prolongation of the APD remained unchanged. ERS cardiomyocytes carrying DPP6 mutation increased Ito and lengthen APD, which maybe lay the electrophysiological foundation of ERS.

Serum electrolyte concentrations and risk of atrial fibrillation: an observational and mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent arrhythmic condition resulting in increased stroke risk and is associated with high mortality. Electrolyte imbalance can increase the risk of AF, where the relationship between AF and serum electrolytes remains unclear. METHODS: A total of 15,792 individuals were included in the observational study, with incident AF ascertainment in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. The Cox regression models were applied to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for AF based on different serum electrolyte levels. Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed to examine the causal association. RESULTS: In observational study, after a median 19.7 years of follow-up, a total of 2551 developed AF. After full adjustment, participants with serum potassium below the 5th percentile had a higher risk of AF relative to participants in the middle quintile. Serum magnesium was also inversely associated with the risk of AF. An increased incidence of AF was identified in individuals with higher serum phosphate percentiles. Serum calcium levels were not related to AF risk. Moreover, MR analysis indicated that genetically predicted serum electrolyte levels were not causally associated with AF risk. The odds ratio for AF were 0.999 for potassium, 1.044 for magnesium, 0.728 for phosphate, and 0.979 for calcium, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Serum electrolyte disorders such as hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and hyperphosphatemia were associated with an increased risk of AF and may also serve to be prognostic factors. However, the present study did not support serum electrolytes as causal mediators for AF development.

TSLP enhances progestin response in endometrial cancer via androgen receptor signal pathway.

BACKGROUND: The enriched proteins within in vitro fertilisation (IVF)-generated human embryonic microenvironment could reverse progestin resistance in endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS: The expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in EC was evaluated by immunoblot and IHC analysis. Transcriptome sequencing screened out the downstream pathway regulated by TSLP. The role of TSLP, androgen receptor (AR) and KANK1 in regulating the sensitivity of EC to progestin was verified through a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS: TSLP facilitates the formation of a BMP4/BMP7 heterodimer, resulting in activation of Smad5, augmenting AR signalling. AR in turn sensitises EC cells to progestin via KANK1. Downregulation of TSLP, loss of AR and KANK1 in EC patients are associated with tumour malignant progress. Moreover, exogenous TSLP could rescue the anti-tumour effect of progestin on mouse in vivo xenograft tumour. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that TSLP enhances the sensitivity of EC to progestin through the BMP4/Smad5/AR/KANK1 axis, and provide a link between embryo development and cancer progress, paving the way for the establishment of novel strategy overcoming progestin resistance using embryo original factors.

Sex-determining region Y gene promotes liver fibrosis and accounts for sexual dimorphism in its pathophysiology.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Men are more prone to develop and die from liver fibrosis than women. In this study, we aim to investigate how sex-determining region Y gene (SRY) in hepatocytes promotes liver fibrosis. METHODS: Hepatocyte-specific Sry knock-in (KI), Sry knockout (KO), and Sry KI with platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (Pdgfrα) KO mice were generated. Liver fibrosis was induced in mice by bile duct ligation for 2 weeks or carbon tetrachloride treatment for 6 weeks. In addition, primary hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and immortalized cell lines were used for in vitro studies and mechanistic investigation. RESULTS: Compared to females, the severity of toxin- or cholestasis-induced liver fibrosis is similarly increased in castrated and uncastrated male mice. Among all Y chromosome-encoded genes, SRY was the most significantly upregulated and consistently increased gene in fibrotic/cirrhotic livers in male patients and in mouse models. Sry KI mice developed exacerbated liver fibrosis, whereas Sry KO mice had alleviated liver fibrosis, compared to age- and sex-matched control mice after bile duct ligation or administration of carbon tetrachloride. Mechanistically, both our in vivo and in vitro studies illustrated that SRY in hepatocytes can transcriptionally regulate Pdgfrα expression, and promote HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) release and subsequent HSC activation. Pdgfrα KO or treatment with the SRY inhibitor DAX1 in Sry KI mice abolished SRY-induced HMGB1 secretion and liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: SRY is a strong pro-fibrotic factor and accounts for the sex disparity observed in liver fibrosis, suggesting its critical role as a potentially sex-specific therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of the disease. IMPACT AND IMPLICATION: We identified that a male-specific gene, sex-determining region Y gene (SRY), is a strong pro-fibrotic gene that accounts for the sex disparity observed in liver fibrosis. As such, SRY might be an appropriate target for surveillance and treatment of liver fibrosis in a sex-specific manner. Additionally, SRY might be a key player in the sexual dimorphism observed in hepatic pathophysiology more generally.

Dynamic Fluorescence Sensing of Bromide Ions by Photochromic Bi(III)-Coordination Polymers Based on a Ligand Integrated by Naphthalene Diimides and Pyridinium in Solution and Films.

Bismuth(III)-based complexes have garnered increasing attention in fluorescence sensing due to their environmentally friendly and sustainable characteristics. A Bismuth(III) coordination polymer (CP),1-Cl based on a naphthalene diimides(NDI)-pyridinium is synthesized by an in situ reaction method. Notable for its sensitivity to visible light, 1-Cl shows excellent photochromic properties, and the integration of NDI and pyridinium in one ligand makes photogenerated radicals more stable. Structural analysis and theoretical calculations are employed to investigate the potential pathway of photoinduced electron transfer (ET) during the photochromic process. Notably, in aqueous solutions, 1-Cl displays an extraordinary fluorescence enhancement response to bromide ion (Br-), resulting in a distinct transition from yellow to orange in color. The potential mechanism of fluorescence sensing has been revealed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. This insight highlights a continuous substitution process where the Cl- ions are successively replaced by Br- ions. Consequently, a single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation (SCSC) occurs, yielding the intermediate species, 1-Cl-Br, which ultimately transforms into the final product, 1-Br. Finally, the photochromic film is successfully prepared and applied to practical applications such as ink-free printing, information anti-counterfeiting, and the visual detection of Br- ions. This work combines photochromism with fluorescence sensing, broadening the research field and practical application of photochromic materials.

Asthma prediction via affinity graph enhanced classifier: a machine learning approach based on routine blood biomarkers.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease affecting millions of people worldwide, but early detection can be challenging due to the time-consuming nature of the traditional technique. Machine learning has shown great potential in the prompt prediction of asthma. However, because of the inherent complexity of asthma-related patterns, current models often fail to capture the correlation between data samples, limiting their accuracy. Our objective was to use our novel model to address the above problem via an Affinity Graph Enhanced Classifier (AGEC) to improve predictive accuracy. METHODS: The clinical dataset used in this study consisted of 152 samples, where 24 routine blood markers were extracted as features to participate in the classification due to their ease of sourcing and relevance to asthma. Specifically, our model begins by constructing a projection matrix to reduce the dimensionality of the feature space while preserving the most discriminative features. Simultaneously, an affinity graph is learned through the resulting subspace to capture the internal relationship between samples better. Leveraging domain knowledge from the affinity graph, a new classifier (AGEC) is introduced for asthma prediction. AGEC's performance was compared with five state-of-the-art predictive models. RESULTS: Experimental findings reveal the superior predictive capabilities of AGEC in asthma prediction. AGEC achieved an accuracy of 72.50%, surpassing FWAdaBoost (61.02%), MLFE (60.98%), SVR (64.01%), SVM (69.80%) and ERM (68.40%). These results provide evidence that capturing the correlation between samples can enhance the accuracy of asthma prediction. Moreover, the obtained [Formula: see text] values also suggest that the differences between our model and other models are statistically significant, and the effect of our model does not exist by chance. CONCLUSION: As observed from the experimental results, advanced statistical machine learning approaches such as AGEC can enable accurate diagnosis of asthma. This finding holds promising implications for improving asthma management.

Long noncoding RNA ZFAS1: A novel anti-apoptotic target in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy.

Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is the leading cause of endothelial keratoplasty without efficacious drug treatment. Recent studies have emphasized the involvement of epigenetic regulation in FECD development. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recognized as crucial epigenetic regulators in diverse cellular processes and ocular diseases. In this study, we revealed the expression patterns of lncRNAs using high-throughput sequencing technology in FECD mouse model, and identified 979 significantly dysregulated lncRNAs. By comparing the data from FECD human cell model, we obtained a series of homologous lncRNAs with similar expression patterns, and revealed that these homologous lncRNAs were enriched in FECD related biological functions, with apoptosis (mmu04210) showing the highest enrichment score. In addition, we investigated the role of lncRNA zinc finger antisense 1 (ZFAS1) in apoptotic process. This study would broaden our understanding of epigenetic regulation in FECD development, and provide potential anti-apoptotic targets for FECD therapy.

Low Prognostic Nutritional Index Is Common and Associated with Poor Outcomes following Curative-Intent Resection for Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate the impact of prognostic nutritional index (PNI) on short- and long-term outcomes of patients who underwent curative-intent resection for gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). METHODS: Patients with GET-NETs who underwent curative-intent resection were identified from a multi-center database. The prognostic impact of clinicopathological factors including PNI on post-operative outcomes were evaluated. A novel nomogram was developed and externally validated. RESULTS: A total of 2,099 patients with GEP-NETs were included in the training cohort; 255 patients were in the external validation cohort. Median PNI (n = 973) was 47.4 (IQR 43.1-52.4). At the time of presentation, 1,299 (61.9%) patients presented with some type of clinical symptom. Low-PNI (≤42.2) was associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, as well as nodal metastasis and distant metastasis (all p < 0.05). Patients with a low PNI had a higher incidence of severe (≥Clavien-Dindo grade IIIa: low PNI 24.9% vs. high PNI 15.4%, p = 0.001) and multiple (≥3 types of complications: low PNI 14.5% vs. high PNI 9.2%, p = 0.024) complications, as well as a worse overall survival (OS)(5-year OS, low PNI 73.7% vs. high PNI 88.5%, p < 0.001), and RFS (5-year RFS, low PNI 68.5% vs. high PNI 79.8%, p = 0.008) versus patients with high PNI (>42.2). A nomogram based on PNI, tumor grade and metastatic disease demonstrated excellent discrimination and calibration to predict OS in both the training (C-index 0.748) and two external validation (C-index 0.827, 0.745) cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Low PNI was common and associated with worse short- and long-term outcomes among patients with GEP-NETs.

Functional role of P2X7 purinergic receptor in cancer and cancer-related pain.

Numerous studies have revealed that the ATP-gated ion channel purinergic 2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays an important role in tumor progression and the pathogenesis of cancer pain. P2X7R requires activation by extracellular ATP to perform its regulatory role functions. During tumor development or cancer-induced pain, ATP is released from tumor cells or other cells in the tumor microenvironment (such as tumor-associated immune cells), which activates P2X7R, opens ion channels on the cell membrane, affects intracellular molecular metabolism, and regulates the activity of tumor cells. Furthermore, peripheral organs and receptors can be damaged during tumor progression, and P2X7R expression in nerve cells (such as microglia) is significantly upregulated, enhancing sensory afferent information, sensitizing the central nervous system, and inducing or exacerbating pain. These findings reveal that the ATP-P2X7R signaling axis plays a key regulatory role in the pathogenesis of tumors and cancer pain and also has a therapeutic role. Accordingly, in this study, we explored the role of P2X7R in tumors and cancer pain, discussed the pharmacological properties of inhibiting P2X7R activity (such as the use of antagonists) or blocking its expression in the treatment of tumor and cancer pain, and provided an important evidence for the treatment of both in the future.

Long-term survivors after curative-intent resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the current study was to characterize prognostic factors related to long-term recurrence-free survival after curative-intent resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). METHODS: Data on patients who underwent curative-intent resection for ICC between 2000 and 2020 were collected from an international multi-institutional database. Prognostic factors were investigated among patients who recurred within 5 years versus long-term survivors who survived more than 5 years with no recurrence. RESULTS: Among 635 patients who underwent curative-intent resection for ICC, 104 (16.4%) patients were long-term survivors with no recurrence beyond 5 years after surgery. Patients who survived for more than 5 years with no recurrence were more likely to have less aggressive tumor features, as well as have undergone an R0 resection versus patients who recurred within 5 years after resection. On multivariable analysis, tumor size (>5 cm) (HR: 1.535, 95% CI: 1.254-1.879), satellite lesions (HR: 1.253, 95% CI: 1.003-1.564), and lymph node metastasis (HR: 1.733, 95% CI: 1.349-2.227) were independently associated with recurrence within 5 years. Patients who recurred beyond 5 years (n = 23), 2-5 years (n = 60), and within 2 years (n = 471) had an incrementally worse post-recurrence survival (PRS, 28.0 vs. 20.0 vs. 12.0 months, p = 0.032). Among patients with N0 status, tumor size (>5 cm) (HR: 1.612, 95% CI: 1.087-2.390) and perineural invasion (PNI) (HR: 1.562,95% CI: 1.081-2.255) were risk factors associated with recurrence. Among patients with N1 disease, only a minority (5/128, 3.9%) of patients survived with no recurrence to 5 years. CONCLUSION: Roughly 1 in 6 patients survived for more than 5 years with no recurrence following curative-intent resection of ICC. Among N0 patients, tumor recurrence was associated with tumor size and PNI. Only a small subset of N1 patients experienced long-term survival.

Preliminary investigation on the analysis of the whole components of Pogejiuxin decoction and its formulation pattern based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

RATIONAL: Pogejiuxin decoction (PGJXD) is one of the most important formulas for the treatment of heart failure. However, there is a great lack of research on the material basis of this formula, especially research on its compatibility laws, which restricts its clinical use. Studying the complete ingredients and compatibility rules of PGJXD has great significance for guiding clinical medication. METHODS: The entire formula, the major single herbs, the drug pairs and the disassembled formula were analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOFMS/MS), matching the chemical composition database and global natural product social molecular networking to explain the chemical composition as well as the combination pattern of PGJXD. RESULTS: A total of 1048 chemical constituents were fully analyzed from the major single herbs, the drug pairs and the disassembled formula and 188 chemical constituents, including 13 potential novel compounds, were firstly identified from the whole formula. We found that the chemical compositions were reduced after the single herbs were matched to the other herbs, especially the significant reduction of highly toxic diester alkaloids after compatibility, indicating that the medicines of PGJXD were interdependent and controlled by each other. CONCLUSION: This study innovatively researches and compares the compositional differences between the entire formula of PGJXD, the single, paired and separated formulas, greatly extending our understanding of the chemical substance basis of these compounds, and preliminarily explores the compatibility laws of PGJXD, providing some theoretical guidance for clinical medication.

Global burden of liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases caused by specific etiologies from 1990 to 2019.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the global, regional, and national burden of liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases between 1990 and 2019, considering five etiologies (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcohol use, NAFLD and other causes), age, gender, and sociodemographic index (SDI). METHODS: Data on liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases mortality, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were collected from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2019. RESULTS: In 2019, liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases accounted for 1,472,011 (95% UI 1,374,608-1,578,731) deaths worldwide, compared to 1,012,975 (948,941-1,073,877) deaths in 1990. Despite an increase in absolute deaths, the age-standardized death rate declined from 24.43 (22.93-25.73) per 100,000 population in 1990 to 18.00 (19.31-16.80) per 100,000 population in 2019. Eastern sub-Saharan Africa exhibited the highest age-standardized death rate (44.15 [38.47-51.91] per 100,000 population), while Australasia had the lowest rate (5.48 [5.05-5.93] deaths per 100,000 population in 2019). The age-standardized incidence rate of liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases attributed to hepatitis B virus has declined since 1990, but incidence rates for other etiologies have increased. Age-standardized death and DALYs rates progressively decreased with higher SDI across different GBD regions and countries. Mortality due to liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases increased with age in 2019, and the death rate among males was estimated 1.51 times higher than that among females globally. CONCLUSION: Liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases continues to pose a significant global public health challenge. Effective disease control, prevention, and treatment strategies should account for variations in risk factors, age, gender, and regional disparities.

Availability and threshold of the vasoactive-inotropic score for predicting early extubation in adults after rheumatic heart valve surgery: a single-center retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Early extubation (EEx) is defined as the removal of the endotracheal tube within 8 h postoperatively. The present study involved determining the availability and threshold of the vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS) for predicting EEx in adults after elective rheumatic heart valve surgery. METHODS: The present study was designed as a single-center retrospective cohort study which was conducted with adults who underwent elective rheumatic heart valve surgery with CPB. The highest VIS in the immediate postoperative period was used in the present study. The primary outcome, the availability of VIS for EEx prediction and the optimal threshold value were determined using ROC curve analysis. The gray zone analysis of the VIS was performed by setting the false negative or positive rate R = 0.05, and the perioperative risk factors for prolonged EEx were identified by multivariate logistic analysis. The postoperative complications and outcomes were compared between different VIS groups. RESULTS: Among the 409 patients initially screened, 379 patients were ultimately included in the study. The incidence of EEx was determined to be 112/379 (29.6%). The VIS had a good predictive value for EEx (AUC = 0.864, 95% CI: [0.828, 0.900], P < 0.001). The optimal VIS threshold for EEx prediction was 16.5, with a sensitivity of 71.54% (65.85-76.61%) and a specificity of 88.39% (81.15-93.09%). The upper and lower limits of the gray zone for the VIS were determined as (12, 17.2). The multivariate logistic analysis identified age (OR, 1.060; 95% CI: 1.017-1.106; P = 0.006), EF% (OR, 0.798; 95% CI: 0.742-0.859; P < 0.001), GFR (OR, 0.933; 95% CI: 0.906-0.961; P < 0.001), multiple valves surgery (OR, 4.587; 95% CI: 1.398-15.056; P = 0.012), and VIS > 16.5 (OR, 12.331; 95% CI: 5.015-30.318; P < 0.001) as the independent risk factors for the prolongation of EEx. The VIS ≤ 16.5 group presented a greater success rate for EEx, a shorter invasive ventilation support duration, and a lower incidence of complications than did the VIS > 16.5 group, while the incidence of reintubation was similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION: In adults, after elective rheumatic heart valve surgery, the highest VIS in the immediate postoperative period was a good predictive value for EEx, with a threshold of 16.5.

Which factors are associated with adverse prognosis in multiple myeloma patients after surgery? - preliminary establishment and validation of the nomogram.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the prognosis of patients with Multiple Myeloma (MM) after surgery, analyze the risk factors leading to adverse postoperative outcomes, and establish a nomogram. METHODS: Clinical data from 154 patients with MM who underwent surgery at our institution between 2007 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Assessing and comparing patients' pain levels, quality of life, and functional status before and after surgery (P < 0.05) were considered statistically significant. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to estimate the median survival time. Adverse postoperative outcomes were defined as worsened symptoms, lesion recurrence, complication grade ≥ 2, or a postoperative survival period < 1 year. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the prognostic factors. Based on the logistic regression results, a nomogram predictive model was developed and calibrated. RESULTS: Postoperative pain was significantly alleviated in patients with MM, and there were significant improvements in the quality of life and functional status (P < 0.05). The median postoperative survival was 41 months. Forty-nine patients (31.8%) experienced adverse postoperative outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified patient age, duration of MM, International Staging System, preoperative Karnofsky Performance Status, and Hb < 90 g/L as independent factors influencing patient prognosis. Based on these results, a nomogram was constructed, with a C-index of 0.812. The calibration curve demonstrated similarity between the predicted and actual survival curves. Decision curve analysis favored the predictive value of the model at high-risk thresholds from 10% to-69%. CONCLUSION: This study developed a nomogram risk prediction model to assist in providing quantifiable assessment indicators for preoperative evaluation of surgical risk.

The fungal protease BbAorsin contributes to growth, conidiation, germination, virulence, and antiphytopathogenic activities in Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae).

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the most destructive agricultural pests. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) is a biopesticide widely used for biocontrol of various pests. Secreted fungal proteases are critical for insect cuticle destruction and successful infection. We have previously shown that the serine protease BbAorsin in B. bassiana has entomopathogenic and antiphytopathogenic activities. However, the contribution of BbAorsin to fungal growth, conidiation, germination, virulence and antiphytopathogenic activities remains unclear. In this study, the deletion (ΔBbAorsin), complementation (Comp), and overexpression (BbAorsinOE) strains of B. bassiana were generated for comparative studies. The results showed that ΔBbAorsin exhibited slower growth, reduced conidiation, lower germination rate, and longer germination time compared to WT and Comp. In contrast, BbAorsinOE showed higher growth rate, increased conidiation, higher germination rate and shorter germination time. Injection of BbAorsinOE showed the highest virulence against S. frugiperda larvae, while injection of ΔBbAorsin showed the lowest virulence. Feeding BbAorsinOE resulted in lower pupation and adult eclosion rates and malformed adults. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed no changes in the gut microbiota after feeding either WT or BbAorsinOE. However, BbAorsinOE caused a disrupted midgut, leakage of gut microbiota into the hemolymph, and upregulation of apoptosis and immunity-related genes. BbAorsin can disrupt the cell wall of the phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum and alleviate symptoms in wheat seedlings and cherry tomatoes infected with F. graminearum. These results highlight the importance of BbAorsin for B. bassiana and its potential as a multifunctional biopesticide.

Research on the dentification of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium using catalysed hairpin assembly technology.

INTRODUCTION: Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium are traditional Chinese herb medicines and similar in morphology and some chemical components but differ in drug properties, so they cannot be mixed. However, the processed products of them are often sold in the form of slices, powder, and capsules, which are difficult to identify by traditional morphological methods. Furthermore, an accurate evaluation of P. ginseng, P. quinquefolium and the processed products have not been conducted. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to establish a catalysed hairpin assembly (CHA) identification method for authenticating products made from P. ginseng and P. quinquefolium based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences. METHOD: By analysing the differences of SNP in internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) in P. ginseng and P. quinquefolium to design CHA-specific hairpins. Establish a sensitive and efficient CHA method that can identify P. ginseng and P. quinquefolium, use the sequencing technology to verify the accuracy of this method in identifying Panax products, and compare this method with high-resolution melting (HRM). RESULTS: The reaction conditions of CHA were as follows: the ratio of forward and reverse primers, 20:1; hairpin concentration, 5 ng/µL. Compared with capillary electrophoresis, this method had good specificity and the limit of detection was 0.5 ng/µL. The result of Panax product identification with CHA method were coincidence with that of the sequencing method; the positive rate of CHA reaction was 100%. CONCLUSION: This research presents an effective identification method for authenticating P. ginseng and P. quinquefolium products, which is helpful to improve the quality of Panax products.

New polyketides from the starfish-derived symbiotic fungus Penicillium sp. GGF16-1-2.

One new rare carbon-bridged citrinin dimer quinocitrindimer C (1) as a pair of epimers, two new polyketide penicilliodes D (3) and E (4) together with nine known citrinin derivatives, were isolated from the fermentation broth of starfish-derived symbiotic fungus Penicillium sp. GGF16-1-2. Their structures and configurations were elucidated by comprehensively spectroscopic data analysis and electronic circular dichroism calculations. Eleven citrinin derivatives were tested by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and compound 2 played a significant antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides with LC50 value of 0.27 µg/ml.

Identification and Regulation of Hypoxia-Tolerant and Germination-Related Genes in Rice.

In direct seeding, hypoxia is a major stress faced by rice plants. Therefore, dissecting the response mechanism of rice to hypoxia stress and the molecular regulatory network is critical to the development of hypoxia-tolerant rice varieties and direct seeding of rice. This review summarizes the morphological, physiological, and ecological changes in rice under hypoxia stress, the discovery of hypoxia-tolerant and germination-related genes/QTLs, and the latest research on candidate genes, and explores the linkage of hypoxia tolerance genes and their distribution in indica and japonica rice through population variance analysis and haplotype network analysis. Among the candidate genes, OsMAP1 is a typical gene located on the MAPK cascade reaction for indica-japonica divergence; MHZ6 is involved in both the MAPK signaling and phytohormone transduction pathway. MHZ6 has three major haplotypes and one rare haplotype, with Hap3 being dominated by indica rice varieties, and promotes internode elongation in deep-water rice by activating the SD1 gene. OsAmy3D and Adh1 have similar indica-japonica varietal differentiation, and are mainly present in indica varieties. There are three high-frequency haplotypes of OsTPP7, namely Hap1 (n = 1109), Hap2 (n = 1349), and Hap3 (n = 217); Hap2 is more frequent in japonica, and the genetic background of OsTPP7 was derived from the japonica rice subpopulation. Further artificial selection, natural domestication, and other means to identify more resistance mechanisms of this gene may facilitate future research to breed superior rice cultivars. Finally, this study discusses the application of rice hypoxia-tolerant germplasm in future breeding research.

Quality and Flavor Difference in Dry-Cured Meat Treated with Low-Sodium Salts: An Emphasis on Magnesium.

The present study aimed to develop low-sodium curing agents for dry-cured meat products. Four low-sodium formulations (SPMA, SPM, SP, and SM) were used for dry-curing meat. The physicochemical properties and flavor of the dry-cured meat were investigated. The presence of Mg2+ ions hindered the penetration of Na+ into the meat. The weight loss, moisture content, and pH of all low-sodium salt groups were lower than those of S. Mg2+ addition increased the water activity (Aw) of SPMA, SPM, and SM. Dry-curing meat with low-sodium salts promoted the production of volatile flavor compounds, with Mg2+ playing a more prominent role. Furthermore, low-sodium salts also promoted protein degradation and increased the content of free amino acids in dry-cured meat, especially in SM. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the low-sodium salts containing Mg2+ were conducive to improving the quality of dry-cured meat products. Therefore, low-sodium salts enriched with Mg2+ become a desirable low-sodium curing agent for achieving salt reduction in dry-cured meat products.

Angiosperm-wide analysis of fruit and ovary evolution aided by a new nuclear phylogeny supports association of the same ovary type with both dry and fleshy fruits.

Fruit functions in seed protection and dispersal and belongs to many dry and fleshy types, yet their evolutionary pattern remains unclear in part due to uncertainties in the phylogenetic relationships among several orders and families. Thus we used nuclear genes of 502 angiosperm species representing 231 families to reconstruct a well supported phylogeny, with resolved relationships for orders and families with previously uncertain placements. Using this phylogeny as a framework, molecular dating supports a Triassic origin of the crown angiosperms, followed by the emergence of most orders in the Jurassic and Cretaceous and their rise to ecological dominance during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution. The robust phylogeny allowed an examination of the evolutionary pattern of fruit and ovary types, revealing a trend of parallel carpel fusions during early diversifications in eudicots, monocots, and magnoliids. Moreover, taxa in the same order or family with the same ovary type can develop either dry or fleshy fruits with strong correlations between specific types of dry and fleshy fruits; such associations of ovary, dry and fleshy fruits define several ovary-fruit "modules" each found in multiple families. One of the frequent modules has an ovary containing multiple ovules, capsules and berries, and another with an ovary having one or two ovules, achenes (or other single-seeded dry fruits) and drupes. This new perspective of relationships among fruit types highlights the closeness of specific dry and fleshy fruit types, such as capsule and berry, that develop from the same ovary type and belong to the same module relative to dry and fleshy fruits of other modules (such as achenes and drupes). Further analyses of gene families containing known genes for ovary and fruit development identified phylogenetic nodes with multiple gene duplications, supporting a possible role of whole-genome duplications, in combination with climate changes and animal behaviors, in angiosperm fruit and ovary diversification.