Self-Assembled Layer of Organic Phosphonic Acid Enables Highly Stable MnO2 Cathode for Aqueous Znic Batteries.

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is an attractive cathode material for aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) owing to its environmental benignity, low cost, high operating voltage, and high theoretical capacity. However, the severe dissolution of Mn2+ leads to rapid capacity decay. Herein, a self-assembled layer of amino-propyl phosphonic acid (AEPA) on the MnO2 surface, which significantly improves its cycle performance is successfully modified. Specifically, AEPA can be firmly attached to MnO2 through a strong chemical bond, forming a hydrophobic, and uniform organic coating layer with a few nanometers thickness. This coating layer can significantly inhibit the dissolution of Mn2+ by avoiding the direct contact between the electrolyte and cathode, thus enhancing the structural integrity and redox reversibility of MnO2. As a result, the MnO2@AEPA cathode achieves a high reversible capacity of 223 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 and a high capacity retention of 97% after 1700 cycles at 1 A g-1. This work provides new insights in developing stable Mn-based cathodes for aqueous batteries.

Strategy of In Situ Electrochemical Regulation for Highly Enhanced Nonenzymatic Sensing of Carbaryl.

Specific and sensitive sensing of most pesticide residues relies on enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase and advanced materials, which need to be loaded on the surface of working electrodes, leading to instability, uneven surface, tedious process, and high cost. Meanwhile, employing certain potential or current in electrolyte solution could also modify the surface in situ and overcome these drawbacks. However, this method is only regarded as electrochemical activation widely applied in the pretreatment of electrodes. In this paper, by means of regulating the electrochemical technique and its parameters, we prepared a proper sensing interface and derivatized the carbaryl (a carbamate pesticide) hydrolyzed form (1-naphthol) to enhance sensing by 100 times within several minutes. After regulation I by chronopotentiometry with 0.2 mA for 20 s or chronoamperometry with 2 V for 10 s, abundant oxygen-containing groups form and the ordered carbon structure is destroyed. Sweeping from -0.5 to 0.9 V through cyclic voltammetry for only one segment, following regulation II, the composition of oxygen-containing groups changes and the disordered structure is alleviated. Finally, on the constructed sensing interface, test by regulation III through differential pulse voltammetry from 0.8 to -0.4 V, resulting in derivatization of 1-naphthol during 0.8-0 V, followed by electroreduction of the derivative at around -0.17 V. Compared with the electro-oxidation peak at 0.5 V in previous reports, it is essential to improve specificity, even toward several other carbamate pesticides with similar structures. Hence, the in situ electrochemical regulation strategy has demonstrated great potential for effective sensing of electroactive molecules.

Research progress in the detection of common foodborne hazardous substances based on functional nucleic acids biosensors.

With the further improvement of food safety requirements, the development of fast, highly sensitive, and portable methods for the determination of foodborne hazardous substances has become a new trend in the food industry. In recent years, biosensors and platforms based on functional nucleic acids, along with a range of signal amplification devices and methods, have been established to enable rapid and sensitive determination of specific substances in samples, opening up a new avenue of analysis and detection. In this paper, functional nucleic acid types including aptamers, deoxyribozymes, and G-quadruplexes which are commonly used in the detection of food source pollutants are introduced. Signal amplification elements include quantum dots, noble metal nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, DNA walkers, and DNA logic gates. Signal amplification technologies including nucleic acid isothermal amplification, hybridization chain reaction, catalytic hairpin assembly, biological barcodes, and microfluidic system are combined with functional nucleic acids sensors and applied to the detection of many foodborne hazardous substances, such as foodborne pathogens, mycotoxins, residual antibiotics, residual pesticides, industrial pollutants, heavy metals, and allergens. Finally, the potential opportunities and broad prospects of functional nucleic acids biosensors in the field of food analysis are discussed.

Recent advances in nanostructured substrates for surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy.

Surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy is an emerging research field that has received much attention from the research community. Unlike conventional infrared absorption spectroscopy, SEIRA spectroscopy is a surface sensitive technique that exploits the electromagnetic properties of nanostructured substrates to amplify the vibrational signals of adsorbed molecules. Unique advantages like high sensitivity, wide adaptability, and convenient operation allow SEIRA spectroscopy to be applied in qualitative and quantitative analyses for traces of gases, biomolecules, polymers, and so on. In this review, we summarize recent advances in nanostructured substrates for SEIRA spectroscopy, including the developing history and widely accepted SEIRA mechanisms of SEIRA spectroscopy. Most importantly, characteristics and preparation methods of representative SEIRA-active substrates are introduced. In addition, current deficiencies and prospects in the field of SEIRA spectroscopy are discussed.

Biodegradation of Terrigenous Organic Matter in a Stratified Large-Volume Water Column: Implications of the Removal of Terrigenous Organic Matter in the Coastal Ocean.

Large amounts of terrigenous organic matter (TOM) are delivered to the ocean every year. However, removal processes of TOM in the ocean are still poorly constrained. Here, we report results from a 339-day dark incubation experiment with a unique system holding a vertically stratified freshwater-seawater column. The quality and quantity of dissolved organic matter (DOM), RNA-based size-fraction microbial communities, and environmental factors were high-frequency-monitored. Microbial processes impacted TOM composition, including an increased DOM photobleaching rate with incubation time. The mixed layer had changed the bacterial community structure, diversity, and higher oxygen consumption rate. A two-end member modeling analysis suggested that estimated nutrient concentrations and prokaryotic abundance were lower, and total dissolved organic carbon was higher than that of the measured values. These results imply that DOM biodegradation was stimulated during freshwater-seawater mixing. In the bottom layer, fluorescent DOM components increased with the incubation time and were significantly positively related to highly unsaturated, oxygenated, and presumably aromatic compound molecular formulas. These results suggest that surfaced-derived TOM sinking leads to increased DOM transformation and likely results in carbon storage in the bottom water. Overall, these results suggest that microbial transforming TOM plays more important biogeochemical roles in estuaries and coastal oceans than what we know before.

Improved water quality monitoring indicators may increase carbon storage in the oceans.

Indicators related to organic matter are important when assessing aquatic environment quality. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is widely used as a water quality reference. However, oxidizing agents used to determine the COD can oxidize refractory organic matter that is not pollutant and can persist in the ocean for thousands of years. This means the COD can misrepresent the water quality. The actual water quality can be indicated better by the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) than the COD, but determining the BOD is time-consuming and gives variable results. In this study, the optical properties of dissolved organic matter in water samples from the Chinese coast that had been incubated for a long time or directly oxidized using COD oxidant were analyzed. The results indicated that the oxidizing agent rapidly oxidized 22.93% ± 4.96% of refractory dissolved organic matter (RDOM) that was resistant to microbial degradation, implying that RDOM made a marked contribution to the COD. Meanwhile, size-fractional fluorescence spectroscopy and COD measurements indicated that the COD of the >0.7 µm fraction and the fluorescence intensity of the protein-like component significantly positively correlated with the BOD of the bulk sample. This indicated that, for monitoring organic pollutants in coastal waters, the COD of the >0.7 µm fraction could be used as a proxy for the standard COD and that the fluorescence intensity of the protein-like component could be used as a convenient proxy for the BOD. The method can help retain recalcitrant organic matter in seawater to act as a carbon sink.

A Novel Electrochemical Sensor Modified with a Computer-Simulative Magnetic Ion-Imprinted Membrane for Identification of Uranyl Ion.

In this paper, a novel ion-imprinted electrochemical sensor modified with magnetic nanomaterial Fe3O4@SiO2 was established for the high sensitivity and selectivity determination of UO22+ in the environment. Density functional theory (DFT) was employed to investigate the interaction between templates and binding ligands to screen out suitable functional binding ligand for the reasonable design of the ion imprinted sensors. The MIIP/MCPE (magnetic ion imprinted membrane/magnetic carbon paste electrode) modified with Fe3O4@SiO2 exhibited a strong response current and high sensitivity toward uranyl ion comparison with the bare carbon paste electrodes. Meanwhile, the MCPE was fabricated simultaneously under the action of strong magnetic adsorption, and the ion imprinted membrane can be adsorbed stably on the electrode surface, handling the problem that the imprinted membrane was easy to fall off during the process of experimental determination and elution. Based on the uranyl ion imprinting network, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was adopted for the detection technology to realize the electrochemical reduction of uranyl ions, which improved the selectivity of the sensor. Thereafter, uranyl ions were detected in the linear concentration range of 1.0 × 10-9 mol L-1 to 2.0 × 10-7 mol L-1, with the detection and quantification limit of 1.08 × 10-9 and 3.23 × 10-10 mol L-1, respectively. In addition, the sensor was successfully demonstrated for the determination of uranyl ions in uranium tailings soil samples and water samples with a recovery of 95% to 104%.

Viral Lysis Alters the Optical Properties and Biological Availability of Dissolved Organic Matter Derived from Prochlorococcus Picocyanobacteria.

Phytoplankton contribute almost half of the world's total primary production. The exudates and viral lysates of phytoplankton are two important forms of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic environments and fuel heterotrophic prokaryotic metabolism. However, the effect of viral infection on the composition and biological availability of phytoplankton-released DOM is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the optical characteristics and microbial utilization of the exudates and viral lysates of the ecologically important unicellular picophytoplankton Prochlorococcus Our results showed that Prochlorococcus DOM produced by viral lysis (Pro-vDOM) with phages of three different morphotypes (myovirus P-HM2, siphovirus P-HS2, and podovirus P-SSP7) had higher humic-like fluorescence intensities, lower absorption coefficients, and higher spectral slopes than DOM exuded by Prochlorococcus (Pro-exudate). The results indicate that viral infection altered the composition of Prochlorococcus-derived DOM and might contribute to the pool of oceanic humic-like DOM. Incubation with Pro-vDOM resulted in a greater dissolved organic carbon (DOC) degradation rate and lower absorption spectral slope and heterotrophic bacterial growth rate than incubation with Pro-exudate, suggesting that Pro-vDOM was more bioavailable than Pro-exudate. In addition, the stimulated microbial community succession trajectories were significantly different between the Pro-exudate and Pro-vDOM treatments, indicating that viral lysates play an important role in shaping the heterotrophic bacterial community. Our study demonstrated that viral lysis altered the chemical composition and biological availability of DOM derived from Prochlorococcus, which is the numerically dominant phytoplankton in the oligotrophic ocean.IMPORTANCE The unicellular picocyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is the numerically dominant phytoplankton in the oligotrophic ocean, contributing to the vast majority of marine primary production. Prochlorococcus releases a significant fraction of fixed organic matter into the surrounding environment and supports a vital portion of heterotrophic bacterial activity. Viral lysis is an important biomass loss process of Prochlorococcus However, little is known about whether and how viral lysis affects Prochlorococcus-released dissolved organic matter (DOM). Our paper shows that viral infection alters the optical properties (such as the absorption coefficients, spectral slopes, and fluorescence intensities) of released DOM and might contribute to a humic-like DOM pool and carbon sequestration in the ocean. Meanwhile, viral lysis also releases various intracellular labile DOM, including amino acids, protein-like DOM, and lower-molecular-weight DOM, increases the bioavailability of DOM, and shapes the successive trajectory of the heterotrophic bacterial community. Our study highlights the importance of viruses in impacting the DOM quality in the ocean.

Bi, Fe, and Ti ternary co-doped ZrO2 nanocomposites as a mass spectrometry matrix for the determination of bisphenol A and tetrabromobisphenol A in tea.

Bi, Fe, and Ti ternary co-doped ZrO2 (BFT-ZrO2) nanocomposites have been prepared by a sol-gel process and used as both adsorbent and matrix for the enrichment and determination of small molecules by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS). The BFT-ZrO2 nanocomposites not only can selectively enrich a wide variety of low-mass toxic pollutants but can also be used as an excellent matrix to enhance the laser desorption/ionization efficiency with low background noise and uniform co-crystalline film. Low limits of detection (LODs) (0.1 pg mL-1 for bisphenol A (BPA), 2 pg mL-1 for tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 0.1 pg mL-1 for alizarin (AZ), 0.001 pg mL-1for bisphenol S (BPS), 0.01 pg mL-1 for indigo blue (ID), 0.01 pg mL-1 for pentachlorophenol (PCP), 100 pg mL-1 for estradiol (E2), 0.001 pg mL-1 for cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 0.1 pg mL-1 for crystal violet (CV), 1 pg mL-1 for malachite green (MG), 0.01 pg mL-1 for rhodamine B (RhB), and 0.01 pg mL-1 for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were achieved. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of shot-to-shot are 9.4-24% and of sample-to-sample 5.2-17%. The BFT-ZrO2 matrix was successfully applied to the determination of TBBPA and BPA in tea samples. This method shows a new strategy for determination of toxic compounds in tea. Graphical abstract.

A cytosine-rich hairpin DNA loaded with silver nanoclusters as a fluorescent probe for uranium(IV) and mercury(II) ions.

A dually responsive fluorescent probe for determination of U(IV) and mercury(II) ions was synthesized. The probe consists of a cytosine-rich hairpin DNA loaded with silver nanoclusters (DNA-AgNCs). The fluorescence of the AgNCs is found to be quenched by UO2(II) at pH 5.0 and Hg(II) at pH 7.0 due to combined static and dynamic quenching. Under the optimal conditions, the green fluorescence of the DNA-AgNCs, best measured at excitation/emission wavelengths of 420/525 nm, decreases in the 4.0 to 75 pM UO2(II) concentration range, and in the 0.3 to 8.0 nM Hg(II) concentration range. The respective detection limits are as low as 1.8 pM and 0.1 nM. The method was successfully applied to the determination of UO2(II) and Hg(II) in (spiked) pond and taps waters and in soil extracts. Graphical abstract A label-free DNA was designed to synthesize green-fluorescent silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) and used for rapid dual detection of uranyl ions (UO2(II)) at pH 5.0 and of mercury ions (Hg(II)) at pH 7.0 in environmental samples.

Genome Rearrangement Shapes Prochlorococcus Ecological Adaptation.

Prochlorococcus is the most abundant and smallest known free-living photosynthetic microorganism and is a key player in marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. Prochlorococcus can be broadly divided into high-light-adapted (HL) and low-light-adapted (LL) clades. In this study, we isolated two low-light-adapted clade I (LLI) strains from the western Pacific Ocean and obtained their genomic data. We reconstructed Prochlorococcus evolution based on genome rearrangement. Our results showed that genome rearrangement might have played an important role in Prochlorococcus evolution. We also found that the Prochlorococcus clades with streamlined genomes maintained relatively high synteny throughout most of their genomes, and several regions served as rearrangement hotspots. Backbone analysis showed that different clades shared a conserved backbone but also had clade-specific regions, and the genes in these regions were associated with ecological adaptations.IMPORTANCEProchlorococcus, the most abundant and smallest known free-living photosynthetic microorganism, plays a key role in marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. Prochlorococcus genome evolution is a fundamental issue related to how Prochlorococcus clades adapted to different ecological niches. Recent studies revealed that the gene gain and loss is crucial to the clade differentiation. The significance of our research is that we interpreted the Prochlorococcus genome evolution from the perspective of genome structure and associated the genome rearrangement with the Prochlorococcus clade differentiation and subsequent ecological adaptation.

Protamine-gold nanoclusters as peroxidase mimics and the selective enhancement of their activity by mercury ions for highly sensitive colorimetric assay of Hg(II).

We certify that protamine-gold nanoclusters (PRT-AuNCs) synthesized by one-pot method exhibit peroxidase-like activity. The catalytic activity of PRT-AuNCs followed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics and exhibited higher affinity to 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the substrate compared to that of natural horseradish peroxidase. Meanwhile, we found that Hg(II) could dramatically and selectively enhance the peroxidase-like activity of PRT-AuNCs, and the enhanced mechanism by Hg(II) was demonstrated to be generation of the cationic Au species and the partly oxidized Au species (Auδ+) by Hg2+-Au0/Au+ interaction. Based on this finding, quantitative determinations of Hg(II) via visual observation and absorption spectra were achieved. The proposed strategy displays high selectivity that arises from the strong aurophilic interaction of mercury towards gold. Moreover, the developed method is highly sensitive with a wide linear range and low detection limit of 1.16 nM. This strategy is not only helpful to develop effective nanomaterials-based artificial enzyme mimics but also irradiative to discover new applications of artificial mimic enzymes in bio-detection, medical diagnostics, and biotechnology. Graphical abstract Protamine-gold nanoclusters (PRT-AuNCs) synthesized by one-pot method exhibit peroxidase-like activity. Hg(II) can stimulate the peroxidase-like activity of PRT-AuNCs selectively, enhancing their ability to catalyze the chromogenic reaction of TMB by H2O2.

Resonance light scattering detection of fructose bisphosphates using uranyl-salophen complex-modified gold nanoparticles as optical probe.

In this paper, we report a resonance light scattering (RLS) method for the determination of fructose bisphosphates (FBPs) in water solution using fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F-1,6-BP) as a model analyte without the procedure of extracting target analyte. The method used a type of modified gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as optical probe. The modified GNPs are uranyl-salophen-cysteamine-GNPs (U-Sal-Cy-GNPs) which are obtained through the acylation reaction of carboxylated salophen with cysteamine-capped GNPs (Cy-GNPs) to form Sal-Cy-GNPs and then the chelation reaction of uranyl with tetradentate ligand salophen in the Sal-Cy-GNPs. A FBP molecule is used easily to connect two U-Sal-Cy-GNPs to cause the aggregation of the GNPs by utilizing the specific affinity of uranyl-salophen complex to phosphate group, resulting in the production of strong RLS signal from the system. The amount of FBPs can be determined through detecting the RLS intensity change of the system. A linear range was found to be 2.5 to 75 nmol/L with a detection limit of 0.91 nmol/L under optimal conditions. The method has been successfully used to determine FBPs in real samples with the recoveries of 96.5-103.5 %.

Survival of surface bacteriophages and their hosts in in situ deep-sea environments.

IMPORTANCE: The survival of the sinking prokaryotes and viruses in the deep-sea environment is crucial for deep-sea ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. Through an in situ deep-sea long-term incubation device, our results showed that viral particles and infectivity had still not decayed completely after in situ incubation for 1 year. This suggests that, via infection and lysis, surface viruses with long-term infectious activity in situ deep-sea environments may influence deep-sea microbial populations in terms of activity, function, diversity, and community structure and ultimately affect deep-sea biogeochemical cycles, highlighting the need for additional research in this area.

Comparative analysis of size-fractional eukaryotic microbes in subtropical riverine systems inferred from 18S rRNA gene V4 and V9 regions.

Eukaryotic microbes play key ecological roles in riverine ecosystems. Amplicon sequencing has greatly facilitated the identification and characterization of eukaryotic microbial communities. Currently, 18S rRNA gene V4 and V9 hypervariable regions are widely used for sequencing eukaryotic microbes. Identifying optimal regions for the profiling of size-fractional eukaryotic microbial communities is critical for microbial ecological studies. In this study, we spanned three rivers with typical natural-human influenced transition gradients to evaluate the performance of the 18S rRNA gene V4 and V9 hypervariable regions for sequencing size-fractional eukaryotic microbes (>180 µm, 20-180 µm, 5-20 µm, 3-5 µm, 0.8-3 µm). Our comparative analysis revealed that amplicon results depend on the specific species and microbial size. The V9 region was most effective for detecting a broad taxonomic range of species. The V4 region was superior to the V9 region for the identification of microbes in the minor 3 µm and at the family and genus levels, especially for specific microbial groups, such as Labyrinthulomycetes. However, the V9 region was more effective for studies of diverse eukaryotic groups, including Archamoebae, Heterolobosea, and Microsporidia, and various algae, such as Haptophyta, Florideophycidae, and Bangiales. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for potential misclassifications when employing both V4 and V9 regions for the identification of microbial sequences. The use of optimal regions for amplification could enhance the utility of amplicon sequencing in environmental studies. The insights gained from this work will aid future studies that employ amplicon-based identification approaches for the characterization of eukaryotic microbial communities and contribute to our understanding of microbial ecology within aquatic systems.

The microbial carbon pump and climate change.

The ocean has been a regulator of climate change throughout the history of Earth. One key mechanism is the mediation of the carbon reservoir by refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC), which can either be stored in the water column for centuries or released back into the atmosphere as CO2 depending on the conditions. The RDOC is produced through a myriad of microbial metabolic and ecological processes known as the microbial carbon pump (MCP). Here, we review recent research advances in processes related to the MCP, including the distribution patterns and molecular composition of RDOC, links between the complexity of RDOC compounds and microbial diversity, MCP-driven carbon cycles across time and space, and responses of the MCP to a changing climate. We identify knowledge gaps and future research directions in the role of the MCP, particularly as a key component in integrated approaches combining the mechanisms of the biological and abiotic carbon pumps for ocean negative carbon emissions.

Efficient, specific and direct detection of double-stranded DNA targets using Cas12f1 nucleases and engineered guide RNAs.

To address the limitations of the CRISPR/Cas12f1 system in clinical diagnostics, which require the complex preparation of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or in vitro transcripts (RNA), we developed a fluorescent biosensor named PDTCTR (PAM-dependent dsDNA Target-activated Cas12f1 Trans Reporter). This innovative biosensor integrates Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) with the Cas12f_ge4.1 system, facilitating the direct detection of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). PDTCTR represents a significant leap forward, exhibiting a detection sensitivity that is a hundredfold greater than the original Cas12f1 system. It demonstrates the capability to detect Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) with excellent sensitivity of 10 copies per microliter (16.8 aM) and distinguishes single nucleotide variations (SNVs) with high precision, including the EGFR (L858R) mutations prevalent in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Clinical evaluations of PDTCTR have demonstrated its high sensitivity and specificity, with rates ranging from 93%-100% and 100%, respectively, highlighting its potential to revolutionize diagnostic approaches for infectious diseases and cancer-related SNVs.This research underscores the substantial advancements in CRISPR technology for clinical diagnostics and its promising future in early disease detection and personalized medicine.

Determination of ATP using a double-receptor sandwich method based on molecularly imprinted membrane and fluorescence-labeled uranyl-salophen complex.

A double-receptor sandwich method for the fluorescence determination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is proposed in this paper. The solid phase receptor on the surface of glass slides is a molecularly imprinted membrane (MIM) containing an artificial nanocavity. It is constructed by a molecular imprinting technique using adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as a template molecule. The labeled receptor is a uranyl-salophen complex containing a fluorescent group or uranyl-salophen-fluorescein (USF). It is synthesized with salophen, 5-aminofluorescein, and uranyl. In a procedure of determining ATP, ATP in sample solution is first adsorbed on the surface of the glass slide through the combination of the AMP group in ATP with the nanocavity in MIM. Then, the adsorbed ATP binds USF through the coordination reaction of the phosphate group in ATP with uranyl in USF to form a sandwich-type structure of MIM-ATP-USF. The amount of ATP is detected through the fluorescence determination of USF bound on the slide. Under optimal conditions, the linear range for the determination of ATP is 0.3 to 4.8 nmol/mL with a detection limit of 0.041 nmol/mL. The proposed method has been successfully employed for the determination of ATP in real samples with the recoveries of 98.5 to 102.5 %.

Green synthesis of CQDs for determination of iron and isoniazid in pharmaceutical formulations.

Camphor leaves were used as the precursor for the hydrothermal synthesis of carbon quantum dots. The preparation method is simple and rapid, and the raw material is environmentally friendly and easy to obtain. Without additional modification, the carbon quantum dots were used as fluorescent probes for the sensitive and selective detection of Fe3+ and isoniazid at different excitation wavelengths. For Fe3+, at the excitation wavelength of 320 nm, the ratio of fluorescence intensity of CQD solution after adding Fe3+ to CQD solution without Fe3+ addition, F/F0, and Fe3+ concentration showed a good linear relationship in the range of 2.72 × 10-5 to 1.00 × 10-4 mol L-1 (R2 = 0.9912), and the limit of detection was 8.16 µmol L-1. For isoniazid, at the excitation wavelength of 270 nm, the ratio of fluorescence intensity of CQDs solution with isoniazid to CQDs solution without isoniazid, F/F0, and isoniazid concentration showed good linear relationships in the range of 3.81 × 10-6 to 1.00 × 10-5 mol L-1 (R2 = 0.9941) and 1.00 × 10-5 to 2.10 × 10-4 mol L-1 (R2 = 0.9910) respectively, and the limit of detection was 1.14 µmol L-1. A fluorescence method for the determination of Fe and isoniazid content was proposed. The method has been used to detect iron in iron supplement tablets and isoniazid in isoniazid tablets with satisfactory results.

Variation of glomalin-metal binding capacity in 1 m soil profiles from mangrove forests to mudflat and affected factor analysis.

Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) plays an important role in soil metal sequestration in coastal wetlands. Additionally, it can release dissolved organic matter (GDOM) in water-soaked condition. The purpose of this study was to clarify the variation of GRSP's heavy metal immobilisation capacity at soil profiles of coastal wetland, and explore the compositional characteristics of GDOM and its influence on the heavy metals' environmental behaviour. The results indicated that the metal immobilisation capacity of GRSP decreased with increasing burial depth. The contributions of GRSP to soil Cr, As, and Pb were higher in both mangrove soils (K. obovata and A. marina forests) than in the mudflat. Oxygen-containing functional groups of GRSP (CO, -COO-, etc.) played a positive role in heavy metals accumulation. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that high soil pH was not conducive to the enrichment of heavy metals by GRSP. Besides, the concentrations of GRSP-Fe showed a significant positive correlation with the concentrations of other metals (Cu, As, and Pb) in GRSP. It is speculated that the Fe minerals in GRSP contributed the enrichment of heavy metals. Based on PARAFAC modelling, four fluorescent components of GDOM were identified, including three humic-like fluorescent components and one tyrosine-like fluorescent component. The contributions of GDOM to GRSP-bound heavy metals fluctuated between 4.05 % and 88.80 %, which could enhance the fluidity of heavy metals in water and weaken the soil heavy metal immobilisation capacity of GRSP. High salinity exerted an inhibitory effect on the heavy metal content of the GDOM. This study comprehensively explored the potential of GRSP to immobilise heavy metals in wetland soils and highlighted the potential heavy metal risks associated with the GDOM component in water, which could contribute to the multidimensional assessment and control of heavy metal pollution in coastal wetlands.