Reaction of KHP with excess NaOH or TRIS as standard reactions for calibration of titration calorimeters from 0 to 60 °C.

Calibration of titration calorimeters is an ongoing problem, particularly with calorimeters with reaction vessel volumes < 10 mL in which an electrical calibration heater is positioned outside the calorimetric vessel. Consequently, a chemical reaction with a known enthalpy change must be used to accurately calibrate these calorimeters. This work proposes the use of standard solutions of potassium acid phthalate (KHP) titrated into solutions of excess sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or excess tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) as standard reactions to determine the collective accuracy of the relevant variables in a determination of the molar enthalpy change for a reaction. KHP is readily available in high purity, weighable for easy preparation of solutions with accurately known concentrations, stable in solution, not compromised by side reactions with common contaminants such as atmospheric CO2, and non-corrosive to materials used in calorimeter construction. Molar enthalpy changes for these reactions were calculated from 0 to 60 °C from reliable literature data for the pKa of KHP, the molar enthalpy change for protonation of TRIS, and the molar enthalpy change for ionization of water. The feasibility of using these reactions as enthalpic standards was tested in several calorimeters; a 50 mL CSC 4300, a 185 µL NanoITC, a 1.4 mL VP-ITC, and a TAM III with 1 mL reaction vessels. The results from the 50 mL CSC 4300, which was accurately calibrated with an electric heater, verified the accuracy of the calculated standard values for the molar enthalpy changes of the proposed reactions.

Urolithin A promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability by limiting inflammation and hypercholesteremia in Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.

Urolithin A (UroA), a dietary phytochemical, is produced by gut bacteria from fruits rich in natural polyphenols ellagitannins (ETs). The efficiency of ETs metabolism to UroA in humans depends on gut microbiota. UroA has shown a variety of pharmacological activities. In this study we investigated the effects of UroA on atherosclerotic lesion development and stability. Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 3 months to establish atherosclerosis model. Meanwhile the mice were administered UroA (50 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.). We showed that UroA administration significantly decreased diet-induced atherosclerotic lesions in brachiocephalic arteries, macrophage content in plaques, expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, intraplaque hemorrhage and size of necrotic core, while increased the expression of smooth muscle actin and the thickness of fibrous cap, implying features of plaque stabilization. The underlying mechanisms were elucidated using TNF-α-stimulated human endothelial cells. Pretreatment with UroA (10, 25, 50 µM) dose-dependently inhibited TNF-α-induced endothelial cell activation and monocyte adhesion. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of UroA in TNF-α-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were independent of NF-κB p65 pathway. We conducted RNA-sequencing profiling analysis to identify the differential expression of genes (DEGs) associated with vascular function, inflammatory responses, cell adhesion and thrombosis in UroA-pretreated HUVECs. Human disease enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly correlated with cardiovascular diseases. We demonstrated that UroA pretreatment mitigated endothelial inflammation by promoting NO production and decreasing YAP/TAZ protein expression and TEAD transcriptional activity in TNF-α-stimulated HUVECs. On the other hand, we found that UroA administration modulated the transcription and cleavage of lipogenic transcription factors SREBP1/2 in the liver to ameliorate cholesterol metabolism in ApoE-/- mice. This study provides an experimental basis for new dietary therapeutic option to prevent atherosclerosis.

VEGFC ameliorates salt-sensitive hypertension and hypertensive nephropathy by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome via activating VEGFR3-AMPK dependent autophagy pathway.

Salt-sensitivity hypertension (SSHTN) is an independent predictor for cardiovascular mortality. VEGFC has been reported to be a protective role in SSHTN and hypertensive kidney injury. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. The current study aimed to explore the protective effects and mechanisms of VEGFC against SSHTN and hypertensive nephropathy. Here, we reported that VEGFC attenuated high blood pressure as well as protected against renal inflammation and fibrosis in SSHTN mice. Moreover, VEGFC suppressed the activation of renal NLRP3 inflammasome in SSHTN mice. In vitro, we found VEGFC inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation, meanwhile, upregulated autophagy in high-salt-induced macrophages, while these effects were reversed by an autophagy inhibitor 3MA. Furthermore, in vivo, 3MA pretreatment weakened the protective effects of VEGFC on SSHTN and hypertensive nephropathy. Mechanistically, VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR3) kinase domain activated AMPK by promoting the phosphorylation at Thr183 via binding to AMPK, thus enhancing autophagy activity in the context of high-salt-induced macrophages. These findings indicated that VEGFC inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation by promoting VEGFR3-AMPK-dependent autophagy pathway in high-salt-induced macrophages, which provided a mechanistic basis for the therapeutic target in SSHTN and hypertensive kidney injury.

Bbhox2 is a key regulator for conidiation and virulence in Beauveria bassiana.

Beauveria bassiana, a well-known filamentous biocontrol fungus, is the main pathogen of numerous field and forest pests. To explore the potential factors involved in the fungal pathogenicity, Bbhox2, an important and conserved functional transcription factor containing homeodomain was carried out by functional analysis. Homologous recombination was used to disrupt the Bbhox2 gene in B.bassiana. The conidia yield of the deletant fungal strain was significantly reduced. The conidial germination was faster, and stress tolerance to Congo red and high osmotic agents were decreased compared with that in the wildtype. Additionally, ΔBbhox2 showed a dramatic reduction in virulence no matter in topical inoculations or in intra-hemolymph injections against Galleria mellonella larvae, which is likely due to the failure of appressorium formation and the defect in producing hyphal body. These results indicate that the Bbhox2 gene markedly contributes to conidiation and pathogenicity in B. bassiana.

Cortical gradient perturbation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder correlates with neurotransmitter-, cell type-specific and chromosome- transcriptomic signatures.

AIMS: This study aimed to illuminate the neuropathological landscape of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by a multiscale macro-micro-molecular perspective from in vivo neuroimaging data. METHODS: The "ADHD-200 initiative" repository provided multi-site high-quality resting-state functional connectivity (rsfc-) neuroimaging for ADHD children and matched typically developing (TD) cohort. Diffusion mapping embedding model to derive the functional connectome gradient detecting biologically plausible neural pattern was built, and the multivariate partial least square method to uncover the enrichment of neurotransmitomic, cellular and chromosomal gradient-transcriptional signatures of AHBA enrichment and meta-analytic decoding. RESULTS: Compared to TD, ADHD children presented connectopic cortical gradient perturbations in almost all the cognition-involved brain macroscale networks (all pBH <0.001), but not in the brain global topology. As an intermediate phenotypic variant, such gradient perturbation was spatially enriched into distributions of GABAA/BZ and 5-HT2A receptors (all pBH <0.01) and co-varied with genetic transcriptional expressions (e.g. DYDC2, ATOH7, all pBH <0.01), associated with phenotypic variants in episodic memory and emotional regulations. Enrichment models demonstrated such gradient-transcriptional variants indicated the risk of both cell-specific and chromosome- dysfunctions, especially in enriched expression of oligodendrocyte precursors and endothelial cells (all pperm <0.05) as well enrichment into chromosome 18, 19 and X (pperm <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings bridged brain macroscale neuropathological patterns to microscale/cellular biological architectures for ADHD children, demonstrating the neurobiologically pathological mechanism of ADHD into the genetic and molecular variants in GABA and 5-HT systems as well brain-derived enrichment of specific cellular/chromosomal expressions.

The protective effect of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. polysaccharide on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice via the modulation of gut microbiota and inhibition of NF-κB activation.

BACKGROUND: Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill, a fruit utilized in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has a long history of medical application. It has been used to treat diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill polysaccharide (SACP) is an important biologically active ingredient that has been shown to have a variety of beneficial effects including immune regulation and anti-oxidative properties. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a complicated gastrointestinal inflammatory disease. We explore the protective effect of SACP against UC. RESULTS: Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill polysaccharide significantly reduced the disease activity index (DAI) and levels of myeloperoxidase(MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in colonic tissue. It also alleviated weight loss and histopathological damage of mice. The expression of MUC2 and occludin proteins was increased and the barrier function of the colonic mucosa was enhanced by SACP treatment. NF-κB pathway activation was also inhibited and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was decreased whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines were increased. 16SrDNA sequencing of fecal flora showed that SACP increased the abundance of Muribaculaceaeunclassified, LachnospiraceaeNK4A136group and reduced the abundance of Bacteroides and Erysipelatoclostridium. CONCLUSION: Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill polysaccharide can protect against Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Histone acetylation regulates ORMDL3 expression-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome overexpression during RSV-allergic exacerbation mice.

Whether respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in early life may induce orosomucoid 1-like protein 3 (ORMDL3) and lead to NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome overexpression in asthma, which could be alleviated by the inhibition of HAT p300. First, we explored the relationship between RSV, ORMDL3, and recurrent wheezing in the future through clinical data of infants with RSV-induced bronchiolitis. Then, we used bronchial epithelium transformed with Ad12-SV40 2B (BEAS-2B) and an asthmatic mouse model of repeated RSV infection and OVA sensitization and challenge (rRSV + OVA) in early life to assess the effects of ORMDL3 on NLRP3 inflammasome and that of histone acetylation on ORMDL3 regulation. ORMDL3 overexpression is the independent risk factor of recurrent wheezing in RSV-bronchiolitis follow-up. In BEAS-2B, ORMDL3-induced NLRP3 inflammasome expression. BEAS-2B infected by RSV resulted in overexpression of ORMDL3 and NLRP3 inflammasome and histone hyperacetylation, while ORMDL3-small interfering RNA and C646 interfered could decrease NLRP3 inflammasome. ORMDL3 overexpression in mouse lung increased NLRP3 inflammasome. The expression of ORMDL3 and NLRP3 inflammasome significantly increased, with histone hyperacetylation in the lung in rRSV + OVA mice. p300 and acetylH3 bound to ORMDL3 promoter. In C646 + rRSV + OVA mice, C646 alleviated lung inflammation and overexpression of ORMDL3 and NLRP3 inflammasome. RSV activated ORMDL3 overexpression through histone hyperacetylation and induced NLRP3 inflammasome expression.

Activation and Inhibition of Isomerization of a Cationic Azobenzene Surfactant in the Large Void Space of Polyglycerol Dendron Micelles.

Owing to the unique geometric structure of dendritic amphiphiles with voluminous dendrons, their micelles can harbor a large void space, which provides a new research focus and approach for micellar functionalization. In this work, we used the void space to construct a UV responsive micelle system of the mixed dendritic amphiphile (C12-(G3)2) and cationic azobenzene surfactant (C4AzoTAB). The synthesized C12-(G3)2 that possesses double third generation polyglycerol (PG) dendrons and a single alkyl chain is expected to highlight the large void space within the inside of the micelles. Thus, the aims of this work are to achieve the isomerization of C4AzoTAB in situ and to deeply understand the intermolecular interaction in the mixed micelles. The effect of the large void room with a wall decorated with the ether oxygen atoms on the isomerization of C4AzoTAB was studied by isomerization kinetics, conductivity measurements, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and 1H NMR and 2D NOESY spectroscopies. The isomerization behavior of C4AzoTAB in C12-(G3)2 micelles was presented in terms of its kinetic constant, counterionic association, interaction enthalpy, and position and orientation of C4AzoTAB. The results of NMR and conductivity show that the quaternary ammonium group of C4AzoTAB situates on the surface of the mixed micelles with C12-(G3)2 both before and after UV-irradiation, while the position of azobenzene group in C12-(G3)2 micelles depends on its conformation. The C12-(G3)2 micelles can inhibit the UV response of the trans-isomer and activate the thermal relaxation of the cis-isomer, which has a potential application in the field of light-controlled smart nanocarriers.

Apple preload increased postprandial insulin sensitivity of a high glycemic rice meal only at breakfast.

PURPOSE: The possible impact of preload food on insulin sensitivity has yet been reported. This study aimed to investigate the glycemic and insulinemic effect of an apple preload before breakfast, lunch and early supper, based on high glycemic index (GI) rice meals. METHODS: Twenty-three healthy participants in Group 1 and 14 participants in Group 2 were served with the reference meal (white rice containing 50 g of available carbohydrate) or experimental meals (apple preload and rice, each containing 15 and 35 g of available carbohydrate). The meals were either served at 8:00 for breakfast, 12:30 for lunch or 17:00 for early supper to explore the possible effect of time factor. The group 1 assessed the postprandial and subsequent-meal glycemic effect of the test meals by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), along with subjective appetite; The group 2 further investigated the glycemic and insulin effect by blood collection. RESULTS: The apple preload lowered the blood glucose peak value by 33.5%, 31.4% and 31.0% in breakfast, lunch and supper, respectively, while increased insulin sensitivity by 40.5% only at breakfast, compared with the rice reference. The early supper resulted significantly milder glycemic response than its breakfast and lunch counterparts did. The result of CGM tests was consistent with that of the fingertip blood tests. CONCLUSION: Apple preload performed the best at breakfast in terms of enhancing the insulin sensitivity. The preload treatment could effectively attenuate postprandial GR without increasing the area under insulin response curve in any of the three meals.

Clinical features and risk factors of plastic bronchitis caused by refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children: a practical nomogram prediction model.

Early assessment of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) with plastic bronchitis (PB) allows timely removal of casts using fiberoptic bronchoscopic manipulation, which relieves airway obstruction and limit sequelae development. This study aimed to analyze clinical data for risk factors and develop a nomogram for early predictive evaluation of RMPP with PB. The clinical data of 1-14 year-old patients with RMPP were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were classified into a PB or non-PB group. The general characteristics, clinical symptoms, laboratory test results, imaging findings, and microscopic changes of the two groups were compared. A statistical analysis of the risk factors for developing PB was performed, and a nomogram model of risk factors was constructed. Of 120 patients with RMPP included, 68 and 52 were in the non-PB and PB groups, respectively. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, fever before bronchoscopy, extrapulmonary complications, pleural effusion, cough duration, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were identified as risk factors. A nomogram was constructed based on the results of the multivariate analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of the nomogram was 0.944 (95% confidence interval: 0.779-0.962). The Hosmer-Lemeshow test displayed good calibration of the nomogram (p = 0.376, R2 = 0.723). CONCLUSION: The nomogram model constructed in this study based on five risk factors (persistent fever before bronchoscopy, extrapulmonary complications, pleural effusion, cough duration, and LDH levels) prior to bronchoscopy can be used for the early identification of RMPP-induced PB. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) in children has been increasingly reported and recognized, which often leads to serious complications. • Plastic bronchitis (PB) is considered to be one of the causes of RMPP, and bronchoscopic treatment should be improved as soon as possible to remove plastic sputum thrombus in bronchus. WHAT IS NEW: • This study determined the risk factors for RMPP-induced PB. • The nomogram model constructed in this study prior to bronchoscopy can be used for the early identification of RMPP-induced PB, which facilitate the early bronchoscopic removal of casts, thereby promoting recovery and reducing cases with poor RMPP prognosis.

Characterization of aroma compounds and effects of amino acids on the release of esters in Laimao baijiu.

BACKGROUND: Laimao baijiu is a typical soy-sauce aroma-type baijiu in China. Amino acids are non-volatile compounds in baijiu and are beneficial to human health. Aroma is one of the important indicators that are used to evaluate the quality of baijiu. The interaction between aroma-active compounds and non-volatile compounds can also affect the release of aroma compounds. In this study, we identified the active-aroma compounds and amino acids in Laimao baijiu by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The interaction between amino acids and key esters was investigated by sensory analysis and partition coefficients. RESULTS: A total of 63 aroma compounds and 21 amino acids were identified. Twenty-one esters were identified from them as major aroma-active ester compounds with odor activity values ≥ 1. Finally, sensory analysis revealed that l-alanine had a significant effect on the strength of the aromas of esters, suggesting that low concentrations of amino acids were more likely to promote the release of esters and high concentrations were more likely to inhibit this. The partition coefficient can be a good explanation for this phenomenon. CONCLUSION: l-Alanine can significantly affect the aroma intensity of key ester aroma compounds in Laimao baijiu, and the effects of different concentrations of amino acids are different. This work shows that amino acids, as non-volatile compounds, have a regulatory effect on the release of aroma compounds in alcoholic beverages, which may provide new technical support for the aroma modulation of alcoholic beverages. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Chemical Energy-Driven Lithiation Preparation of Defect-Rich Transition Metal Nanostructures for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

Transition metal nanostructures are widely regarded as important catalysts to replace the precious metal Pt for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in water splitting. However, it is difficult to obtain uniform-sized and ultrafine metal nanograins through general high-temperature reduction and sintering processes. Herein, a novel method of chemical energy-driven lithiation is introduced to synthesize transition metal nanostructures. By taking advantage of the slow crystallization kinetics at room temperature, more surface and boundary defects can be generated and remained, which reduce the atomic coordination number and tune the electronic structure and adsorption free energy of the metals. The obtained Ni nanostructures therein exhibit excellent HER performance. In addition, the bimetal of Co and Ni shows better electrocatalytic kinetics than individual Ni and Co nanostructures, reaching 100 mA cm-2 at a low overpotential of 127 mV. The high HER performance originates from well-formed synergistic effect between Ni and Co by tuning the electronic structures. Density functional theory simulations confirm that the bimetallic NiCo possesses a low Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption, which are conducive to enhance its intrinsic activity. This work provides a general strategy that enables simultaneous defect engineering and electronic modulation of transition metal catalysts to achieve an enhancement in HER performance.

Diurnal differences in glycemic responses, insulin responses and cognition after rice-based meals.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The variation in glycemic responses to white rice caused by the circadian rhythm has been widely investigated but remain controversial. This study investigated diurnal differences in the effect of rice meals on glycemic responses, insulin responses, satiety, and acute cognitive function. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A total of 20 healthy participants in Group 1 and 14 in Group 2 were served identical servings of cooked white rice containing 50 g of available carbohydrates at 8:00 a.m. (rice at breakfast), 12:30 p.m. (rice at lunch), and 5:00 p.m. (rice at early supper) in a randomized order. Postprandial blood glucose, insulin, satiety, and cognitive performance tests were conducted for each test meal. RESULTS: The rice at an early supper elicited significantly milder glycemic responses than did the rice at lunch and resulted in a lower insulin sensitivity than did rice at breakfast. No difference was observed among the test meals in terms of hunger and prospective food intake. Diurnal acute cognitive performance did not differ considerably among the meals. A correlation analysis indicated that low variability in glycemic responses was positively associated with superior cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS: A high-glycemic index white rice supper at 5:00 p.m. may facilitate daily glycemic management.

Stanniocalcin-1 Protected Astrocytes from Hypoxic Damage Through the AMPK Pathway.

Our previous studies revealed that the expression of stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) in astrocytes increased under hypoxic conditions. However, the role of STC1 in hypoxic astrocytes is not well understood. In this work, we first showed the increased expression of STC1 in astrocyte cell line and astrocytes in the brain tissues of mice after exposure to hypoxia. Then, we found that knockdown of STC1 inhibited cell viability and increased apoptosis. These effects were mediated by decreasing the levels of SIRT3, UCP2, and glycolytic genes and increasing the levels of ROS. Further studies suggested that STC1 silencing promoted oxidative stress and suppressed glycolysis by downregulating AMPKα1. Moreover, HIF-1α knockdown in hypoxic astrocytes led to decreased expression of STC1 and AMPKα1, indicating that the expression of STC1 was regulated by HIF-1α. In conclusion, our study showed that HIF-1α-induced STC1 could protect astrocytes from hypoxic damage by regulating glycolysis and redox homeostasis in an AMPKα1-dependent manner.

Iodine/DMSO-Promoted Selective Direct Arylthiation of Anilines with Thiols under Metal-Free Conditions.

An iodine-promoted divergent thiolation of unprotected anilines with thiols for the synthesis of sulfide anilines has been described. The combinational use of I2 and DMSO played an important role to realize this kind of transformation without the aid of a metal catalyst and strong oxidants. The reaction selectivity was well controlled to provide mono-, bis-, and trisubstituted diaryl sulfide derivatives. More importantly, iodination and sulfenylation can occur simultaneously to provide useful multifunctionalized iodoaniline products. This method afforded an efficient protocol for the construct C-S and C-I bonds from the C-H bond under mild reaction conditions.

Thiamine-biosynthesis genes Bbpyr and Bbthi are required for conidial production and cell wall integrity of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana.

Beauveria bassiana is an important entomopathogenic fungus used to control a variety of insect pests. Conidia are the infective propagules of the fungus. However, some important factors that influence conidiation are still to be investigated. In this study, a mutant with decreased conidial production and hyphal growth was identified from a random T-DNA insertional library of B. bassiana. The corresponding gene (Bbthi) for this mutation encodes a putative thiazole synthase. Thiazole and pyrimidine are structural components of thiamine (vitamin B1), which is an essential nutrient for all forms of life. Disruption of Bbthi, Bbpyr, a putative pyrimidine synthetic gene, or both in B. bassiana results in a significant decrease of thiamine content. Loss of Bbthi and Bbpyr function significantly decreased the conidial production and hyphal growth, as well as disrupted the integrity of conidial cell wall. However, the defect of Bbpyr and Bbthi does not decrease the virulence of B. bassiana. Our results indicate the importance of thiamine biosynthesis in conidiation of B. bassiana, and provide useful information to produce conidia of entomopathogenic fungi for biocontrol of insect pests.

Yam paste in glycemic preloads curbs peak glycemia of rice meals in apparent healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: People with dental problems and dysphagia frequently consume foods in paste form. A strategy is required to mitigate the glycemic responses of these foods. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: The effect of yam paste ingestion on postprandial glycemic responses was assessed using a two-arm study design for yam paste ingestion: (1) as low- and medium-glycemic index food and (2) as preload and coingested food in a rice meal. In a randomized crossover trial, 18 healthy volunteers consumed (1) low-intensity-cooked yam paste; (2) medium-intensity-cooked yam paste; (3) cooked white rice; (4) coingested low-intensity-cooked yam paste with rice; (5) coingested medium-intensity-cooked yam paste with rice; (6) a preload of low-intensity-cooked yam paste before rice; (7) a preload of medium-intensity-cooked yam paste before rice. Postprandial glycemic responses and satiety assessments were conducted for each food approach. The glycemic characteristics of yam paste were manipulated with the preparatory treatment. RESULTS: Ingesting a preload of 10 g of yam paste before a rice meal resulted in better glycemic responses for 0-60 min in terms of peak glucose value and positive increments under the curve than co-ingesting yam paste with rice, with no adverse effect on satiety, irrespective of the glycemic index of the yam paste. CONCLUSIONS: Regarding isocarbohydrates, both low- and medium-glycemic index yam paste preloads curbed the glucose peak value of a rice meal and lowered the glycemic index value of mixed meals in young healthy people.

Expression of P2X receptors in the rat anterior pituitary.

In this study, the distribution patterns of P2X1 to P2X7 receptors in the anterior pituitary cells of rat were studied with single-, double-, and triple-labeling immunofluorescence, combined method of immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization, and Western blot. The results showed that the expression level of the P2X4 receptor protein was highest, followed by P2X5, P2X3, P2X2, P2X6, and P2X7 receptor proteins, but no P2X1 receptor protein was detected. Strong P2X4 receptor-immunoreactivity was detected in almost all the anterior pituitary cells. Different combinations of P2X receptors were detected in each individual cell type of the rat anterior pituitary. Gonadotrophs express P2X4, P2X5, and P2X6 receptors. Corticotrophs express P2X3 and P2X4 receptors. Folliculo-stellate cells express P2X2 and P2X4 receptors, and somatotrophs, lactotrophs, and thyrotrophs express only P2X4 receptors. The macrophages with Iba-1-ir expressed P2X7 receptors. The possible functions of these P2X receptors in each individual cell type of the rat anterior pituitary are discussed.

A comparison between whole grain and pearled oats: acute postprandial glycaemic responses and in vitro carbohydrate digestion in healthy subjects.

PURPOSE: To compare the glycaemic response of whole grain oat kernels and pearled oats cooked under normal pressure or higher pressure and examine whether replacing half of the rice in a given meal with either of the two oat grains could make a difference in acute glycaemic responses. METHODS: In a randomised crossover trial, ten healthy subjects consumed two groups of test meals: (1) oat grain-only, including whole grain oats cooked under normal pressure (WONP) and higher pressure (WOHP) as well as their pearled oat counterparts, PONP and POHP; and (2) mixed meals of aforementioned oat grains and cooked rice (OG + R), including WONP + R, WOHP + R, PONP + R and POHP + R. A postprandial blood glucose test, texture profile analysis and in vitro carbohydrate digestion assay were carried out for each test meal. RESULTS: Compared with the rice reference, oat grain-only meals induced lower glucose levels at all time points, lower peak values and smaller glucose excursions at 120 min (P < 0.05), but OG + Rs did not have the abovementioned effects. The oat grain-only meals had glycaemic indexes (GIs) ranging from 51 to 58, while those of OG + Rs ranged from 59 to 70. WONP + R had a 21% lower iAUC0-60 and a 40% lower iAUC60-120 value than those of rice (P < 0.05). Oat-rice mixed meals had lower iAUC0-60 values compared with that of the rice control (P < 0.05), except for POHP + R. Excellent consistency between the hydrolysis index and the GI was observed (r = 0.969, P < 0.001) in oat grain-only meals. CONCLUSIONS: All oat grain-only meals could be included in the glycaemic management diet, regardless of the oat grain type or cooking treatment. In oat-rice mixed meals, whole grain oats and normal pressure cooking ensured a favourable glycaemic effect.

Controlled Air-Etching Synthesis of Porous-Carbon Nanotube Aerogels with Ultrafast Charging at 1000 A g-1.

Supercapacitors are energy storage systems capable of fast charging and discharging, thus generating superior power density. Porous carbon with high surface area and tunable pore size represents a promising candidate to construct ultrafast supercapacitors; so far, most porous carbon-based electrodes can only be charged to a moderate current density (100-200 A g-1), also with significant capacitance loss at increasing rate. Here, it is shown that a 3D aerogel consisting of interconnected 1D porous-carbon nanotubes (PCNs) can serve as a freestanding supercapacitor electrode with excellent rate performance. As a result, the PCN aerogel electrodes achieve 1) ultrafast charging at current densities up to 1000 A g-1 (corresponding to a charge period of 16 ms), which is the highest value among other porous carbon-based supercapacitors, 2) superior cycling stability at high charging rates (88% capacitance retention after 105 cycles at 1000 A g-1). Mechanism study reveals favorable kinetics including a centralized pore size distribution at 0.8 nm which is a dominant factor to allow high-rate charging, a low and linear IR drop, and a metallic feature of 1D PCNs by theoretical calculation. The results indicate that 1D PCNs with controlled porous structures have potential applications in ultrafast energy conversion and storage.