Whole-genome sequencing of Paracoccus species isolated from the healthy human eye and description of Paracoccus shanxieyensis sp. nov.

Currently, the genus Paracoccus comprises 76 recognized species. Members of Paracoccus are mostly isolated from environmental, animal, and plant sources. This report describes and proposes a novel species of Paracoccus isolated from clinical specimens of the human ocular surface. We isolated two aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, coccoid or short rod-shaped, and non-motile strains (designated DK398T and DK608) from conjunctival sac swabs of two healthy volunteers. The results showed that the strains grew best under the conditions of 28°C, pH 7.0, and 1.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Sequence analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that strains DK398T and DK608 were members of Paracoccus, most similar to Paracoccus laeviglucosivorans 43PT (98.54 and 98.62 %), Paracoccus litorisediminis GHD-05T (98.34 and 98.41 %), and Paracoccus limmosus NB88T (98.21 and 98.29 %). Phenotypic analysis showed that DK398T and DK608 were positive for catalase and oxidase, negative for producing N-acetyl-ß-glucosaminic acid, arginine dihydrolase, and ß-glucuronidase but positive for leucine arylamidase. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was Q-10, and the major polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and an unidentified glycolipid. The major fatty acids (>10%) were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c) and C16 : 0. The meso-diaminopimelic acid was found in the cell wall peptidoglycan of DK398T. The major cell wall sugars were ribose and galactose. Based on the results of phylogenetic analyses, low (<83.22 %) average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization (<26.0%), chemotaxonomic analysis, and physiological properties, strain DK398T represents a novel species of the genus Paracoccus, for which the name Paracoccus shanxieyensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DK398T (=CGMCC 1.17227T=JCM 33719T).

Effects of intraocular lens anterior edge design on anterior capsule morphology changes following femtosecond laser-assisted capsulotomy.

PURPOSE: To compare morphological changes in the anterior capsule of two intraocular lenses (IOLs) with different anterior edge designs 6 months after femtosecond laser-assisted capsulotomy surgery (FLACs). METHODS: This study included 168 eyes from168 patients undergoing FLACs. Group A included 74 eyes from 74 patients who had an Acrysof IQ Restor SN6AD3 IOL implantation with a flat anterior edge and Group B included 94 eyes of 94 patients with a TECNIS Multifocal ZMB00 IOL implantation and a "peak-like" anterior edge. All patients were followed up for 6 months. We assessed anterior capsule morphological changes including variation of anterior opening diameters and lens epithelial cell (LEC) proliferation in four directions, variation of anterior opening area, and the level of anterior capsule opacification (ACO). RESULTS: Variation of anterior opening diameters in 4 directions were significantly lower in Group B (P < 0.05). Obvious shrinkage ratio of anterior opening diameters and contraction of anterior opening area (P < 0.05) appeared in Group A. LEC proliferation was along the "peak" in Group B, while it spread to the edge of anterior capsule in Group A. ACO grades 6 months after operation in Groups A and B were as follows: grade I in 28.38% and 82.98% of eyes, grade II in 51.35% and 17.02% of eyes, and grade III in 20.27% and 0% of eyes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a "peak-like" IOL anterior edge design played an important role in maintaining the morphology of anterior capsule in the early postoperative stage.

Comparative study of Curcumin and Lucentis on retinal neovascularization.

Introduction To investigate the effect of Curcumin on retinal neovascularization in mice with oxygen-induced lesions. Methods 7-day-old (P7) C57/BL6J mice were randomly divided into control group, OIR group, DMSO group, 100 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg curcumin group and Lucentis group (15 mice per group). Mice in the experimental group were fed for 5 days in high oxygen partial pressure environment, and then in normal oxygen air environment for another 5 days. Corresponding interventions were given at 12-16 days of age (P12-16). At 17 days of age (P17), the eyeball was removed and the retina was paved with Isolectin GS-IB4 fluorescence staining. Real-time PCR was used to detect VEGF mRNA levels in tissues and cells. The protein expression level of VEGF was detected by Western blot. Results Immunofluorescence showed that curcumin injection could significantly reduce the formation of retinal neovascularization and astrocyte injury in OIR, and 100 mg/kg curcumin group had the best effect. Compared with the control group, mRNA and protein expression of VEGF in retina of mice in OIR and DMSO groups were significantly up-regulated (P<0.05); Compared with OIR group, curcumin group and Lucentis group were down-regulated (P<0.05). The protein expression and mRNA level of VEGF in HRCECs of curcumin group decreased with the increase of curcumin concentration, and the effect of curcumin group at 80µmol/L was similar to that of Lucentis group. In the HRCECs cultured with the same concentration of curcumin, the protein expression and mRNA level of VEGF decreased with the prolongation of drug intervention time. Conclusion Curcumin can down-regulate the expression of VEGF in retinal tissues and cells, thereby inhibiting retinal neovascularization and HRCECs cell proliferation.

Selective non-enzymatic total bilirubin detection in serum using europium complexes with different ß-diketone-derived ligands as luminescence probes.

Three europium(III) complexes, Eu(ectfd)3 (Hectfd = 1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-7-yl)-4,4,4-trifluorobutane-1,3-dione), Eu(tta)3 (Htta = 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(thiophen-2-yl)-butane-1,3-dione), and Eu(dbt)3 (Hdbt = 2-(4',4',4'-trifluoro-1',3'-dioxobutyl)dibenzothiophene), were synthesized and employed to detect total bilirubin (BR) in blood-serum samples. UV-visible absorption and fluorescence (FL) spectroscopies were used to evaluate the selectivity of each europium (III) fluorescence probe to BR, which was shown to remarkably reduce the luminescence intensities of the europium(III) complexes at a wavelength of 612 nm. The luminescence intensity of each complex is linearly related to BR concentration. Eu(tta)3 was shown to be the more-appropriate fluorescence probe for the sensitive and reliable detection of total BR in blood serum samples than either Eu(ectfd)3 or Eu(dbt)3. This observation can be ascribed to special σ-hole bonding between Htta and BR. In addition, the optimal pH test conditions for the detection of BR in human serum by the Eu(tta)3 probe were determined. Sensitivity was shown to be dramatically affected by the pH of the medium. The experimental results reveal that pH 7.5 is optimal for this probe, which coincides with the pH of human serum. Furthermore, BR detection using the Eu(tta)3 luminescence probe is simple, practical, and relatively free of interference from coexisting substances; it has a minimum detection limit (DL) of 68 nM and is a potential candidate for the routine assessment of total BR in serum samples. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

Discrimination of Semen cassiae from two related species based on the multivariate analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints.

A simple and efficient high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint method was developed to discriminate Semen cassiae from two related species: Cassia obtusifolia L. (CO) and Cassia tora L. (CT), the seeds of which are abbreviated as COS and CTS, respectively. 22 major bioactive ingredients in 42 samples (20 COS and 22 CTS) collected from different provinces of China were identified. The statistical methods included similarity analysis and partial least-squares discriminant analysis. The pattern analysis method was specific and could be readily used for the comprehensive evaluation of Semen cassiae samples. Therefore, high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint in combination with pattern analysis provided a simple and reliable method for discriminating between COS and CTS.

[Discrimination of Descurainiae Semen and Pantagirus Semen by HPLC fingerprints].

OBJECTIVE: To discriminate Descurainiae Semen and Pantagirus Semen. METHOD: A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to establish the fingerprint of Descurainiae Semen, and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to study HPLC fingerprinting and chemical recognition. RESULT: There exists large difference of chromatographic peaks and its relative peak area of HPLC fingerprints between Descurainiae Semen and Pantagirus Semen, and after conducting statistical analysis, the result demonstrated that all samples were classified into three categories: Descurainiae Semen, Pantagirus Semen and their mixtures. CONCLUSION: The developed HPLC fingerprint combined with chemometrics can be utilized to discriminate between Descurainiae Semen and Pantagirus Semen, which was quick, simple, accurate and reliable an can provide the basis for the characterization and quality assess of Descurainiae Semen and Pantagirus Semen.

[Advances on Lepidii Semen and Descurainiae Semen].

"Tinglizi", the ripe seed of Descurainia sophia and Lepidium apetalum, is a member of Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Traditionally, the former is called "Nantinglizi" (Descurainiae Semen) while the latter is called "Beitinglizi" (Lepidii Semen). In the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, it has the power to purge lung-fire, relieve dyspnea, promote diuresis and reduce edema, and it is mainly indicated in a case with phlegm-fluid accumulation, cough with excessive sputum, dyspnea with being unable to lie, and general swelling. In view of its wide-spread application in clinic, a comprehensive review of Lepidii Semen and Descurainiae Semen was conducted from the following aspects: herbalogical study, variety identification, historical evolution of processing, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, quantitative determination and toxicity which could provide reference for further research and development of "Tinglizi".

Fabrication of High Thermal Conductivity Aluminum Nitride Ceramics via Digital Light Processing 3D Printing.

The sintering of high-performance ceramics with complex shapes at low temperatures has a significant impact on the future application of ceramics. A joint process of digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology and a nitrogen-gas pressure-assisted sintering method were proposed to fabricate AlN ceramics in the present work. Printing parameters, including exposure energy and time, were optimized for the shaping of green bodies. The effects of sintering temperature, as well as nitrogen pressure, on the microstructure, density, and thermal conductivity of AlN ceramics were systematically discussed. A high thermal conductivity of 168 W·m-1·K-1 was achieved by sintering and holding at a significantly reduced temperature of 1720 °C with the assistance of a 0.6 MPa nitrogen-gas pressure. Further, a large-sized AlN ceramic plate and a heat sink with an internal mini-channel structure were designed and successfully fabricated by using the optimized printing and sintering parameters proposed in this study. The heat transfer performance of the ceramic heat sink was evaluated by infrared thermal imaging, showing excellent cooling abilities, which provides new opportunities for the development of ceramic heat dissipation modules with complex geometries and superior thermal management properties.

Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy dataset(NDRD): A database for diabetic retinopathy screening research and deep learning evaluation.

OBJECTIVES: In this article, we provide a database of nonproliferative diabetes retinopathy, which focuses on early diabetes retinopathy with hard exudation, and further explore its clinical application in disease recognition. METHODS: We collect the photos of nonproliferative diabetes retinopathy taken by Optos Panoramic 200 laser scanning ophthalmoscope, filter out the pictures with poor quality, and label the hard exudative lesions in the images under the guidance of professional medical personnel. To validate the effectiveness of the datasets, five deep learning models are used to perform learning predictions on the datasets. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of the model using evaluation metrics. RESULTS: Nonproliferative diabetes retinopathy is smaller than proliferative retinopathy and more difficult to identify. The existing segmentation models have poor lesion segmentation performance, while the intersection over union (IOU) value for deep lesion segmentation of models targeting small lesions can reach 66.12%, which is higher than ordinary lesion segmentation models, but there is still a lot of room for improvement. CONCLUSION: The segmentation of small hard exudative lesions is more challenging than that of large hard exudative lesions. More targeted datasets are needed for model training. Compared with the previous diabetes retina datasets, the NDRD dataset pays more attention to micro lesions.

Preparation of Ce-Doped Gd3(Al, Ga)5O12 Nanopowders via Microwave-Assisted Homogenization Precipitation for Transparent Ceramic Scintillators.

Ce-doped gadolinium gallium aluminum oxide (Ce: GGAG) precursors were first prepared by the microwave-assisted homogeneous precipitation method (MAHP). Thermal gravity-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area analysis (BET) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were employed to investigate the crystal structure, phase evolution and morphologies of the Ce: GGAG precursors and powders. The influence of Ga ion concentration in the salt solution on the properties of Ce: GGAG powders was investigated. All the precursors were transformed into single-phase GGAG after being calcined at 950 °C in a furnace for 3 h. Monodispersed Ce: GGAG powders were obtained as the Ga ion concentration was lower than 0.06 mol/L. Single-phase and dense Ce: GGAG ceramics were obtained after sintering at 1600 °C in a flowing oxygen atmosphere for 10 h. Specifically, the Ce: GGAG ceramic reached its maximum density of ~6.68 g/cm3, which was close to its theoretical density of 6.70 g/cm3, and exhibited the highest optical transmittance of 65.2% at 800 nm after hot isostatic pressing sintering (HIP) as the Ga ion concentration was 0.02 mol/L. The decay time and light yield of the GGAG ceramic were 35 ns and 35,000 ± 1250 ph/MeV, respectively, suggesting that Ce: GGAG ceramics prepared using MAHP-synthesized nanopowders are promising for scintillation applications.

Fabrication and Luminescence Properties of Highly Transparent Green-Emitting Ho:Y2O3 Ceramics for Laser Diode Lighting.

Highly transparent Ho:Y2O3 ceramics for laser diode lighting were prepared using the vacuum sintering method with 0.3 at.% Nb2O5 as a sintering additive. The microstructures, transmittance, and luminescence properties of the Ho:Y2O3 ceramic samples were investigated in detail. The transmittance levels of all samples with various Ho3+ concentrations reached ~81.5% (2 mm thick) at 1100 nm. Under the excitation of 363 nm (ultraviolet) or 448 nm (blue) light, Ho:Y2O3 transparent ceramic samples showed that green emission peaked at 550 nm. The emission intensity was strongly affected by the concentration of Ho3+ ions, reaching its highest level in the sample doped with 1 at.% Ho3+. The CIE coordinates of the luminescence were in the green region (i.e., the CIE coordinates of the sample doped with 1 at.% Ho3+ were [0.27, 0.53] and [0.30, 0.69], under the excitation of 363 nm and 448 nm light, respectively). The possibility of its application as laser diode lighting was reported. Under the excitation of 450 nm blue laser, the sample doped with 0.5 at.% Ho3+ had the best performance: the saturated luminous flux, lumen efficiency, and the luminescence saturation power densities were 800 lm, 57.7 lm/W, and 17.6 W/mm2, respectively. Furthermore, the materials have high thermal conductivity and mechanical strength due to their host of rare-earth sesquioxide. Thus, Ho:Y2O3 transparent ceramics are expected to be a promising candidate for green-light-emitting devices for solid-state lighting, such as laser diode lighting.

Macular Neural and Microvascular Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes Without Retinopathy: A SS-OCT Study.

PURPOSE: To identify specific markers indicative of macular neural and microvascular alterations in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) without clinically observable retinopathy. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. METHODS: Using the PLEX Elite 9000, all eyes underwent swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) angiography. Quantitative analysis of acquired images compared macular neural and microvascular alterations in T2DM patients without retinopathy to age-matched controls. Precise assessments encompassed measuring the thickness of each individual retinal layer and evaluating macular vascular indices within different capillary plexuses. RESULTS: Forty-nine T2DM patients and 51 age-matched controls participated. T2DM patients exhibited a significant reduction in the mean macular thickness of the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) (82.5 ± 5.5 µm vs 86.2 ± 5.0 µm, P = .001) and macular retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) (45.8 ± 3.0 µm vs 48.1 ± 3.7 µm, P = .001). Furthermore, macular full retinal thickness was significantly lower in diabetic eyes than controls (324.9 ± 16.3 µm vs 332.8 ± 13.7 µm, P = .009). Vascular measurements revealed subtle changes in macular vascular skeleton density within the total capillary plexuses in T2DM patients (0.132 ± 0.005 vs 0.135 ± 0.005, P = .019). CONCLUSIONS: Metrics derived from SS-OCT, particularly macular RNFL and GC-IPL thicknesses, emerged as superior indicators for the early detection of diabetic retinal disease in individuals with T2DM without clinically observable retinopathy. Further investigations are warranted to comprehensively understand the clinical implications of these findings.

CYTOR-NFAT1 feedback loop regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurring in retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) is a crucial mechanism that contributes to the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a pivotal factor leading to permanent vision impairment. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators orchestrating EMT in RPE cells. In this study, we explored the function of the lncRNA CYTOR (cytoskeleton regulator RNA) in EMT of RPE cells and its underlying mechanisms. Through weighted correlation network analysis, we identified CYTOR as an EMT-related lncRNA associated with AMD. Experimental validation revealed that CYTOR orchestrates TGF-ß1-induced EMT, as well as proliferation and migration of ARPE-19 cells. Further investigation demonstrated the involvement of CYTOR in regulating the WNT5A/NFAT1 pathway and NFAT1 intranuclear translocation in the ARPE-19 cell EMT model. Mechanistically, CHIP, EMSA and dual luciferase reporter assays confirmed NFAT1's direct binding to CYTOR's promoter, promoting transcription. Reciprocally, CYTOR overexpression promoted NFAT1 expression, while NFAT1 overexpression increased CYTOR transcription. These findings highlight a mutual promotion between CYTOR and NFAT1, forming a positive feedback loop that triggers the EMT phenotype in ARPE-19 cells. These discoveries provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of EMT and its association with AMD, offering potential avenues for targeted therapies in EMT-related conditions, including AMD.

Roles and mechanisms of long non-coding RNAs in age-related macular degeneration.

Worldwide, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial progressive fundus disorder that can cause vision impairment and severe central blindness in older adults. Currently, there are no approved prevention or treatment strategies for non-exudative AMD. While targeting VEGF is the main therapeutic approach to delay the degeneration process in exudative AMD, a significant number of patients show insensitivity or ineffectiveness to anti-VEGF therapy. Despite years of research, the exact mechanism underlying drusen formation and macular atrophy in AMD remains unknown. In the pathogenesis of AMD, lncRNAs play crucial roles, as discussed in this paper. This review focuses on the function of dysregulated lncRNAs and the mechanisms by which specific molecules target these lncRNAs in AMD. The analysis reveals that lncRNAs primarily regulate the progression of AMD by mediating apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), dedifferentiation, and oxidative stress in choroidal vascular endothelial cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, and photoreceptors. Consequently, the regulation of apoptosis, dedifferentiation, EMT, and other processes by lncRNAs has emerged as a crucial focus in AMD research.These findings contribute to our understanding of the role of lncRNAs in AMD and their potential as valuable biomarkers. Furthermore, they highlight the need for further basic and clinical studies to explore the value of lncRNAs as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for AMD.

Fabrication and Luminescent Properties of Highly Transparent Er:Y2O3 Ceramics by Hot Pressing Sintering.

Highly transparent Er:Y2O3 ceramics (1-9 at.% Er) were fabricated by hot pressing sintering with ZrO2 as the sintering additive. The microstructures, transmittance, luminescent properties, thermal conductivity, and mechanical properties of the Er:Y2O3 ceramic samples were investigated in detail. The samples all exhibited dense and fine grain microstructures; the average grain sizes were about 0.8 µm. The transmittance levels of the samples with various Er concentrations (2 mm thick) at the wavelengths of 600 and 2700 nm were ~74 and ~83%, respectively. As the Er doping concentration increased from 1 to 9 at.%, the up-conversion luminescence of the samples gradually changed from green to red, with the intensity ratio of red/green light increasing from 0.28 to 2.01. Meanwhile, the down-conversion luminescence properties of the specimens were also studied. When the samples were under 980 nm excitation, the emission bands were detected at 1552, 1573, 1639, and 1661 nm. The thermal conductivity of the samples was found to decrease from 8.72 to 5.81 W/(m·K) with an increase of the Er concentration from 1 to 9 at.%. Moreover, the microhardness and fracture toughness of the samples with 1 at.% Er concentration were ~8.51 GPa and ~1.03 MPa·m1/2, respectively.

Morphological and Functional Features in Patients with Idiopathic Macular Hole Treatment.

Purpose: To evaluate the multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography features in patients with idiopathic macular hole (IMH) before and after vitrectomy. Patients and Methods: This prospective study was conducted at Shanxi Eye Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021. Twenty-five eyes of 25 patients with unilateral IMH, the unaffected fellow eyes, and 30 eyes of healthy patients were investigated. All unilateral IMH eyes underwent vitrectomy. Results: The IMH eyes had significantly delayed latency (rings 2-5) of mfERG compared with the healthy control eyes, and the amplitude density of all rings of mfERG was reduced (P < 0.05). When comparing the mfERG components before surgery and at the follow-up, the amplitude density of IMH eyes (ring 1, 3, 4 and 5) was increased significantly (P < 0.05). The delayed implicit times of the second and fifth ring were significantly shortened compared with those of preoperative eyes (P < 0.05). The mean delayed implicit time of mfERG in six months after surgery was negatively correlated with visual acuity (r = -0.890, P = 0.043). Significant differences of superficial retinal blood flow density (SRBFD, P < 0.001) and choroidal blood flow density (CBFD) (P < 0.05) got via OCTA were found between IMH before surgery and healthy control eyes. SRBFD of the fellow eyes were significantly different with the healthy control eyes (P = 0.038). Statistically significance of SRBFD and CBFD changes in IMH eyes were found before and after surgery (P < 0.05). Conclusion: IMH eyes had a decreased amplitude density and a delayed implicit time in some regions. Additionally, SRBFD and CBFD were both increased after vitrectomy, which suggests that the blood supply of the retina and choroid is partially restored after vitrectomy.

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Gelatin Methacrylate for Corneal Tissue Engineering.

BACKGROUND: Corneal disease is second only to cataract considered as the leading cause of blindness in the world, with high morbidity. Construction of corneal substitutes in vitro by tissue engineering technology to achieve corneal regeneration has become a research hotspot in recent years. We conducted in-depth research on the biocompatibility, physicochemical and mechanical properties of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBM-MSCs)-seeded gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) as a bioengineered cornea. METHODS: Four kinds of GelMA with different concentrations (7, 10, 15 and 30%) were prepared, and their physic-chemical, optical properties, and biocompatibility with rBM-MSCs were characterized. MTT, live/dead staining, cell morphology, immunofluorescence staining and gene expression of keratocyte markers were performed. RESULTS: 7%GelMA hydrogel had higher equilibrium water content and porosity, better optical properties and hydrophilicity. In addition, it is more beneficial to the growth and proliferation of rBM-MSCs. However, the 30%GelMA hydrogel had the best mechanical properties, and could be more conducive to promote the differentiation of rBM-MSCs into keratocyte-like cells. CONCLUSION: As a natural biological scaffold, GelMA hydrogel has good biocompatibility. And it has the ability to promote the differentiation of rBM-MSCs into keratocyte-like cells, which laid a theoretical and experimental foundation for further tissue-engineered corneal stromal transplantation, and provided a new idea for the source of seeded cells in corneal tissue engineering.

Application of High-Throughput Sequencing Technology in Identifying the Pathogens in Endophthalmitis.

Infectious endophthalmitis is an important cause of vision loss worldwide. It is an inflammatory reaction caused by bacteria, fungi, and other micro-organisms and often occurs as a complication of intraocular surgery, especially following cataract surgery or intravitreal injection. The focus of the prevention and treatment of infectious endophthalmitis is the early detection of microbial flora, such as fungi or bacteria. Current identification methods for bacteria include Gram staining-based, culture-based, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. The matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry technology is now the standard identification method of bacteria and fungi after their isolation in culture. The remarkable sensitivity of PCR technology for the direct detection of micro-organisms in clinical samples makes it particularly useful in culture-positive and culture-negative endophthalmitis. Furthermore, PCR increases the rate of microorganism detection in intraocular samples by 20% and can provide a microbiology diagnosis in approximately 44.7-100% of the culture-negative cases. This review aims to introduce the development of different methods for the detection and identification of micro-organisms causing endophthalmitis through a literature review; introduce the research status of the first, second, and third-generation sequencing technologies in infectious endophthalmitis; and understand the research status of endophthalmitis microbial flora. For slow-growing and rare micro-organisms, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) offers advantages over conventional methods and provides a basis for the identification of pathogens in endophthalmitis cases with negative culture. It is a reliable platform for the identification of pathogenic bacteria of infectious endophthalmitis in the future and provides a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of infectious endophthalmitis. The application of HTS technology may also be transformative for clinical microbiology and represents an exciting future direction for the epidemiology of ocular infections.

Choriocapillary regional characteristics in idiopathic macular holes using optical coherence tomography angiography.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the characteristics of vascular density (VD) of the retinal capillary plexuses in idiopathic macular hole (IMH), the fellow eye, and healthy control eyes by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: A retrospective cases series study involving 20 unilateral eyes (20 patients) with IMH, the unaffected fellow eyes (n = 20) and 20 health controls, with age- and sex-matched, was conducted in Shanxi Eye Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021. VD of the retinal capillary plexuses measurements were obtained by OCTA. RESULTS: Four quadrants of superficial capillary plexuses (SCP) in IMH eyes were not significant compared with that in the unaffected fellow eyes (all P > 0.05). The four quadrants of deep capillary plexuses (DCP) in IMH eyes were lower than that in the unaffected fellow eyes (all P < 0.05). Different regions retinal thickness in the IMH eyes was higher than that in the unaffected fellow eyes (all P < 0.05). a significant negative correlation between deep vessel density and retinal thickness in different quadrants among IMH eyes (all P < 0.05). Additionally, the correlation between the vascular density of SCP and retinal thickness was significant in macular fovea area (= 0.519, P = 0.019). <0.001. CONCLUSIONS: The morphology of retina and choroid in idiopathic macular hole is different from that in fellow eye. The thickness of choroid in the fovea area of the unaffected eye also showed a decreasing trend. Taken together, the mechanism of macular hole may be further understood, that is, the decrease of choroid thickness may occur before the macular hole formation. It was verified again that the choroidal blood flow area in macular fovea of IMH patients was significantly lower than that in fellow eyes and healthy eyes.

Functional features in patients with idiopathic macular hole treatment via OCT angiography.

To evaluate the optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography features in patients with idiopathic macular hole (IMH) before and after vitrectomy. This prospective study included 25 patients diagnosed with IMH in Shanxi eye hospital from August 2019 to December 2021. The study was divided into 3 groups: IMH eyes, fellow eyes and normal eyes. All unilateral IMH eyes underwent vitrectomy. There were significant differences in superficial retinal blood flow density (SRBFD, P < .001) and choroidal blood flow density (CBFD) between IMH and healthy control eyes before operation (P < .05). There was significant difference in SRBFD between fellow eyes and normal eyes (P = .038). The changes of SRBFD and CBFD in IMH eyes before and after operation were statistically significant (P < .05). The CBFD at 6 months after operation is negatively correlated with LogMAR visual acuity, and the CBFD of the fellow eye is also negatively correlated with LogMAR visual acuity. The SRBFD and CBFD had no correlation with the diameter of macular hole before and after operation. SRBFD and CBFD increased after vitrectomy, indicating that the blood supply of retina and choroid were partially restored after vitrectomy. There was no correlation between SRBFD, CBFD and hole diameter, but there was correlation between choroidal blood flow and LogMAR visual acuity.