Correction to: Long-term results achieved by guideline-based stage-dependent management of anal cancer in a non-HIV population.

The authors of the article mentioned above found out errors on the Table 4 concerning the number and survival rates of patients with incomplete radiotherapy.

Prognosis in patients with synchronous colorectal cancer metastases after complete resection of the primary tumor and the metastases.

BACKGROUND: Synchronous metastases are considered a negative prognostic factor in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). We investigated the outcomes of stage IV CRC patients undergoing complete gross resection (R0/1) of both the primary tumor and the metastases under the guidance of a multidisciplinary team (MDT). METHODS: All CRC patients with synchronous metastases were retrieved from a prospective database. Patients treated from 2006 to 2017 who underwent complete resection were analyzed. Various factors, including multiple metastatic sites and complex procedures, were investigated. Univariate and multivariate overall survival (OS) calculations were performed. RESULTS: Of 330 consecutive patients with synchronous metastases, 101 (30.6%) achieved an R0/1 status including 12 (11.9%) patients with multiple metastatic sites. Complex procedures were necessary in 45 (44.6%) patients. Five-year OS was 53.0% for the R0/1 patient group. Multivariate analysis could not detect factors associated with prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: With modern treatment, the prognosis of patients with synchronous CRC metastases can be improved. Decisions made by a MDT offered one-third of patients a potentially curative approach to their stage IV disease. Despite the treatment of a high rate of patients with complex metastases necessitating complex procedures, we achieved a favorable 5-year OS rate.

Long-term results achieved by guideline-based stage-dependent management of anal cancer in a non-HIV population.

PURPOSE: Therapy of anal cancer follows national and international guidelines that are mainly derived from randomized trials. This study aimed to analyze long-term results of stage-dependent treatment of anal cancer in a non-selected patient cohort. PATIENTS AND METHOD: All consecutive patients treated for anal cancer between 2000 and 2015 were retrieved from a prospective database. Risk-dependent screening for human immunodeficiency virus showed no infection. Main outcome measure was overall survival with respect to tumor site and treatment. Secondary endpoints were cause-specific survival, stoma free survival, and the rate of salvage operations. RESULTS: In total, 106 patients were treated for anal cancer. Of those, 69 (65.1%) suffered from anal canal cancer and 37 (34.9%) from anal margin cancer. Three patients with synchronous distant metastases were excluded from analysis. The majority of patients (n = 79, 76.7%) were treated by chemoradiotherapy in curative intention. Twenty-two patients underwent local surgery. Five-year overall survival was 73.1% and cause-specific survival at 5 years was 87.4%. Overall, 14 patients (13.6%) needed salvage surgery. Their 5-year cause-specific survival was 57.7%. A permanent ostomy was avoided in 77.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of anal cancer results in low rates of salvage surgery and permanent ostomies, when therapy was determined by a multidisciplinary team following national and international guidelines.

To what extent is the low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) associated with quality of life as measured using the EORTC C30 and CR38 quality of life questionnaires?

PURPOSE: Treatment of rectal cancer often results in disturbed anorectal function, which can be quantified by the Low Anterior Resection Syndrome (LARS) score. This study investigates the association of impaired anorectal function as measured with the LARS score with quality of life (QoL) as measured with the EORTC-QLQ-C30 and CR38 questionnaires. METHODS: All stoma-free patients who had undergone sphincter-preserving surgery for rectal cancer from 2000 to 2014 in our institution were retrieved from a prospective database. They were contacted by mail and asked to return the questionnaires. QoL was evaluated in relation to LARS and further patient- and treatment factors using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Of the eligible patients (n = 331), 261 (78.8%) responded with a complete LARS score. Mean score for global QoL according to the EORTC-QLQ-C30 questionnaire was 63 ± 21 for all patients. If major LARS was present, mean score decreased to 56 ± 19 in contrast to 67 ± 20 in patients with no/minor LARS (p < 0.001). In regression analysis, major LARS was furthermore associated with reduced physical, role, emotional, cognitive and social functioning as well as impaired body image, more micturition problems and poorer future perspective. It was not related to sexual function. The variance explained by major LARS in the differences of QoL was approximately 10%. CONCLUSION: The presence of major LARS after rectal resection for cancer is negatively associated with global health as well as many other aspects of QoL. Preserving anorectal function and treatment of LARS are potential measures to improve QoL in this patient group.

Outcome of bowel function following anterior resection for rectal cancer-an analysis using the low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) score.

PURPOSE: Severity of anorectal dysfunction after low anterior resection is associated with various patient- and treatment-related factors. We aimed to quantify anorectal dysfunction after treatment for rectal cancer using the low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) score. METHODS: We retrieved from a prospective database 331 eligible patients on whom anterior resection for rectal cancer had been performed from 2000 to 2014. All patients were sent a LARS score accompanied by a supplementary questionnaire. Response rate was 78.8% (261 patients). The main outcome measure was the relation of the LARS score to potentially associated patient and treatment factors. Secondary endpoints were further measures that reflect anorectal dysfunction, e.g., Vaizey score. RESULTS: Overall, 144 (55.2%) patients exhibited scores > 20 reflecting minor (n = 51 (19.5%)) or major (n = 93 (35.6%)) LARS. A significant difference for scores > 20 was found for intersphincteric resection (IR, 73.2% affected patients) compared to total mesorectal excision (TME, 58.4%) and partial mesorectal excision (PME, 38.0%, p = 0.001). Radio(chemo)therapy resulted in LARS scores > 20 in 64.6% of patients compared to 43.1% in patients without irradiation (p = 0.001). Type of procedure (TME and IR as compared to PME), radio(chemo)therapy, and younger age were independently associated with LARS in logistic regression analysis. However, younger age remained the only independent factor for higher scores after exclusion of PME. CONCLUSIONS: The LARS score identified a substantial proportion of patients after surgery for rectal cancer with anorectal dysfunction. The extent of surgical procedure is independently associated with the severity of symptoms whereas the role of radiotherapy needs further assessment.

Long-term outcome of extralevator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE) for low rectal cancer.

PURPOSE: Extralevator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE) was introduced to improve outcomes for low-lying locally advanced rectal cancers (LARC) not amenable to sphincter preserving procedures. This study investigates prospectively outcomes of patients operated on with ELAPE compared with a similar cohort of patients operated on with conventional APE. METHODS: After the exclusion of patients without neoadjuvant therapy, in-hospital mortality, and incomplete metastatectomy, we identified 72 consecutive patients who had undergone either conventional APE (n = 36) or ELAPE (n = 36) for LARC ≤6 cm from the anal verge. The primary outcome measure was local recurrence at 5 years, and secondary outcome measures were cause-specific and overall survival. RESULTS: Median distance from the anal verge was significantly lower in the ELAPE group (2 vs. 4 cm, p = 0.029). Inadvertent bowel perforation could be completely avoided in the ELAPE group, but amounted to 16.7 % in the conventional APE group (p = 0.025). Cumulative local recurrence rate at 5 years was 18.2 % in the APE group compared to 5.9 % in the ELAPE group (p = 0.153). Local recurrence without distant metastases occurred in 15.5 % in the APE group but was not observed in the ELAPE group (p = 0.039). We did not detect significant differences in cause-specific nor in overall survival. CONCLUSION: ELAPE results in lower local recurrence rates as compared with conventional APE. We conclude that the extralevator approach should be the procedure of choice for advanced low rectal cancer not amenable to sphincter preserving procedures.

Significant decrease of the pathological stage I rectal carcinoma in the era of neoadjuvant therapy-A matter of concern.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant treatment (nTx) for rectal cancer is commonly reserved for UICC stages II/III. Patients with stage I tumours (T1-2N0M0) are not candidates for nTx. The accuracy of treatment allocation depends on the precision of clinical staging, which is liable to understaging and overstaging. The study aimed at exploring changes in the proportion of stage pI patients with the introduction of nTx over a 26-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All consecutive patients with histologically proven rectal cancer excluding carcinoma in situ were retrieved from a prospective database of our colorectal unit. Time periods were defined as per the use of nTx: baseline phase 1994-1997; implementation phase 1998-2005 and guideline phase 2006-2019. Trends over time regarding proportion of applied nTx and stage pI tumours were investigated. RESULTS: Overall, 1468 patients met the inclusion criteria. There were no major differences in patients' characteristics, especially proportion of synchronous metastases (stage IV) over time. nTx was applied to 1.2% of patients without metastases in the baseline phase, to 29.6% in the implementation phase, and to 59.6% in the guideline phase (p < 0.001). Corresponding proportions for patients with stage pI were 31.0%, 26.3% and 14.2%, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: With a stable proportion of stage IV carcinomas indicating no major changes in the patient cohorts, we could document a significant decrease of stage pI patients with increasing use of nTx. This trend clearly signals overtreatment caused by clinical T- and N-staging. More precise criteria are needed to better select patients with rectal cancer for nTx.