ACES: A new framework for the application of the 2018 periodontal status classification scheme to epidemiological survey data.

AIM: To propose a framework for consistently applying the 2018 periodontal status classification scheme to epidemiological surveys (Application of the 2018 periodontal status Classification to Epidemiological Survey data, ACES). PROPOSED FRAMEWORK: We specified data requirements and workflows for either completed or planned epidemiological surveys, utilizing commonly collected measures of periodontal status (clinical attachment levels [CAL], probing depths, bleeding on probing), as well as additional necessary variables for the implementation of the 2018 periodontal status classification (tooth loss due to periodontitis and complexity factors). Following detailed instructions and flowcharts, survey participants are classified as having periodontal health, gingivitis or periodontitis. Rates of edentulism must also be reported. In cases of periodontitis, instructions on how to compute the stage and extent are provided. Assessment of grade can be derived from CAL measurements (or from radiographic alveolar bone loss data) in relation to root length and the participant's age. CONCLUSIONS: ACES is a framework to be used in epidemiological studies of periodontal status that (i) have been completed, and in which stage and grade according to the 2018 classification are inferred retroactively, or (ii) are being planned. Consistent use of the proposed comprehensive approach will facilitate the comparability of periodontitis prevalence estimates across studies.

Diagnostic accuracy of Cardiochek® PA point-of-care testing (POCT) analyser with a 3-in-1 lipid panel for epidemiological surveys.

BACKGROUND: Point-of-care testing (POCT) is commonly used in epidemiological surveys due to its various advantages, such as portability and immediate test results. The CardioChek® PA analyser 3-in-1 lipid panel measures total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. This study tested the reliability and diagnostic accuracy of the CardioChek® PA analyser using a 3-in-1 lipid panel. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design with quota sampling was used. A total of 203 respondents aged 18 years and above from a research centre in the Ministry of Health, Malaysia, were recruited. Venous blood was sent to the laboratory and tested with Siemens Atellica CH, while a POCT analyser was used for capillary blood measurements. Intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) analysis was employed to determine the agreement between capillary and venous blood parameters. The diagnostic performance of the evaluated tests was evaluated using STATA version 12. RESULTS: The agreement between capillary and laboratory venous blood was moderate (0.64-0.67) for TC and HDL, good (0.75) for LDL and excellent (0.91) for TG). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were as follows: TC, 57.1%, 94.3%, 92.3% and 64.8%; TG, 76.0%, 100%, 100%, and 96.6%; HDL, 96.2%, 83.2%, 47.2% and 99.3%; and LDL, 81.0%, 100%, 100% and 68.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The CardioChek® PA analyser showed acceptable diagnostic accuracy for screening high-risk individuals more often in places where laboratories are inaccessible. It could also be used in clinical settings where patients would benefit from swift treatment decisions.

Sarcopenia in Thai community-dwelling older adults: a national, cross-sectional, epidemiological study of prevalence and risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is an age-related condition characterized by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass. It leads to declining physical performance, potentially culminating in a diminished quality of life or death. This study investigated the prevalence of sarcopenia and its associated risk factors among Thai community-dwelling individuals of advanced age. METHODS: Between March 2021 and August 2022, we conducted a nationwide community-based epidemiological survey across all six major regions of Thailand. Participants with sarcopenia were identified according to the 2019 criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS). The risk factors were examined using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 2456 participants, the overall prevalence of sarcopenia was 18.1%, with nearly two-thirds (66.9%) classified as having severe sarcopenia. Multivariate analysis identified six associated risk factors for sarcopenia. They are a lower body mass index (odds ratio [OR] = 11.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.8-17.4), suboptimal leg calf circumference (OR = 6.3, 95% CI = 4.3-9.5), male sex (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 2.2-3.7), a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 2.3-5.0), advanced age (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.3-3.3), and an increasing time in the timed up-and-go test (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 1.0-1.1). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first large-scale national study to represent the prevalence and risk factors for sarcopenia in Thai community-dwelling individuals of advanced age using the AWGS 2019 criteria. Interventions such as lifestyle modifications and appropriate nutrition should be promoted throughout adulthood to maintain muscle strength and delay the onset of sarcopenia, particularly in males. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The Central Research Ethics Committee of the National Research Council of Thailand authorized the study protocol (approval number COA-CREC023/2021).

Physical activity of adolescents and the urban environment of Brazilian capitals: National School Health Survey, 2015.

This study aimed to evaluate the practice of physical activity (PA) among adolescents and its association with characteristics of the urban environment of Brazilian capitals. Study with adolescents from the 26 Brazilian capitals and the Federal District participating in the National School Health Survey, 2015 edition. The association between regular practice of PA (≥300 minutes/week) and the dimensions of urban well-being (urban mobility, urban environmental conditions, urban housing conditions, urban collective services, and urban infrastructure) was examined using multilevel logistic regression. A total of 50,904 adolescents were evaluated, among which 20.7% were active. It was observed in the multiple model that adolescents who live in capitals with better urban environmental conditions, such as the presence of tree coverage, less open sewage, and less accumulated garbage around the houses, are more likely to be active (OR = 1.06; 95% CI:1.01;1.12). Adolescents who live in cities with less urban disorder are more likely to be active.

A case-control epidemiological survey on potential risk factors for celiac disease.

OBJECTIVES: Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder caused by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The main goal of our case-control study was to analyse the association of environmental factors with the odds of CD development in a sample of the Slovak population. METHODS: Data were collected from 1,226 respondents (534 CD patients and 692 controls) by a questionnaire. The impact of analysed parameters on the chance of disease development was assessed by multiple regression analysis and expressed as odds ratios (OR). Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: In the patient group, celiac disease was significantly more prevalent in women than in men (OR = 1.52, p = 0.010). Respondents with a positive family history of CD showed 2.9-fold higher odds of CD compared to others (p < 0.001), and respondents with coexisting autoimmune diseases had 2.6-fold higher odds of CD (p < 0.001). Subjects who had taken antibiotics at least three times a year during childhood had 1.95-fold higher odds of developing CD compared to those who took them less frequently or not at all (p = 0.022). Conversely, individuals who were breastfed in infancy had lower odds of CD compared to non-breastfed respondents (OR = 0.53, p < 0.001). The mode of delivery (vaginal vs. caesarean section), overcoming severe infections, and the timing of gluten introduction in childhood did not show a statistically significant effect on the odds of developing CD. CONCLUSION: Based on our data, being female, having a positive family history of CD, suffering from another autoimmune disease, and frequent use of antibiotics are factors associated with an increased chance of developing CD. On the other hand, breastfeeding in infancy seems to have a protective effect. Our findings highlight the importance of further research in understanding the complexities of this autoimmune condition and providing a foundation for prevention strategies.

Molecular epidemiology analysis of fowl adenovirus detected from apparently healthy birds in eastern China.

BACKGROUND: Fowl adenovirus is of major concern to the poultry industry worldwidely. In order to monitor the prevalent status of Fowl adenovirus in China, a total of 1920 clinical samples from apparently healthy birds in the 25 sites of poultry flocks, Slaughterhouse and living bird markets from 8 provinces in eastern China were collected and detected by PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: The epidemiological survey showed that Fowl adenoviruses were detected in living bird markets, and circulating in a variety of fowl species, including chickens, ducks, goose and pigeons. Among the 1920 clinical samples, 166 samples (8.65%) were positive in the fowl adenovirus PCR detection. In this study, totally all the 12 serotypes (serotypes of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8A, 8B, 9, 10 and 11) fowl adenoviruses were detected, the most prevalent serotype was serotype 1. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that 166 FAdVs of 12 serotypes were divided into 5 fowl adenovirus species (Fowl aviadenovirus A, B, C, D, E). CONCLUSIONS: In the epidemiological survey, 8.65% of the clinical samples from apparently healthy birds were positive in the fowl adenovirus PCR detection. Totally all the 12 serotypes fowl adenoviruses were detected in a variety of fowl species, which provided abundant resources for the research of fowl adenoviruses in China. The newly prevalent FAdV serotypes provides valuable information for the development of an effective control strategy for FAdV infections in fowls.

Influence of environmental factors on facial pigmented spots: Epidemiological survey of women living in the northern and southern regions of Japan.

BACKGROUND: Several epidemiological studies have been conducted to understand the relationship between environmental factors (including chronic sun exposure) and clinical signs of pigmented spots. However, no quantitative analysis has focused on the adverse effects of the detailed features of pigmented spots, including their color intensity, size, and number on the cheek. This study was performed to elucidate the adverse effects of environmental factors on clinical signs of pigmented spots. METHODS: We conducted an epidemiological survey of 102 Japanese women in 2 regions of high and low sun exposure (southern and northern regions, respectively). Using image analysis of high-resolution digital facial photographs, individual pigmented spots were quantified according to color, size, and total number on the cheek. Each indicator was then compared between the groups. RESULTS: For the number of pigmented spots on the cheek, the age-related increase curve showed a large slope in the southern group. For the size of pigmented spots, no significant difference was found between the two groups, and large pigmented spots were observed on the cheek even in the northern group. For the color intensity of the spots, the southern group showed a marked age-related change; among older subjects, the pigmented spots were significantly darker in the southern than northern group. CONCLUSION: Our results may indicate that environmental factors, including chronic exposure to sunlight, mainly increase the number of pigmented spots and darkening of these spots. However, the occurrence of large pigmented spots may be related to intrinsic factors represented by heredity rather than environmental factors.

The Current Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of the Neglected Methodology of Web-Based Questionnaires Among Chinese Health Workers: Web-Based Questionnaire Study.

BACKGROUND: Web-based questionnaire (WBQ) surveys are popular, but the quality of reporting WBQ survey research is uneven and unsatisfactory worldwide. Education and training on WBQ methodology may be necessary. However, the current knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of its methodology remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the KAP of WBQ methodology among Chinese health workers for the first time to clarify the possible reasons for the unsatisfactory reporting quality of WBQ survey research from China's experience, aiming to provide a basis for improvement. METHODS: We developed a structured WBQ based on the current recommendations and knowledge and investigated 458 health workers from June 7 to July 6, 2022. A total of 381 valid questionnaires were analyzed after data processing. We defined 50% and 75% as "qualified" and "satisfactory" in knowledge and practice topics to describe the results and analyzed the basic characteristics of the participants who had difficulties in conducting WBQ survey research. RESULTS: A total of 215 (56.4%) participants had used WBQs for investigation, mostly more than 2 times (88.3%), but only 95 (44.2%) of them had ever received methodological training. A total of 134 (62.3%) users believed that WBQs were practical, but 126 (58.6%) had doubts about the reliability of the results. Most of the knowledge and practice topics did not reach a satisfactory level, and some even did not reach a qualified level. A total of 95 (44.2%)-136 (63.3%) of the users had reported difficulties in conducting WBQ survey research, and different participants could have different difficulties according to their characteristics. In addition, 191 (88.8%) users believed training was necessary. CONCLUSIONS: We found that Chinese health workers seriously underestimated and neglected the importance of the WBQ methodology, which may be an important reason for the reduced reporting quality of WBQ survey research. Medical educators need to strengthen methodological training on WBQs, which may help to improve the quality of WBQ survey research.

Quantitative text analysis of the mechanisms of tooth injury: Analysis of accidents in five sports that occurred in 15 years under school control.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Dental trauma may occur in school settings and it can impact patients' quality of life. Analysis of the occurrences of dental trauma is essential in identifying preventive methods. There are numerous reports of such accidents but most are quantitative analyses with limited data. The aim of this study was to extract information on the mechanisms of injuries that leads to prevention by performing a qualitative analysis of the occurrence of dental trauma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After screening 7684 cases of dental injuries that occured in schools and were reported to the Japan Sports Council between 2005 and 2020, 533 detailed descriptions of injuries that occurred during sports were included. Quantitative text analysis was performed on the target data by performing statistical analysis, extracting frequently used words, and creating a co-occurrence network. Injury mechanisms were evaluated based on appearance of words. RESULTS: Dental injuries occurred frequently in five sports included in the survey. They were in order of decreasing frequency: baseball, basketball, soccer, volleyball, and rugby. Males were injured more often in all sports other than volleyball. The number of accidents increased in all sports among high school students. The frequent word list and co-occurrence network were different for each sport. This allowed typical accident occurrence mechanisms to be extracted for these five sports. CONCLUSIONS: Typical accident occurrence mechanisms were extracted from quantitative text analysis targeting free texts on the occurrence of accidents for five sports. Quantitative text analysis is useful for the evaluation of accident cases, which may aid in accident prevention.

Metabolic syndrome is not associated to an increased risk of low bone mineral density in men at risk for osteoporosis.

PURPOSE: We have recently demonstrated a significant association between osteoporosis (Op) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Caucasian women examined by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for suspected Op. This cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the association between MetS and Op in Caucasian men enrolled in the same geographical area, with identical criteria and in the same time range. METHODS: Among subjects enrolled in the SIMON study, we selected the medical records of all free-living men who performed a contextual evaluation of both bone mineral density (BMD) by DXA and MetS constitutive elements (arterial blood pressure, waist circumference, serum levels of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fasting glucose). All enrolled subjects refer to "COMEGEN" general practitioners' cooperative operating in Naples, Southern Italy. RESULTS: Overall, the medical records of 880 men were examined. No significant association between MetS and Op was observed. Among MetS constitutive elements, waist circumference was inversely related to Op risk. CONCLUSION: In Caucasian men examined by DXA for suspected Op, no significant association was observed between Op and MetS. The study results contrast to those observed in women enrolled in the same geographical area, with identical criteria and in the same time range and may be related to sexual dimorphism occurring in clinical expressiveness of both MetS and Op.

Seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and risk of COVID-19 in Navarre, Spain, May to July 2022.

In Navarre, Spain, in May 2022, the seroprevalence of anti-nucleocapsid (N) and anti-spike (S) antibodies of SARS-CoV-2 was 58.9% and 92.7%, respectively. The incidence of confirmed COVID-19 thereafter through July was lower in people with anti-N antibodies (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.08; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.05-0.13) but not with anti-S antibodies (aOR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.47-2.38). Hybrid immunity, including anti-N antibodies induced by natural exposure to SARS-CoV-2, seems essential in preventing Omicron COVID-19 cases.

The residual dentition among home-based older New Zealanders receiving living support.

BACKGROUND: There have been no detailed descriptions of residual dentition patterns among older people living in the community. OBJECTIVES: To describe the residual dentition and associated oral health-related quality of life among older New Zealanders living in their own homes with government-funded assistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using nationally representative data, we determined the residual dentition arrangement and Kennedy classification for each dental arch. Individuals were categorised according to their maxillary-mandibular dental configuration and prosthesis use. Data were weighted to make the estimates generalisable to the source population. RESULTS: Of the 895 clinically examined participants, 47.8% were dentate. One-quarter of those had maxillary tooth-bound saddles opposing a partially dentate mandible. Pasifika (people of Pacific Islands ethnicity) were most likely to have retained all of their dentition, while only the Maori ethnic group had no participants with a dentate arch. Only one in three of those with partially dentate upper and lower arches wore any maxillary denture; one in ten wore some form of mandibular denture. Partial dentures were common among those with an opposing edentulous jaw. Maxillary partial dentures were twice as common as their mandibular counterparts. CONCLUSION: Residual dentition patterns in older people are diverse and complex, and meeting their prosthodontic needs is not straightforward.

Comparative Analysis of the Most Important Cardiovascular Risk Factors Based on Cross-Sectional Studies in the Population of Latvia.

Background and Objectives: The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (RFs) in Latvia from the population-based cross-sectional study performed in 2019−2020 and to compare the results with a similar study done in 2009−2010. Materials and Methods: The target sample of 6000 individuals representing a cross-section of Latvia's inhabitants (aged 25−74) was formed using stratified two-stage cluster sampling. The survey had two components: (1) an interview using a pre-specified questionnaire and (2) physical examination (height, weight, arterial pressure) and collection of venous blood samples to measure levels of fasting glucose (Glu), total cholesterol (TC), high and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C/LDL-C), and triglycerides (Tg). In total, 4070 individuals were interviewed (32% non-response), from which 2218 (55%) individuals underwent physical examination and collection of blood samples. Results: The most frequently observed RFs were high LDL-C (62.0%), smoking (45.3%), and arterial hypertension (36.8%), while the prevalence of self-reported high cholesterol and hypertension was 19.3 and 18.6%, respectively. A decrease in the prevalence of hypertension, high LDL-C, and Glu was noted. Smoking decreased in younger men. The mean number of five most important cardiovascular RFs was 2.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0, 2.1); 2.3 (95% CI 2.2, 2.4) for men and 1.8 (95% CI 1.7, 19) for women. The average number of RFs has decreased by 0.3 in 10 years, t(5883) = −7.2, p < 0.001. Conclusions: Although the prevalence of cardiovascular RFs remains noteworthy, an improvement in the risk profile of the Latvian population has been observed over the past decade. The study shows subjective self-underestimation of cardiovascular risk.

Very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease in Japan: A nationwide survey.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease is defined as inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed before 6 years of age. Very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease has various differential diagnoses, including primary immunodeficiency disorders, and is known to be resistant to conventional treatment. Therefore, global attention is required to manage this challenging condition. We conducted a retrospective epidemiological survey of the number of patients, final diagnosis, and examinations performed to diagnose very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease in Japan. METHODS: A primary questionnaire about the number of very early-onset bowel disease cases and its diagnosis was administered to 630 pediatric facilities nationwide in Japan. A secondary survey about the examinations performed to achieve diagnosis was sent to the facilities that responded to the first survey. RESULTS: The answering rate was 92.2% (581/630 facilities); 81 facilities had 225 very early-onset bowel disease patients undergoing their care during the past 68 months. Twenty-six patients (11.6%) were diagnosed with immunodeficiency-associated inflammatory bowel disease. The answering rate of the secondary survey was 70.4% (57/81 facilities). Colonoscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and small bowel imaging were performed for 99.4%, 67.5%, and 28.8% of patients, respectively. Genetic analysis was performed for 26.9% (43/160 patients) of patients, and 51.2% (22/43) of patients were diagnosed with immunodeficiency-associated inflammatory bowel disease. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 40 patients are diagnosed yearly in Japan. Imaging studies, especially for small bowel lesions, can be challenging for this unique group of patients. However, a comprehensive approach including immunological and genetic analyses appears useful for diagnosing immunodeficiency-associated inflammatory bowel disease.

Metabolic syndrome is associated to an increased risk of low bone mineral density in free-living women with suspected osteoporosis.

PURPOSE: Osteoporosis (Op) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are two common disorders showing common pathogenic patterns. This cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate if MetS and its constitutive elements are associated to an increased risk of low bone mineral density (BMD) in free-living women examined by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for suspected Op. METHODS: 13,182 free-living Caucasian women referring to "COMEGEN" general practitioners cooperative operating in Naples, Italy, performed a contextual evaluation of BMD by DXA and all MetS constitutive elements (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, serum levels of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fasting glucose) between June 1st 2008 and May 31st 2018. Subjects aged less than 40 years or with signs or symptoms suggestive of secondary Op were excluded from the study. RESULTS: MetS is associated to an increased risk of low BMD (Odds Ratio 1.19; 95% Confidence Interval 1.08-1.31). Among MetS constitutive elements, hypertension was associated to increased risk of low BMD, whereas high fasting glucose level/diabetes were associated to reduced risk of low BMD. CONCLUSIONS: The significant association between Op and MetS in free-living women examined by DXA for suspected Op suggests the advisability of a contextual evaluation of both disorders in this setting.

Health insurance enrollment and vision health in rural China: an epidemiological survey.

BACKGROUND: Vision health is an important aspect of health worldwide. Visual impairment (VI) is associated with poor quality of life and is usually more prevalent in rural areas. To help rural populations obtain vision care, health insurance policies have emerged throughout the world. However, some existing literatures show that health insurance enrollment's impact on the overall physical health of rural population has been minimal. Focusing on vision health among adults in rural China, our study aims to investigates the impact of health insurance on vision health, heterogeneity of the effect, and the moderating effect of health insurance enrollment on the impact of chronic physical diseases and basic eye diseases on vision health. METHODS: Primary data were collected through a nation-wide epidemiological survey of vision health conducted in rural China in 2018, with a sample size of 28,787 used in our statistical analysis. Instrumental variables regression and Heckman selection models were conducted to examine the impact of health insurance enrollment and reimbursement ratio adults' vision health outcomes. Subsample regressions by sex, age, education level, and whether with eye diseases were further conducted to explore the heterogeneity in our results. We then examined whether health insurance enrollment moderates the impact of chronic physical diseases and basic eye diseases on vision health through the method of introducing interaction terms. RESULTS: Participating in health insurance reduced the probability of VI by 2.15 %. The reimbursement rate increasing by 1 % point may reduce the probability of worsening VI by 6.12 %. Men (-0.0235, P = 0.0002) benefit more from insurance enrollment than women (-0.0201, P = 0.0082) with respect to vision health. From the young adult group to the oldest group, the marginal effect of health insurance increased from - 0.0068 (P = 0.0394) to -0.0753 (P < 0.0001). The marginal effect on VI was most significant in people with lower education levels and weakened with increased education levels. People with basic eye diseases (-0.0496, P = 0.0033) benefit more from participating insurance than the people without basic eye diseases (-0.0196, P = 0.0001) with respect to vision health. The moderating effects of health insurance enrollment on the impacts of cerebral infarction (-0.1225, P < 0.0001), diabetes (-0.0398, P = 0.0245), hyperlipidemia (-0.1364, P = 0.0271), mental illness (-0.1873, P = 0.0010), glaucoma (-0.1369, P = 0.0073), diabetic retinopathy (-0.1560, P = 0.0043), and retinal vein obstruction (-0.2018, P = 0.0155) on vision health were significantly negative. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that participation in health insurance and higher health insurance reimbursement ratios reduced the risk of VI in the sampled adults. Health insurance has the most significant effect in in vulnerable groups. Heath insurance enrollment moderates the impacts of several chronic physical and basic eye conditions on vision health. Our findings have potential implications for reforming health insurance policies to improve vision health conditions in rural areas of developing countries.

Prevalence of MIH in children aged 12 to 15 years in Beijing, China.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in children aged 12 to 15 years in Beijing, China. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed to recruit children aged 12 to 15 years old based on the method of multi-stage cluster random sampling during the Fourth National Oral Health Survey in Beijing, China, from September 2015 to March 2016. The first permanent molars (FPMs) and permanent incisors were examined for the presence of MIH by a single-calibrated examiner according to the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) criteria. RESULTS: Of the 6523 children recruited, 655 (10.0%) had MIH. The average number of affected MIH teeth in children was 2.68 ± 1.51. There was no gender-specific difference. With respect to the distribution of MIH in the mandible and maxilla, the most common condition was the simultaneous involvement of both the upper and lower FPMs. The severity of MIH was positively correlated with the number of affected teeth. The prevalence of MIH was lower in children who resided in the central districts and whose mothers had received higher education. CONCLUSION: MIH was relatively prevalent among children aged 12 to 15 years old in Beijing, China. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study is the first epidemiological survey on the prevalence of MIH in the pediatric population in North China. Some demographic and sociological factors were associated with the presence of MIH.

Osteoporosis is a Predictive Factor for Nephrolithiasis in an Adult Free-Living Caucasian Population From Southern Italy: A Longitudinal Retrospective Study Based on a General Practice Database.

Osteoporosis and nephrolithiasis are common multifactorial disorders with high incidence and prevalence in the adult population worldwide. Both are associated with high morbidity and mortality if not correctly diagnosed and accurately treated. Nephrolithiasis is considered a risk factor for reduced bone mineral density. Aim of this retrospective longitudinal study was to evaluate if osteoporosis is a predictive factor for the nephrolithiasis occurrence. Free-living subjects referring to "COMEGEN" general practitioners cooperative operating in Naples, Southern Italy. Twelve thousand seven hundred ninety-four Caucasian subjects (12,165 female) who performed bone mineral density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and have a negative personal history for nephrolithiasis. Subjects aged less than 40 years or with signs or symptoms suggestive of secondary osteoporosis were excluded from the study. In a mean lapse of time of 19.5 months, 516 subjects had an incident episode of nephrolithiasis. Subjects with osteoporosis had an increased risk of nephrolithiasis than subjects without osteoporosis (Hazard Ratio = 1.33, 95% Confidence Interval 1.01-1.74, p = 0.04). Free-living adult subjects over the age of 40 with idiopathic osteoporosis have an increased risk of incident nephrolithiasis, suggesting the advisability of appropriate investigation and treatment of the metabolic alterations predisposing to nephrolithiasis in patients with osteoporosis. The study protocol was approved by the ASL Napoli 1 Ethical Committee, protocol number 0018508/2018.

Knowledge of endometrial cancer risk factors in a general gynecologic population.

OBJECTIVES: To determine knowledge regarding endometrial cancer (EC) risk factors in a general gynecologic patient population. STUDY DESIGN: A questionnaire survey regarding health behaviors and knowledge of risk factors of EC was administered to patients presenting for routine gynecologic care at two general gynecologic practices affiliated with a tertiary-care center between August and October 2014. Patient demographics, lifestyle information, and knowledge regarding EC risk factors were assessed. Data were analyzed using univariable and bivariable analyses, Χ2 tests, Fischer's exact tests, and t-tests. RESULTS: 231 women responded. Median age was 56 years old (IQR 25-64), and 87% were Caucasian. Median BMI was 24.9 (IQR 22.3-29.2). 24.7% were overweight and 24.3% obese. The majority (69.4%) of patients received a college or graduate degree. Over half of the women (52.1%) did not know that obesity was associated with increased risk of EC. When dichotomized based on obese vs non obese, there was no difference in patients' knowledge of the association between obesity and EC (47% vs 48%, respectively, p = .93). 91% of all respondents reported that their gynecologist or primary care physician had never discussed the risks of EC with them. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of education level, age or obesity status, the majority of women did not know the common risks of EC. Increased efforts towards educating women regarding obesity and other risk factors of EC are necessary in order to reduce the rising incidence of EC, a predominantly obesity-driven disease. Interventions must include general obstetrician-gynecologists and primary care providers.

Epidemiological investigation of feline infectious peritonitis in cats living in Harbin, Northeast China from 2017 to 2019 using a combination of an EvaGreen-based real-time RT-PCR and serum chemistry assays.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is caused by the FIP virus (FIPV), a highly virulent mutant form of feline coronavirus (FCoV). This disease is one of the most important infectious diseases in cats, and it is associated with high mortality, particularly among younger cats. In this study, we isolated a wild-type FIPV HRB-17 epidemic strain from the blood sample of household pet cat exhibiting the characteristic wet-form FIP symptoms, which has been confirmed further by animal infection. Further, we developed an EvaGreen-based real-time RT-PCR assay for the accurate detection of FCoV based on the amplification of the highly conserved FIPV N gene. Then, using a combination of the real-time RT-PCR approach and a serum chemistry assay, we performed an epidemiological survey of FIPV infection in cats living in Harbin City, Northeast China. The results indicated that the EvaGreen-based real-time RT-PCR assay can be used for screening FCoV infection in the affected cats at an analytical detection limit of 8.2 × 101 viral genome copies/µL, but could not effectively distinguish FIPVs from FECVs. Additionally, the results of the epidemiological survey investigating feline blood samples (n = 1523) collected between July 2017 to July 2019 revealed an FIPV prevalence of approximately 12% (189/1523). Maybe, the prevalence would be less than 12% due to the real-time RT-PCR assay could not accurately differentiate FIPV and FECV. Nevertheless, it still highlighted the severity of the FIP epidemic in cats and reiterated the urgent need to develop effective anti-FIP therapeutic agents and anti-FIPV vaccines. As pet cats are household animals, risk communication and continuous region-extended surveillance cat programs are recommended.