Decaying Post-Seismic Deformation Observed on the Korean Peninsula Following the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake.

We investigated decaying post-seismic deformation observed on the Korean Peninsula associated with the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The GNSS velocity vectors were estimated in five periods from 2005 to 2019. A co-seismic offset of the Korean Peninsula caused by the 2011 earthquake was inversely proportional to epicentral distances. According to the temporal variations of two components (magnitude and direction) of the GNSS velocity vector with the epicentral distance, the difference between the eastern and western regions for the two components becomes smaller over time. For approximately nine years after the 2011 event, the direction for the crustal movement in South Korea showed a recovery pattern returning to the pre-earthquake motion. In addition, the recovery patterns of the crustal movement were observed differently with the regional geologic structure (e.g., the crustal thickness) and each period. Our estimates of the decay in post-seismic deformation of the Korean Peninsula suggest that post-seismic relaxation will be complete within 5-20 years after the 2011 earthquake. The results suggest that the crustal movement on the Korean Peninsula is gradually recovering to its pre-earthquake motion.

Clinical spectrum and its association with recovery patterns in patients with acquired isolated ocular motor nerve palsies - an observational study.

Purpose: To study the clinical spectrum and recovery patterns in patients of acquired isolated ocular motor nerve palsies (OMNPs). Methods: Patients above 5 years of age with various etiologies of OMNPs were included. Demographic and ocular details were recorded, and a squint assessment was performed. Recovery patterns at 3 and 6 months were noted. Results: OMNP was more common in adults, in the order VI > III > IV nerve. Ischemic cause (35%) was followed by idiopathic (26.3%). III nerve palsies were all unilateral, of which all ischemic palsies were pupil-sparing. By 6 months, >50 patients showing complete recovery had ischemic and idiopathic palsies. Smaller baseline deviation correlated with better recovery. Conclusion: Acquired isolated OMNPs are mostly ischemia-related, with >80% of cases fully recovering by 6 months. VI nerve palsy of ischemic or idiopathic etiology and small baseline deviation were associated with self-recovery.

Hydration Efficiency of a Protein Beverage Consumed in a Bolus vs. Metered Pattern during Recovery.

This study compared hydration efficiency of a carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) beverage consumed in a bolus (BOL) vs. a metered (MET) drinking pattern during recovery from exercise induced hypohydration. Participants (n = 10) lost 2 - 2.5% of body mass from sweating during a morning exercise session. Participants were then assigned to either consume a carbohydrate/electrolyte/protein beverage in a bolus (BOL) or metered incremental consumption (MET) (counterbalanced) pattern post exercise. Total rehydration beverage administered during recovery equaled 125% of fluid lost during exercise. BOL was administered within the first hour of recovery, MET was administered 25% during the first 30 min, then 12.5% every 30 min for the next 4 hours. Mean (±SD) intake was 2475 ± 324 mL (MET) and 2525 ± 293 mL (BOL) (p = 0.22). Mean urine production was significantly greater for BOL (1167 ml ± 293 ml) than MET (730 ml ± 324 ml) (p = 0.003). Hydration efficiency (fluid ingested vs. fluid retained as percent) was significantly greater for MET (69.1 ± 15.4) than BOL (53.7 ± 9.7) (p = 0.004). Results indicate that, across a ~ 6-hour recovery, a metered drinking pattern improves fluid retention and therefore, hydration efficiency when a carbohydrate-protein beverage is consumed. More research is needed in paradigms characterized by unlimited fluid availability.

Neuromodulatory Control and Language Recovery in Bilingual Aphasia: An Active Inference Approach.

Understanding the aetiology of the diverse recovery patterns in bilingual aphasia is a theoretical challenge with implications for treatment. Loss of control over intact language networks provides a parsimonious starting point that can be tested using in-silico lesions. We simulated a complex recovery pattern (alternate antagonism and paradoxical translation) to test the hypothesis-from an established hierarchical control model-that loss of control was mediated by constraints on neuromodulatory resources. We used active (Bayesian) inference to simulate a selective loss of sensory precision; i.e., confidence in the causes of sensations. This in-silico lesion altered the precision of beliefs about task relevant states, including appropriate actions, and reproduced exactly the recovery pattern of interest. As sensory precision has been linked to acetylcholine release, these simulations endorse the conjecture that loss of neuromodulatory control can explain this atypical recovery pattern. We discuss the relevance of this finding for other recovery patterns.

Recovery of knee range of motion after total knee arthroplasty in the first postoperative weeks: poor recovery can be detected early.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze in detail how knee flexion and extension progress in the first 8 weeks after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The secondary goal was to compare knee range of motion (ROM) recovery patterns between patients with normal and delayed ROM recovery 8 weeks after TKA. METHODS: This prospective clinical trial included all patients who underwent a primary unilateral TKA between February and December 2016 with weekly ROM data documented by the treating outpatient physical therapists (n = 137). Goniometry was used to measure knee ROM preoperatively, postoperatively on day 1 and weekly until follow-up at the orthopedic clinic 8 weeks after surgery. ROM recovery patterns were compared between patients with sufficient (≥ 90°) or insufficient (< 90°) knee flexion 8 weeks after TKA. RESULTS: Knee flexion recovered from a median of 80° in the first postoperative week to 110° 8 weeks after surgery and knee extension from a mean of - 10.7° to - 3.2°. Recovery was nonlinear, with greatest improvements in the first 4 weeks for knee flexion. In contrast to patients with sufficient knee flexion 8 weeks postoperatively, the insufficient group (n = 8, 5.8%) had poor knee flexion on the first postoperative day and from week 4 to week 8 almost no improvement or even worsening of knee flexion. CONCLUSIONS: Both knee flexion and extension recover in a nonlinear manner after TKA surgery. Poor postoperative knee function can be detected early, using ROM data from the first postoperative day up to the fourth week.