Alleviation of salinity stress by EDTA chelated-biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on maize via modulation of antioxidants activity and biochemical attributes.

Salinity stress adversely affects agricultural productivity by disrupting water uptake, causing nutrient imbalances, and leading to ion toxicity. Excessive salts in the soil hinder crops root growth and damage cellular functions, reducing photosynthetic capacity and inducing oxidative stress. Stomatal closure further limits carbon dioxide uptake that negatively impact plant growth. To ensure sustainable agriculture in salt-affected regions, it is essential to implement strategies like using biofertilizers (e.g. arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi = AMF) and activated carbon biochar. Both amendments can potentially mitigate the salinity stress by regulating antioxidants, gas exchange attributes and chlorophyll contents. The current study aims to explore the effect of EDTA-chelated biochar (ECB) with and without AMF on maize growth under salinity stress. Five levels of ECB (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8%) were applied, with and without AMF. Results showed that 0.8ECB + AMF caused significant enhancement in shoot length (~ 22%), shoot fresh weight (~ 15%), shoot dry weight (~ 51%), root length (~ 46%), root fresh weight (~ 26%), root dry weight (~ 27%) over the control (NoAMF + 0ECB). A significant enhancement in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance was also observed in the condition 0.8ECB + AMF relative to control (NoAMF + 0ECB), further supporting the efficacy of such a combined treatment. Our results suggest that adding 0.8% ECB in soil with AMF inoculation on maize seeds can enhance maize production in saline soils, possibly via improvement in antioxidant activity, chlorophyll contents, gas exchange and morphological attributes.

Advanced High-Energy All-Solid-State Hybrid Supercapacitor with Nickel-Cobalt-Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoflowers Supported on Jute Stick-Derived Activated Carbon Nanosheets.

Developing efficient, lightweight, and durable all-solid-state supercapacitors is crucial for future energy storage systems. The study focuses on optimizing electrode materials to achieve high capacitance and stability. This study introduces a novel two-step pyrolysis process to synthesize activated carbon nanosheets from jute sticks (JAC), resulting in an optimized JAC-2 material with a high yield (≈24%) and specific surface area (≈2600 m2 g-1). Furthermore, an innovative in situ synthesis approach is employed to synthesize hybrid nanocomposites (NiCoLDH-1@JAC-2) by integrating JAC nanosheets with nickel-cobalt-layered double hydroxide nanoflowers (NiCoLDH). These nanocomposites serve as positive electrode materials and JAC-2 as the negative electrode material in all-solid-state asymmetric hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs), exhibiting remarkable performance metrics. The HSCs achieve a specific capacitance of 750 F g-1, a specific capacity of 209 mAh g-1 (at 0.5 A g-1), and an energy density of 100 Wh kg-1 (at 250 W kg-1) using PVA/KOH solid electrolyte, while maintaining outstanding cyclic stability. Importantly, a density functional theory framework is utilized to validate the experimental findings, underscoring the potential of this novel approach for enhancing HSC performance and enabling the large-scale production of transition metal-based layered double hydroxides.

High-Performance Li-Ion and Na-Ion Capacitors Based on a Spinel Li4Ti5O12 Anode and Carbonaceous Cathodes.

Lithium-ion hybrid capacitors (LICs) have become promising electrochemical energy storage systems that overcome the limitations of lithium-ion batteries and electrical double-layer capacitors. The asymmetric combination of these devices enhances the overall electrochemical performance by delivering simultaneous energy and power capabilities. Lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO), a spinel zero-strain material, has been studied extensively as an anode material for LIC applications because of its high-rate capability, negligible volume change, and enhanced cycling performance. Here, the different synthetic methods and modifications of the intercalation-type LTO to enhance the overall electrochemical performance of LICs are mainly focused. Moreover, the cathodic part (i.e., the activated carbon derived from various sources, including natural products, polymers, and inorganic materials) is also dealt with as it contributes substantially to the overall performance of the LIC. Not only do the anode and cathode, but also the electrolytes have a substantial influence on LIC performance. The electrolytes used in LTO-based LICs as well as in flexible and bendable configurations are also mentioned. Overall, the previous work along with other available reports on LTO-based LICs in a simplified way is analyzed.

Polymer Coatings Affect Transport and Remobilization of Colloidal Activated Carbon in Saturated Sand Columns: Implications for In Situ Groundwater Remediation.

Colloidal activated carbon (CAC) is an emerging technology for the in situ remediation of groundwater impacted by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In assessing the long-term effectiveness of a CAC barrier, it is crucial to evaluate the potential of emplaced CAC particles to be remobilized and migrate away from the sorptive barrier. We examine the effect of two polymer stabilizers, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PolyDM), on CAC deposition and remobilization in saturated sand columns. CMC-modified CAC showed high mobility in a wide ionic strength (IS) range from 0.1 to 100 mM, which is favorable for CAC delivery at a sufficient scale. Interestingly, the mobility of PolyDM-modified CAC was high at low IS (0.1 mM) but greatly reduced at high IS (100 mM). Notably, significant remobilization (release) of deposited CMC-CAC particles occurred upon the introduction of solution with low IS following deposition at high IS. In contrast, PolyDM-CAC did not undergo any remobilization following deposition due to its favorable interactions with the quartz sand. We further elucidated the CAC deposition and remobilization behaviors by analyzing colloid-collector interactions through the application of Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory, and the inclusion of a discrete representation of charge heterogeneity on the quartz sand surface. The classical colloid filtration theory was also employed to estimate the travel distance of CAC in saturated columns. Our results underscore the roles of polymer coatings and solution chemistry in CAC transport, providing valuable guidelines for the design of in situ CAC remediation with maximized delivery efficiency and barrier longevity.

Transformation of Al Species on Carbon Surfaces: Effects of Al Species and Carbon Surface Oxygen Groups.

Control of residual Al is critical, owing to its high tendency to accumulate in drinking water distribution systems and its potential risks to human health. Herein, the effects of surface properties of activated carbon (AC) on intercepting different Al species (including monomeric Al and polymeric Al species-Al13) are evaluated. The results showed that Al in the form of monomers was considerably adsorbed by AC; whereas Al in the form of polymeric Al13 was held to a much lower degree by AC, and the effluent Al concentration was even higher than that without AC. By comparing virgin AC and hydrogen thermal treated AC, the surface oxygen functional groups on the AC were proposed to play a critical role in the transformation of Al species. The oxygen functional groups on the AC surface can directly form complexes with monomeric Al, thereby inducing the binding of monomeric Al on the AC surface. However, the AC surface oxygen groups could not bind to polymeric Al13, and the interaction between AC surface oxygen groups and polymeric Al13 partially transforms Al13 into monomeric Al species, which inhibited the self-aggregation of Al13. This study aims to provide new insights into the control of residual Al in water treatment plants to ensure drinking water safety.

Activated carbon from avocado seed as sorbent phase for microextraction technologies: activation, characterization, and analytical performance.

According to green analytical chemistry principles, the use of agricultural byproducts as sorbent phases is an interesting topic due to their lignocellulosic origin, as they are biodegradable and inexpensive. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which avocado seed and avocado seed activated carbon are proposed as sustainable sorbents for solid-phase microextraction technologies, which were used to assess the proof of concept. Rotating disk sorptive extraction (RDSE) was used as a model technology and ibuprofen (Ibu) and 1-hydroxy-ibuprofen (1-OH-Ibu) as representative analytes. It was found that activated carbon (AC) prepared at 600 °C with an impregnation ratio (raw material/activating agent (ZnCl2), w/w) of 1:1.2 had better extraction efficiency than other ACs obtained at different temperatures, impregnation ratios, and activating agents (K2CO3). Characterization revealed several differences between natural avocado seed, biochar prepared at 600 °C, and selected AC since the typical functional groups of the natural starting material begin to disappear with pyrolysis and increasing the surface area and pore volume, suggesting that the main interactions between analytes and the sorbent material are pore filling and π-π stacking. By using this AC as the sorbent phase, the optimal extraction conditions in RDSE were as follows: the use of 50 mg of sorbent in the disk, 30 mL of sample volume, pH 4, 90 min of extraction time at a rotation velocity of the disk of 2000 rpm, and methanol as the elution solvent. The extracts were analyzed via gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method provided limits of detection of 0.23 and 0.07 µg L-1 and recoveries of 81% and 91% for Ibu and 1-OH-Ibu, respectively. When comparing the extraction efficiency of the selected activated carbon with those provided by Oasis® HLB and C18 in RDSE, nonsignificant differences were observed, indicating that avocado seed activated carbon is a suitable alternative to these commercial materials.

Polymer Waste Valorization into Advanced Carbon Nanomaterials for Potential Energy and Environment Applications.

The rise in universal population and accompanying demands have directed toward an exponential surge in the generation of polymeric waste. The estimate predicts that world-wide plastic production will rise to ≈590 million metric tons by 2050, whereas 5000 million more tires will be routinely abandoned by 2030. Handling this waste and its detrimental consequences on the Earth's ecosystem and human health presents a significant challenge. Converting the wastes into carbon-based functional materials viz. activated carbon, graphene, and nanotubes is considered the most scientific and adaptable method. Herein, this world provides an overview of the various sources of polymeric wastes, modes of build-up, impact on the environment, and management approaches. Update on advances and novel modifications made in methodologies for converting diverse types of polymeric wastes into carbon nanomaterials over the last 5 years are given. A remarkable focus is made to comprehend the applications of polymeric waste-derived carbon nanomaterials (PWDCNMs) in the CO2 capture, removal of heavy metal ions, supercapacitor-based energy storage and water splitting with an emphasis on the correlation between PWDCNMs' properties and their performances. This review offers insights into emerging developments in the upcycling of polymeric wastes and their applications in environment and energy.

Nano manganese dioxide coupling carbon source preloading granular activated carbon biofilter enhancing biofilm formation and pollutant removal.

The formation of stable and mature biofilms affects the efficient and stable removal of ammonium by biological activated carbon (BAC). In this study, the new granular activated carbon (GAC) was preloaded with the carbon source (glucose and sucrose) and nano manganese dioxide (nMnO2) before using. Then tests were performed to determine whether substrate preloading promoted ammonium removal. The ammonium removal treated by nMnO2 coupled with sucrose-loaded BAC reached 49.1 ± 2.5%, which was 1.7 times higher than that by the nonloaded BAC 28.2 ± 1.9%). The biomass on the substrate-loaded BAC reached 5.83 × 106-1.22 × 107 cells/g DW GAC on Day 7, which was 4.6-9.5 times higher than the value of the nonloaded BAC (1.28 × 106 cells/g DW GAC). The amount of extracellular polymer (i.e., protein) on nMnO2 coupled to sucrose-loaded BAC was promoted significantly. Flavobacterium (0.7%-11%), Burkholderiaceae (13%-20%) and Aquabacterium (30%-67%) were the dominant functional bacteria on the substrate-loaded BAC, which were conducive to the nitrification or denitrification process. The results indicated that loading nMnO2 and/or a carbon source accelerated the formation of biofilms on BAC and ammonium removal. Additionally, the ammonium removal treated by nMnO2 coupled with sucrose-loaded BAC was contributed by microbial degradation (56.0 ± 2.5%), biofilm adsorption (38.7 ± 2.1%) and GAC adsorption (5.3 ± 0.3%), suggesting a major role of microbial degradation.

Comprehensive batch studies on removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by acid and alkali-activated adsorbents prepared from Dal lake weeds: Mechanism, Kinetics and Thermodynamics.

An efficient and economical way of eliminating fluoride from water is being investigated by employing the buoyant aquatic plant (Dal weed). Two post-pyrolysis chemical activation alteration techniques were implemented: acidic activation by employing sulfuric acid (H-activation) and alkaline activation using sodium hydroxide (OH-activation). The batch kinetic studies have been carried out considering varying starting fluoride levels such as 2-10 mg/L. The impact of diverse procedural factors, including dosage of Dal weed, starting fluoride level, pH and contact duration was observed to determine their influence on fluoride adsorption kinetics. Based on analyzed exploratory results, removal efficacy of 63% for the OH-activated carbon and 83% for H-activated carbon was achieved at commencing fluoride level of 10 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 0.8 g, at 25 °C after 120 min. The maximal fluoride uptake capacity for H-activated carbon was observed to be 78.158 mg/g. Kinetic investigations showed that the Freundlich isotherm model provided a satisfactory match with an R2 value of 0.99. The reaction order nature adhered to kinetics resembling pseudo second order. Thermodynamic investigation revealed endothermic sorption, with negative ΔG indicating spontaneous fluoride uptake. In comparison, the positive number for ΔS suggested random behavior at the contact involving the adsorbent and adsorbate. The investigations into the regeneration capabilities of the adsorbent material revealed that even after undergoing for five consecutive cycles of adsorption and regeneration, the adsorbent exhibited an uptake potential of 45%. The presence of competing ions in the solution negatively impacted defluoridation efficacy, with the influence following the order of HCO3-< NO3-< Cl-< SO42-< PO43-.

Efficient Decaffeination with Recyclable Magnetic Microporous Carbon from Renewable Sources: Kinetics and Isotherm Analysis.

Rapid global urbanization and population growth have ignited an alarming surge in emerging contaminants in water bodies, posing health risks, even at trace concentrations. To address this challenge, novel water treatment and reuse technologies are required as current treatment systems are associated with high costs and energy requirements. These drawbacks provide additional incentives for the application of cost-effective and sustainable biomass-derived activated carbon, which possesses high surface area and low toxicity. Herein, we synthesized microporous activated carbon (MAC) and its magnetic derivative (m-MAC) from tannic acid to decaffeinate contaminated aqueous solutions. Detailed characterization using SEM, BET, and PXRD revealed a very high surface area (>1800 m2/g) and a highly porous, amorphous, heterogeneous sponge-like structure. Physicochemical and thermal analyses using XPS, TGA, and EDS confirmed thermal stability, unique surface moieties, and homogeneous elemental distribution. High absorption performance (>96 %) and adsorption capacity (287 and 394 mg/g) were recorded for m-MAC and MAC, respectively. Mechanistic studies showed that the sorption of caffeine is in tandem with multilayer and chemisorptive mechanisms, considering the models' correlation and error coefficients. π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding were among the interactions that could facilitate MAC-Caffeine and m-MAC-Caffeine bonding interactions. Regeneration and reusability experiments revealed adsorption efficiency ranging from 90.5-98.4 % for MAC and 88.6-93.7 % for m-MAC for five cycles. Our findings suggest that MAC and its magnetic derivative are effective for caffeine removal, and potentially other organic contaminants with the possibility of developing commercially viable and cost-effective water polishing tools.

Conversion of char from pyrolysis of plastic wastes into alternative activated carbons for heavy metal removal.

The valorization of post-consumer mixed plastics in pyrolysis processes represents an abundant reservoir of carbon that can be effectively converted into useful chars. This process not only holds appeal in terms of improving plastic waste concerns but also contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, thus aligning with the principles of a circular economy paradigm. In this study, the char produced from the pyrolysis of post-consumer mixed plastic waste has been activated with Na2CO3, KOH, NaOH, and K2CO3 to improve the textural, structural, and composition characteristics, leading to improved adsorption capability. These characteristics were studied by N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy, elemental and immediate analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The developed surface area (SBET) was 573, 939, 704 and 592 m2 g-1 for Na2CO3, KOH, NaOH and K2CO3 activated carbons, respectively. These activated chars (ACs) were tested for the adsorption of heavy metals in both synthetic waters containing Pb, Cd, and Cu and industrial wastewater collected at an agrochemical production plant. Na2CO3-AC was the best performing material. The metal uptake in synthetic waters using a batch set-up was 40, 13 and 12 mg g-1 for Pb, Cd and Cu. Experiments in a column set-up using Na2CO3-AC resulted in a saturation time of 290, 16, and 80 min for Pb, Cd, and Cu synthetic waters, respectively, and metal uptakes of 26.8, 4.1, and 7.9 mg g-1, respectively. The agrochemical effluents, containing mainly Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn were tested in a plug-flow column. The metal uptake notably decreased compared to synthetic water due to a competition effect for active sites.

Utilizing sludge-based activated carbon for targeted leachate mitigation in wastewater treatment.

Activated carbon (AC) based adsorbents derived from waste sludge were utilized to remediate mixed contaminants in wastewater as an integrated waste-to-resource approach promoting a paradigm shift in management of refuse sludge and wastewater. This review specifically focuses on the remediation of constituents of landfill leachate by sludge-based activated carbon (SBAC). The adsorption effectiveness of SBAC for the exclusion of leachate characters including heavy metals, phenols, dyes, phosphates, and phosphorus were explored with regard to modifiers such as pH, temperature, properties of the adsorbent including functional groups, initial doses of absorbent and adsorbate, and duration of exposure to note the impact of each parameter on the efficiency of adsorption of the sludge adsorbent. Through the works of various researchers, it was noted that the properties of the adsorbent, pH and temperature impact the working of SBACs. The pH of the adsorbent by influencing the functional groups. Temperature was expected to have a paramount effect on the adsorption efficiency of the SBACs. The importance of the regeneration and recycling of the adsorbents as well as their leachability is highlighted. Sludge based activated carbon is recommended as a timely, resource-efficient, and sustainable approach for the remediation of wastewater.

Machine learning and statistical physics modeling of tetracycline adsorption using activated carbon derived from Cynometra ramiflora fruit biomass.

The current investigation reports the usage of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and artificial neural network (ANN), the two recognized machine learning techniques in modelling tetracycline (TC) adsorption onto Cynometra ramiflora fruit biomass derived activated carbon (AC). Many characterization methods utilized, confirmed the porous structure of synthesized AC. ANN and ANFIS models utilized pH, dose, initial TC concentration, mixing speed, time duration, and temperature as input parameters, whereas TC removal percentage was designated as the output parameter. The optimized configuration for the ANN model was determined as 6-8-1, while the ANFIS model employed trimf input and linear output membership functions. The obtained results showed a strong correlation, indicated by high R2 values (ANNR2: 0.9939 & ANFISR2: 0.9906) and low RMSE values (ANNRMSE: 0.0393 & ANFISRMSE: 0.0503). Apart from traditional isotherms, the dataset was fitted to statistical physics models wherein, the double-layer with a single energy satisfactorily explained the physisorption mechanism of TC adsorption. The sorption energy was 21.06 kJ/mol, and the number of TC moieties bound per site (n) was found to be 0.42, conclusive of parallel binding of TC molecules to the adsorbent surface. The adsorption capacity at saturation (Qsat) was estimated to be 466.86 mg/g - appreciably more than previously reported values. These findings collectively demonstrate that the AC derived from C. ramiflora fruit holds great potential for efficient removal of TC from a given system, and machine learning approaches can effectively model the adsorption processes.

The promotion mechanism of different nitrogen doping types on the catalytic activity of activated carbon electro-Fenton cathode: Simultaneous promotion of H2O2 generation and phenol degradation ability.

Doping with nitrogen atoms can improve the catalytic activity of activated carbon cathodes in electro-Fenton systems, but currently there is a lack of understanding of the catalytic mechanism, which limits the further development of high-performance activated carbon cathodes. Here, a multi-scale exploration was conducted using density functional theory and experimental methods to investigate the mechanism of different nitrogen doping types promoting the redox performance of activated carbon cathodes and the degradation of phenol. The density functional theory results indicate that the introduction of nitrogen atoms enhances the binding ability between carbon substrates and oxygen-containing substances, promotes the localization of surrounding electrons, and makes it easier for O2 to bind with protons and catalyze the hydrogenation reaction of *OOH. Due to its weak binding ability with oxygen-containing substances, AC is difficult to form H2O2, resulting in a tendency towards the 4e-ORR pathway. The binding energy between graphite-N carbon substrate and pyridine-N carbon substrate with *OOH is closer to the volcano top, so graphite n and pyridine n can better promote the selectivity of activated carbon for 2e-ORR. In addition, the calculation results also indicate that pyrrole-N and graphite-N are more capable of catalyzing the reaction energy barrier between ·OH and phenol. Finally, the simulation results were used to guide the modification of nitrogen doped activated carbon and experimental verification was carried out. The degradation results of phenol confirmed the efficient synergistic effect between different types of nitrogen doping, and the NAC-800 electrode exhibited efficient and stable characteristics. This work provides a guiding strategy for further developing stable and highly selective activated carbon cathode materials.

An effective magnetic nanobiocomposite: Preparation, characterization and its application for adsorption removal of P-nitroaniline from aquatic environments.

In this investigation, a magnetic nanobiocomposite, denoted as CoFe2O4/Activated Carbon integrated with Chitosan (CoFe2O4/AC@Ch), was synthesized based on a microwave-assisted for the efficacious adsorption of P-nitroaniline (PNA). The physicochemical properties of the said nano biocomposite were thoroughly characterized using a suite of analytical methodologies, namely FESEM/EDS, BET, FTIR, XRD, and VSM. The results confirm the successful synthesis of the nanobiocomposite, with its point of zero charge (pHZPC) determined to be 6.4. Adsorptive performance towards PNA was systematically examined over a spectrum of conditions, encompassing variations in PNA concentration (spanning 10-40 mg/L), adsorbent concentration (10-200 mg/L), contact periods (2.5-22.5 min), and solution pH (3-11). Upon optimization, the conditions converged to an adsorbent concentration of 200 mg/L, pH 5, PNA concentration of 10 mg/L, and a contact duration of 22.5 min, under which an impressive PNA adsorption efficacy of 98.6% was attained. Kinetic and isotherm analyses insinuated the adsorption mechanism to adhere predominantly to the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. The magnetic nanocomposite was recovered and used in 4 cycles, and the absorption rate reached 86%, which shows the good stability of the magnetic nanocomposite in wastewater treatment. Conclusively, these empirical outcomes underscore the viability of the formulated magnetic nanobiocomposite as a potent, recyclable adsorbent for the proficient extraction of PNA from aqueous matrices.

Activated carbon fiber as an efficient co-catalyst toward accelerating Fe2+/Fe3+ cycling for improved removal of antibiotic cefaclor via electro-Fenton process using a gas diffusion electrode.

The electro-Fenton (EF) based on gas-diffusion electrodes (GDEs) reveals promising application prospective towards recalcitrant organics degradation because such GDEs often yields superior H2O2 generation efficiency and selectivity. However, the low efficiency of Fe2+/Fe3+ cycle with GDEs is always considered to be the limiting step for the EF process. In this study, activated carbon fiber (ACF) was firstly employed as co-catalyst to facilitate the performance of antibiotic cefaclor (CEC) decomposition in EF process. It was found that the addition of ACF co-catalyst achieved a rapid Fe2+/Fe3+ cycling, which significantly enhanced Fenton's reaction and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) generation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated that the functional groups on ACF surface are related to the conversion of Fe3+ into Fe2+. Moreover, DMSO probing experiment confirmed the enhanced •OH production in EF + ACF system compared to conventional EF system. When inactive BDD and Ti4O7/Ti anodes were paired to EF system, the addition of ACF could significantly improve mineralization degree. However, a large amount of toxic byproducts, including chlorate (ClO3-) and perchlorate (ClO4-), were generated in these EF processes, especially for BDD anode, due to their robust oxidation capacity. Higher mineralization efficiency and less toxic ClO4- generation were obtained in the EF + ACF process with Ti4O7/Ti anode. This presents a novel alternative for efficient chloride-containing organic removal during wastewater remediation.

Removal of malachite green from water: Comparison of adsorption in a residue-derived AC versus photocatalytic oxidation with TiO2 and study of the adsorption-photocatalysis synergy.

The literature rarely compiles studies devoted to the removal of pollutants in aqueous media comparing adsorption and photocatalytic degradation, and does not pay enough attention to the analysis of combined adsorption-photocatalytic oxidation processes. In the present manuscript, the removal of malachite green (MG) from aqueous solutions has been investigated in three different sustainable scenarios: i) adsorption on activated carbon (AC) derived from a residue, luffa cylindrica, ii) photocatalytic oxidation under simulated solar light using titanium dioxide (TP) and iii) combined adsorption-photocatalytic oxidation using TP-AC (70/30 wt./wt.) under simulated solar light. The study has revealed that in the three scenarios and studied conditions, the total removal of this endocrine-disrupting dye from the solution takes place in the assayed time, 2 h, in some cases just in a few minutes. MG adsorption in the AC is a very fast and efficient removal method. MG photocatalytic oxidation with TP also occurs efficiently, although the oxidized MG is not totally mineralized. MG removal using the TP-AC composite under simulated solar light occurs only slightly faster to the MG adsorption in the AC, being adsorption the dominating MG removal mechanism for TP-AC. Thus, more than 90% of the removed MG with TP-AC under simulated solar light is adsorbed in this carbon-containing composite. The obtained results highlight the interest in adsorption, being the selection of the most suitable removal method dependent on several factors (i.e., the cost of the AC regeneration, for adsorption, or the toxicity of the intermediate oxidation species, for photooxidation). Paying attention to MG photooxidation with TiO2, comparison of two working photodegradation schemes shows that the direct photodegradation of MG from solution, avoiding any initial dark equilibrium period, is more efficient from a time perspective. The use of scavengers has proved that MG photodegradation occurs via an oxidation mechanism dominated by superoxide anion radicals.

Novel adsorbent for malachite green from okra stalks waste: synthesis, kinetics and equilibrium studies.

In this study, malachite green (MG) removal was performed with activated carbon synthesized from okra stalks by microwave assisted chemical activation method. In the synthesis of activated carbon, the effects of gas in the microwave, activation, and impregnation rate were investigated. The synthesized activated carbon characterization was investigated using BET, FT-IR, and SEM analyses. The activated carbon surface area achieved was 759.453 m2 g-1. In addition, the surface area of activated carbon synthesized using the conventional method was17.766 m2 g-1. The effect of the initial solution concentration on MG adsorption was investigated. According to the kinetic and equilibrium data, it was found that the adsorption process best fitted the pseudo-second order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm. According to the equilibrium data, the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of the monolayer was 119.05 mg g-1. In addition, MG adsorption was investigated by the experimental design method. The adsorption capacity at the determined optimum conditions was 99.63 mg g-1. All results show that activated carbon synthesized from waste biomass by combining the conventional method with microwave-assisted impregnation is a cheap and environmentally friendly adsorbent.

The synthesis of activated carbon from waste biomass using the conventional activation method is quite common. Activated carbon synthesis studies have increased in recent years with microwave-assisted impregnation, which has been integrated into the conventional activation method. Using this new method, the synthesis of activated carbon from okra stalk waste was carried out for the first time in this study. In addition, with this novel adsorbent, malachite green was removed from the aqueous solutions for the first time.

Response surface methodology for optimizing methylene blue dye removal by mesoporous activated carbon derived from renewable woody Bambusoideae waste.

In this study, the focus was on utilizing tropical plant biomass waste, specifically bamboo (BB), as a sustainable precursor for the production of activated carbon (BBAC) via pyrolysis-induced K2CO3 activation. The potential application of BBAC as an effective adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to evaluate key adsorption characteristics, which included BBAC dosage (A: 0.02-0.08 g/L), pH (B: 4-10), and time (C: 2-8 min). The adsorption isotherm analysis revealed that the adsorption of MB followed the Freundlich model. Moreover, the kinetic data were well-described by the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting the role of a chemisorption process. The BBAC demonstrated a notable MB adsorption capacity of 195.8 mg/g, highlighting its effectiveness as an adsorbent. Multiple mechanisms were identified as controlling factors in MB adsorption by BBAC, including electrostatic forces, π-π stacking, and H-bonding interactions. The findings of this study indicate that BBAC derived from bamboo has the potential to be a promising adsorbent for the treatment of wastewater containing organic dyes. The employment of sustainable precursors like bamboo for activated carbon production contributes to environmentally friendly waste management practices and offers a solution for the remediation of dye-contaminated wastewater.

This works introduces a renewable and woody Bambusoideae waste as promising and low-cost precursor for producing mesoporous activated carbon via microwave assisted K₂CO₃ activation. The effectiveness of the prepared activated carbon was tested toward removal of a toxic cationic dye, namely; methylene blue from aqueous environment.

Optimization and mechanistic approach for removal of crystal violet and methylene blue dyes via activated carbon from pyrolyzed-ZnCl2 bamboo waste.

In this study, bamboo waste (BW) was subjected to pyrolysis-assisted ZnCl2 activation to produce mesoporous activated carbon (BW-AC), which was then evaluated for its ability to remove cationic dyes, specifically methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV), from aqueous environments. The properties of BW-AC were characterized using various techniques, including potentiometric-based point of zero charge (pHpzc), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-rays (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), gas adsorption with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy. To optimize the adsorption characteristics (BW-AC dosage, pH, and contact time) of PBW, a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed. The BW-AC dose of 0.05 g, solution pH of 10, and time of 8 min are identified as optimal operational conditions for achieving maximum CV (89.8%) and MB (96.3%) adsorption according to the BBD model. The dye removal kinetics for CV and MB are described by the pseudo-second-order model. The dye adsorption isotherms revealed that adsorption of CV and MB onto BW-AC follow the Freundlich model. The maximum dye adsorption capacities (qmax) of BW-AC for CV (530 mg/g) and MB (520 mg/g) are favorable, along with the thermodynamics of the adsorption process, which is characterized as endothermic and spontaneous. The adsorption mechanism of CV and MB dyes by BW-AC was attributed to multiple contributions: hydrogen bonding, electrostatic forces, π-π attraction, and pore filling. The findings of this study highlight the potential of BW-AC as an effective adsorbent in wastewater treatment applications, contributing to the overall goal of mitigating the environmental impact of cationic dyes and ensuring the quality of water resources.

The novelty of this research work comes from the conversion of the bamboo waste (BW) into mesoporous activated carbon (BW-AC) via pyrolysis-assisted ZnCl₂ activation for the removal of cationic dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) from aqueous media. The effectiveness of the obtained activated carbon was tested toward removal of two structurally different cationic dyes (CV and MB), where a statistical optimization employing a response surface methodology with Box-Behnken design was applied to optimize dye removal. In addition to determination of the working parameters for dye removal, the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process were determined to provide molecular-level insight.