Effects of private health insurance on waiting time in public hospitals.

The Australian government pays $6.7 billion per year in rebates to encourage Australians to purchase private health insurance (PHI) and an additional $6.1 billion to cover services provided in private hospitals. What is the justification for large government subsidies to a private industry when all Australians already have free coverage under Medicare? The government argues that more people buying PHI will relieve the burden on the public system and may reduce waiting times. However, the evidence supporting this is sparse. We use an instrumental variable approach to study the causal effects of higher PHI coverage in the area on waiting times in public hospitals in the same area. The instrument used is area-level average house prices, which correlate with average income and wealth, thus influencing the purchase of PHI due to tax incentives, but not directly affecting waiting times in public hospitals. We use 2014-2018 hospital admission and elective surgery waiting list data linked at the patient level from the Victorian Center for Data Linkage. These data cover all inpatient admissions in all hospitals in Victoria (both public and private hospitals) and those registered on the waiting list for elective surgeries in public hospitals in Victoria. We find that one percentage point increase in PHI coverage leads to about 0.34 days (or 0.5%) reduction in waiting times in public hospitals on average. The effects vary by surgical specialities and age groups. However, the practical significance of this effect is limited, if not negligible, despite its statistical significance. The small effect suggests that raising PHI coverage with the aim to taking the pressure off the public system is not an effective strategy in reducing waiting times in public hospitals. Alternative policies aiming at improving the efficiency of public hospitals and advancing equitable access to care should be a priority for policymakers.

Efficiency effects of public hospital closures in the context of public hospital reform: a multistep efficiency analysis.

In the wake of hospital reforms introduced in 2011 in Turkey, public hospitals were grouped into associations with joint management and some shared operational and administrative functions, similar in some ways to hospital trusts in the English National Health Service. Reorganization of public hospitals effect hospital and market area characteristics and existence of hospitals. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of closure on competitive hospital performances. Using administrative data from Turkish Public Hospital Statistical Yearbooks for the years 2005 to 2007 and 2014 to 2017, we conducted a three-step efficiency analysis by incorporating data envelopment analysis (DEA) and propensity score matching techniques, followed by a difference-in-differences (DiD) regression. First, we used bootstrapped DEA to calculate the efficiency scores of hospitals that were located near hospitals that had been closed. Second, we used nearest neighbour propensity score matching to form control groups and ensure that any differences between these and the intervention groups could be attributed to being near a hospital that had closed rather than differences in hospital and market area characteristics. Lastly, we employed DiD regression analysis to explore whether being near a closed hospital had an impact on the efficiency of the surviving hospitals while considering the effect of the 2011 hospital reform policies. To shed light on a potential time lag between hospital closure and changes in efficiency, we used various periods for comparison. Our results suggest that the efficiency of public hospitals in Turkey increased in hospitals that were located near hospitals that closed in Turkey from 2011. Hospital closure improves the efficiency of competitive hospitals under hospital market reforms. Future studies may wish to examine the efficiency effects of government and private sector collaboration on competition in the hospital market.

Prevalence of Anemia and its associated factors among 6-59 months age children visiting public hospitals at Afar Region, Northeast Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Anemia is a significant global public health issue among children aged 6 to 59 months, particularly in low-income countries like Ethiopia. Studies focusing on pastoral communities, especially in the Afar Region, often underestimate the prevalence of anemia in these children. To address this information gap, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among children aged 6 to 59 months in public hospitals in the Afar Region of northeastern Ethiopia. METHOD: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 6 to 59 months, using systematic random sampling, at public hospitals in the Afar Region from February 28 to April 30, 2023.The data collection tool was adapted from the Ethiopian National Food Consumption Survey and the World Health Organization Infant and Young Child Feeding guidelines. Data entry was performed using EpiData version 4.2 and Anthroplus software for anthropometric measurements. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26. Binary logistic regression models were applied to identify predictors of anemia, with a p-value of ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULT: Among the 306 children aged 6 to 59 months, the overall prevalence of anemia was 46.41 (95 CI: 43.8-48.9 ). Of the 142 anemic children aged 6 to 59 months, 62 (43.66 ) had mild anemia, 60 (42.25 ) had moderate anemia, and 20 (14.08 ) had severe anemia. Key factors associated with anemia included mothers with no formal education, the lowest family monthly income, a family size greater than five, and rural residence. Additionally, a previous diagnosis of parasitic infection, children aged 24-35 months, early weaning, a malaria diagnosis within the past three months, and diarrhea in the last two weeks were significant predictors of anemia in children aged 6 to 59 months. CONCLUSION: In the current study, anemia in children aged 6 to 59 months was classified as severe and is regarded as a critical public health issue. This suggests that more efforts should be made to significantly decrease anemia by actively involving rural mothers with no formal education and low income who have children aged 6-59 months, focusing on the prevention and management of malaria, diarrhea, and parasitic infections.

Trends in antidiabetic drug use and expenditure in public hospitals in Northwest China, 2012-21: a case study of Gansu Province.

BACKGROUND: Since the twenty-first century, the prevalence of diabetes has risen globally year by year. In Gansu Province, an economically underdeveloped province in northwest China, the cost of drugs for diabetes patients accounted for one-third of their total drug costs. To fundamentally reduce national drug expenditures and the burden of medication on the population, the relevant departments of government have continued to reform and improve drug policies. This study aimed to analyse long-term trends in antidiabetic drug use and expenditure in Gansu Province from 2012 to 2021 and to explore the role of pharmaceutical policy. METHODS: Data were obtained from the provincial centralised bidding and purchasing (CBP) platform. Drug use was quantified using the anatomical therapeutic chemistry/defined daily dose (ATC/DDD) method and standardised by DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID), and drug expenditure was expressed in terms of the total amount and defined daily cost (DDC). Linear regression was used to analyse the trends and magnitude of drug use and expenditure. RESULTS: The overall trend in the use and expenditure of antidiabetic drugs was on the rise, with the use increasing from 1.04 in 2012 to 16.02 DID in 2021 and the expenditure increasing from 48.36 in 2012 to 496.42 million yuan in 2021 (from 7.66 to 76.95 million USD). Some new and expensive drugs changed in the use pattern, and their use and expenditure shares (as the percentage of all antidiabetic drugs) increased from 0 to 11.17% and 11.37%, but insulins and analogues and biguanides remained the most used drug class. The DDC of oral drugs all showed a decreasing trend, but essential medicines (EMs) and medical insurance drugs DDC gradually decreased with increasing use. The price reduction of the bid-winning drugs was over 40%, and the top three drugs were glimepiride 2mg/30, acarbose 50mg/30 and acarbose 100mg/30. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of pharmaceutical policies has significantly increased drug use and expenditure while reducing drug prices, and the introduction of novel drugs and updated treatment guidelines has led to changes in use patterns.

Influence of inventory management practices on the availability of emergency obstetric drugs in Rwandan public hospitals: a case of Rwanda Southern Province.

BACKGROUND: Stock-outs of some life-saving drugs, such as emergency obstetric drugs, are evident in many health facilities and have been reported to be the leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity for women from low and middle income countries (LMICs). For many cases, this situation is associated with poor inventory management practices. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of inventory management practices on the availability of emergency obstetric drugs in Rwandan public hospitals: case of the Rwanda Southern Province. Moreover, to gain a better grasp of the problem and to suggest possible areas for improvement. METHODS: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was carried out in all ten district hospitals (DHs) providing maternal health care and dispensing emergency obstetric drugs namely; Kigeme DH, Munini DH, Kabutare DH, Kibilizi DH, Gakoma DH, Nyanza DH, Ruhango DH, Gitwe DH, Kabgayi DH and Remera Rukoma DH. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed. Oxytocin injection, Misoprostol tablet and Magnesium sulphate injection as recommended emergency obstetric drugs by WHO, UNFPA and Rwanda Essential Medicines list were included in the study. RESULTS: The study revealed that keeping logistics management tools up to date is the backbone of inventory management practices in the availability of medicines and medical supplies. The results showed that hospitals with up-to-date logistics tools for their pharmaceutical management were 33.25 times more likely to have their emergency obstetric drugs in stock at all times compared to those that do not regularly update their logistics tools. The proper use of bin cards and electronic software (e-LMIS) contributed greatly to reducing the stock-out rate of emergency obstetric drugs by 89.9% and reduction of unusable to usable stock ratio by appropriate use of simple techniques such as the Min-Max inventory control model by 79%. Over an 18-month period, misoprostol tablet had the highest average days (32) of stock-outs (5.9%), followed by magnesium sulphate injection with an average of 31 days (5.7%), and oxytocin injection with an average of 13 days (2.4%). CONCLUSION: Proper use of pharmaceutical management tools within hospitals premises positively influence the availability of life-saving drugs, such as emergency obstetric drugs. Adequate supply chain staffing in health facilities is the most important key to improving inventory management practices and medicine availability.

The influence of hospital services on patient satisfaction in OPDs: evidence from the transition to a digital system in South Punjab, Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Pakistani's health services delivery system has been rarely evaluated regarding patient satisfaction. This study examined the performance of the Pakistani health system from the perspective of doctor services (DS), digital payment system (DPS), nurses' services (NS), laboratory services (LS), pharmacy services (PHS), registration services (RS), physical services (environmentally and tangible) and doctor-patient communication (DPC) about patient satisfaction. A random sampling technique was adopted for data collection. METHODOLOGY: The Social Science Statistical Package (SPSS), analysis of moment structures (AMOS), and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data for reliability, validity, correlations, and descriptive findings. The 879 responses were used for study analysis. RESULTS: The study revealed that patient satisfaction was found to be significantly affected positively by LS, PHS, DS, NS, and DPS, while DPC, RS, and PF were impacted non-significantly. Consequently, there is a considerable communication gap in the doctor-patient interaction, and Pakistan's healthcare system is confronted with a shortage of physical infrastructure and challenges in the digital system. CONCLUSION: Furthermore, the insufficient emphasis on registration services necessitates immediate action to improve the entire patient experience and satisfaction. Identifying these shortcomings has the potential to result in a healthcare system that is more efficient and focused on the needs of the patients.

Cultural competence and associated factors among nurses working in public hospitals of South Wollo zone, Northeast Ethiopia: a multi-center cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Enhancing cultural competence stands as a cornerstone in the realm of clinical nursing. Consequently, nurses engaging with culturally diverse communities encounter significant challenges. In Ethiopia, nurses providing care often prioritize physical well-being, the therapeutic journey, and medical interventions, while overlooking the critical cultural dimensions of patient care. Therefore, this study aims to assess the level of cultural competence and its determining factors among nurses employed in public hospitals located in the South Wollo Zone of northeastern Ethiopia. METHODS: A multicenter, institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 629 nurses employed in public hospitals across northeastern Ethiopia. Participants were selected using a simple random sampling method. Data were gathered using a structured, self-administered English version of the Nurse Cultural Competence Scale Questionnaire (NCCSQ), and subsequently entered into Epi-data 4.6 for analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, employing multiple linear regression analysis to identify determining factors. RESULT: The participants' overall mean score for cultural competence was 3.198 [95% CI: 3.161, 3.234]. Specifically, factors such as being a female nurse (ß = 0.089, CI: 0.019-0.159), having a diploma level of education (ß = -0.084, CI: -0.101 to -0.007), having 11-20 years of work experience (ß = 0.412, CI: 0.090-0.815), a 1:15 nurse-to-patient ratio (ß = 0.081, CI: 0.010-0.162), experience with caring for culturally and ethnically diverse patients (ß = 0.362, CI: 0.248-0.476), comprehensive hospital level (ß = 0.699, CI: 0.496-0.903), and attending cultural training (ß = 0.002, CI: 0.234-0.931) were predictors of the mean score for cultural competence. CONCLUSION: In this study, the level of cultural competence was found to be at a moderate level and need more effort. Factors such as gender, years of work experience, nurse-to-patient ratio, experience in caring for culturally and ethnically diverse patients, hospital level, educational attainment, attendance of cultural training, and the presence of a feedback system for cultural competence were identified as predictors of cultural competence level. Sharing experiences from higher-level hospitals to lower-level ones and strengthening cultural competence training sessions for nurses can significantly enhance cultural competence within clinical settings.

Nurse perceptions of practice environment, quality of care and patient safety across four hospital levels within the public health sector of South Africa.

Improving the practice environment, quality of care and patient safety are global health priorities. In South Africa, quality of care and patient safety are among the top goals of the National Department of Health; nevertheless, empirical data regarding the condition of the nursing practice environment, quality of care and patient safety in public hospitals is lacking.AimThis study examined nurses' perceptions of the practice environment, quality of care and patient safety across four hospital levels (central, tertiary, provincial and district) within the public health sector of South Africa.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional survey design. We used multi-phase sampling to recruit all categories of nursing staff from central (n = 408), tertiary (n = 254), provincial (n = 401) and district (n = 244 [large n = 81; medium n = 83 and small n = 80]) public hospitals in all nine provinces of South Africa. After ethical approval, a self-reported questionnaire with subscales on the practice environment, quality of care and patient safety was administered. Data was collected from April 2021 to June 2022, with a response rate of 43.1%. ANOVA type Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM) was used to present the differences in nurses' perceptions across four hospital levels.ResultsNurses rated the overall practice environment as poor (M = 2.46; SD = 0.65), especially with regard to the subscales of nurse participation in hospital affairs (M = 2.22; SD = 0.76), staffing and resource adequacy (M = 2.23; SD = 0.80), and nurse leadership, management, and support of nurses (M = 2.39; SD = 0.81). One-fifth (19.59%; n = 248) of nurses rated the overall grade of patient safety in their units as poor or failing, and more than one third (38.45%; n = 486) reported that the quality of care delivered to patient was fair or poor. Statistical and practical significant results indicated that central hospitals most often presented more positive perceptions of the practice environment, quality of care and patient safety, while small district hospitals often presented the most negative. The practice environment was most highly correlated with quality of care and patient safety outcomes.ConclusionThere is a need to strengthen compliance with existing policies that enhance quality of care and patient safety. This includes the need to create positive practice environments in all public hospitals, but with an increased focus on smaller hospital settings.

Professional burnout among expert physicians, patient-focused care, and trust in top management: Moving forward.

INTRODUCTION: Professional burnout in physicians is perceived as an inevitable occupational hazard inhibiting patient-focused care, the preferred approach of care, which enhances satisfaction of physicians with their work and improves clinical outcomes. Burnout jeopardizes the physical, mental, and emotional health of physicians, inhibiting high-quality care. Most individual-driven interventions and job-level interventions to reduce burnout proved inefficient or reduced burnout for only a short term. The potential of organizational processes to reduce burnout was acknowledged but is yet to be empirically tested. Drawing on social exchange theory, this study investigates the role of an organizational phenomenon, organizational trust among physicians in top management, on burnout. METHODS: Data were collected across specialties in 10 out of 20 Israeli public general hospitals. The sample comprised 798 senior expert physicians. Measures were all previously published. Structural equation modeling was performed. RESULTS: Response rates ranged from 17% to 77% across the 10 hospitals. Mean burnout was 4.7 (SD = 0.68), mean patient-focused care was 3.9 (SD = 0.79), and mean organizational trust was 3.7 (SD = 0.84). Mean burnout for women was 5.6 and for physicians from internal medicine was 5.5. The structural equation modeling supported the proposed study model, which explained 45% of burnout. Organizational trust reduced burnout by 14%. DISCUSSION: Efforts to reduce burnout should integrate effective individual-level and job-level interventions with building trust among physicians in top management through implementing the paramount professional value of patient-focused care. CONCLUSIONS: Perceiving management, among physicians, as facilitating the value of patient-focused care led to organizational trust in top management, which was negatively associated with burnout.

[Influence of telemedicine on the operation of public hospitals in China].

OBJECTIVE: Telemedicine, as an information-based tool, is widely recognized as an effective solution for compensating for the imbalanced allocation of medical resources in China. This study specifi-cally aimed to analyze the impact of telemedicine functions on the operational efficiency of public hospitals, with a particular focus on their heterogeneous effects on hospitals of different levels. METHODS: A cross-sectional research design was used based on the 2022 Health Informatization Statistical Survey data, and 8 944 public hospitals were used as research objects to analyze the impact of telemedicine on hospital revenues and business capacity. Multivariate linear model, propensity score matching (PSM), and grouped regression methods were employed to evaluate the impact of telemedicine on hospital revenues, number of consultations, and the number of discharges. RESULTS: The descriptive results showed that telemedicine was available in 35.51% of public hospitals. The analysis also demonstrated that various factors, such as hospital level, academic category, area of the hospital, administrational level and number of beds all had a significant influence on the operation of the hospital. Moreover, the regression results showed that opening telemedicine could increase hospital revenues by 0.140 (P < 0.01), hospital consultations by 0.136 (P < 0.01), and the number of discharges by 0.316 (P < 0.01). After correcting for endogeneity using the propensity score matching, the results showed that the effect of opening telemedicine on hospital revenues, consultations, and the number of discharges was 0.191 (P < 0.01), 0.216 (P < 0.01), and 0.353 (P < 0.01), respectively. Further heterogeneity analysis was conducted to explore the differential effects of telemedicine on hospitals of different levels. Grouped regression showed that telemedicine had a positive impact on the income of secondary hospitals, with a coefficient of 0.088 (P < 0.05), and it had a more significant positive impact on hospital consultations in secondary hospitals, with a coefficient of 0.127 (P < 0.01). An even greater impact on the number of discharges in primary hospitals, with a coefficient of 1.203 (P < 0.01). Telemedicine, on the other hand, did not have a significant positive impact on the overall revenue and operational capacity of tertiary hospitals. CONCLUSION: Telemedicine had a significant promoting effect on hospital revenues, hospital consultations and the number of discharges, and this effect was differentiated between hospitals of different levels. Through the construction of telemedicine, primary hospitals were able to significantly improve their business capacity and revenue, which played a positive role in improving the operation of primary public hospitals.

Association between Presenteeism, Associated Factors, and Outcomes among Intern Physicians in Public Hospitals during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background and Objectives: Presenteeism, when employees continue to work despite being sick, may have increased among intern physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the necessity of performing unfamiliar tasks. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of presenteeism among intern physicians (IPs) in Thailand, its associated factors, and outcomes. Material and Methods: A total of 254 IPs participated in this cross-sectional study conducted from June to July 2022. Participants completed a nationwide online questionnaire including demographics, financial status, underlying diseases, hospital location and affiliation, department, resource problems, manpower shortage, workload intensity, presenteeism, and its outcomes. IPs were recruited via various social media platforms. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariable zero-inflated Poisson regression and multivariable linear regression. Results: The average age of IPs was 25.5 years (SD 1.9), and 57.5% were female. The majority of IPs reported dealing with resource problems (74.8%), insufficient manpower (94.9%), and intense workload (83.5%). Presenteeism was prevalent among 63.8% of IPs, with the most common of the diseases being allergic rhinitis (31.3%). IPs with underlying diseases had an increased rate of presenteeism (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33-4.55). IPs working in community hospitals during their rotations exhibited a lower rate of presenteeism (aOR 0.39, 95% CI 0.16-0.94) compared to other departments within general or regional hospitals. The IPs frequently exposed to insufficient manpower had an increased rate of presenteeism (aOR 4.35, 95% CI 1.02-20.00) compared to those not exposed. Additionally, IPs with presenteeism had more exhaustion (ß 1.40, 95% CI 0.33 to 2.46), lower perceived well-being (ß -0.65, 95% CI -1.26 to -0.03), and job satisfaction (ß -0.33, 95% CI -0.63 to -0.03). Conclusions: During COVID-19, intern physicians in Thailand often exhibit presenteeism due to physical conditions, resource scarcity, and personnel shortages, impacting exhaustion, well-being, and job satisfaction. Recommendations include assessing healthcare workforces, allocating resources more effectively, enforcing policies to promote responsible use of sick leave, and implementing sick leave systems.

Healthcare reform and productivity of Hospital: a DEA-based analysis from South West of Iran.

BACKGROUND: Different healthcare reforms could affect the productivity of hospitals. The aim of this study was to track hospital productivity before and after the recent Iranian healthcare reform in Khuzestan province, South West of Iran. METHODS: Hospital productivity was evaluated through data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist productivity index (MPI) from 2011 to 2015 for 17 Iranian public hospitals before and after the health sector transformation plan. We assumed an output-oriented model with variable returns to scale (VRS) to estimate the productivity and efficiency of each hospital. The DEAP V.2.1 software was used for data analysis. RESULTS: After the transformation plan, the averages of technical efficiency, managerial efficiency and scale efficiency in the studied hospitals had negative changes, but technology efficiency had positive changes.44.4% of general hospitals, 25% of multi-specialized hospitals, and 100% of specialized hospitals had positive productivity changes after implementing the health sector evolution plan. The Malmquist productivity index (MPI) had low positive changes from 2013 to 2016 (MPI = 0.13 out of 1) but the mean productivity score had no change after the health sector evolution plan. CONCLUSIONS: The total productivity before and after the health sector evolution plan had no change in Khuzestan province. This and the increase in the utilization of impatient services seemed to be a sign of good performance. But apart from technology efficiency, other efficiency indices had negative changes. It is suggested that in health reforms in Iran, more attention should be paid to the allocation of resources in the hospital.

Determinants of puerperal sepsis among post-partum mothers in Mekelle city public hospitals, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2021: a case control study.

BACKGROUND: Puerperal sepsis is among the leading causes of preventable maternal death not only in developing countries but also in developed countries which is usually reported as the third or fourth common direct cause of maternal death. Although the prevalence of puerperal sepsis is low, it is the significant cause of maternal mortality, morbidities and other long-term complications like secondary infertility. The aim of this study was to assess the determinants of puerperal sepsis among post-partum mothers at Mekelle city public hospitals. METHOD: Institution based unmatched case control study was conducted among 444 total sample size (111 cases and 333 controls) in Mekelle city public hospitals from March 21, 2021 to April 20, 2021. Consecutive sampling for the cases and systematic sampling for the controls was used. Pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect data and the data was entered into Epi data version 4.1 then cleaned, coded and edited and exported to SPSS version 23 statistical software for analysis. Logistic regression was done and variables with a P-value of < 0.25 on Binary logistic regression were taken to multiple logistic regression analysis. At 95% confidence interval, a P-value of < 0.05 was used as cut-off point to declare the association with the dependent variable. RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that rural residence (AOR: 3, 95% CI: 1.50-5.90), no ANC follow up (AOR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.08-6.71), duration of rupture of membrane > 24 h (AOR: 4.1, 95% CI: 1.60-10.58), duration of labor > 24 h (AOR: 4.3, 95% CI: 1.86-9.92), number of vaginal examination > = 5 (AOR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.26-6.26), cesarean section mode of delivery (AOR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.48-5.20) and no PNC follow up (AOR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.60-9.36) were the determinant factors of puerperal sepsis in this study. CONCLUSION: The determinants of puerperal sepsis in this study were rural residence, not having antenatal care, prolonged duration of rupture of membrane, prolonged duration of labor, frequent number of vaginal examination, cesarean section and not having postnatal care. It is recommended that strengthening provision of health education on danger signs of pregnancy, parthograph utilization and avoiding of frequent vaginal examinations.

Long-term trend of antibiotic use at public health care institutions in northwest China, 2012-20 -- a case study of Gansu Province.

BACKGROUND: Over the past 20 years, excessive antibiotic use has led to serious antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide, and the phenomenon is particularly serious in China. To this end, the Chinese health sector took a series of measures to promote rational antibiotic use. In this study, to reveal the impact of policies on antibiotic use, we explored the long-term trend and patterns of antibiotic use at public health care institutions from 2012 to 2020 in northwest China, taking Gansu Province as an example. METHODS: Antibiotic procurement data were obtained from the provincial centralized bidding procurement (CBP) platform between 2012 and 2020. Antibiotic use was quantified using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC)/defined daily doses (DDD) methodology and standardized using the DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID). Twelve relevant quality indicators were calculated for comparison with the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) project monitoring results. RESULTS: Total antibiotic use increased from 18.75 DID to 57.07 DID and then decreased to 19.11 DID, a turning point in 2014. The top three antibiotics used were J01C (beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins), J01F (macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins), and J01D (other beta-lactam antibacterials, cephalosporins), accounting for 45.15%, 31.40%, and 11.99% respectively. The oral antibiotics used were approximately 2.5 times the parenteral antibiotics, accounting for 71.81% and 28.19%, respectively. Different use preferences were shown in public hospitals and primary health care centres (PHCs), and the latter accounted for more than half of total use. The absolute use of all classes of antibiotics in Gansu is almost higher than any of the 31 European countries included in the ESAC, but the relative use of some focused antibiotics is lower than theirs. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention policies of the health department reduced antibiotic use in Gansu Province, but the proportion of broad-spectrum and parenteral antibiotics was still high. It is necessary to further improve the quality of antibiotic prescriptions and pay more attention to the rationality of antibiotic use in PHCs.

Organizational commitment and associated factors among health professionals working in public hospitals of southwestern Oromia, Ethiopia.

INTRODUCTION: Organizational commitment refers to the extent to which employees identify with and are involved with a given organization. It is an important variable for healthcare organizations to consider since it acts as a predictor of job satisfaction, organizational efficiency and effectiveness, health professionals' absenteeism, and turnover. However, there is a knowledge gap in the health sector about workplace factors that are associated with healthcare provider commitment to their organization. Thus, this study aimed to assess organizational commitment and associated factors among health professionals working in public hospitals in the southwestern Oromia region, Ethiopia. METHODS: A facility-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from March 30 to April 30, 2021. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select 545 health professionals from public health facilities. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. simple and multiple linear regression analyses were employed to assess the association between organizational commitment and explanatory variables after checking the assumptions of factor analysis and linear regression. The statistical significance was declared at a p-value of < 0.05 and Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI). RESULTS: Health professionals' organizational commitment percentage mean score was 48.8% (95% CI: 47.39, 50.24). A higher level of organizational commitment was associated to satisfaction with recognition, work climate, supervisor support, and workload. Besides, good practice of transformational and transactional leadership styles and employee empowerment are significantly associated with high organizational commitment. CONCLUSION: The overall level of organizational commitment is a bit low. To improve the organizational commitment of health professionals, hospital managers, and healthcare policy-makers need to develop and institutionalize evidence-based satisfaction strategies, practice good leadership styles and empower healthcare providers on the job.

Perceived quality of medical services at outpatient department of public hospitals in Dawro Zone, Southern Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Quality of care is fundamental to universal health coverage. Perceived quality of medical services is one of the most determining factors of modern health care service utilization. Between 5.7 and 8.4 million deaths are attributed to poor-quality care each year in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and up to 15% of overall deaths are due to poor quality. For instance, in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), public health facilities lack basic facilities such as a physical environment. Hence, this study aims to assess the perceived quality of medical services and associated factors at outpatient departments of public hospitals in the Dawro zone, Southern Ethiopia. METHODS: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted on the quality of care among outpatient department attendants of Dawro zone public hospitals from May 23 to June 28, 2021. A total of 420 study participants were included via a convenient sampling technique. An exit interview was used to collect data using a pretested and structured questionnaire. Then it was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25. Both bivariable and multivariable linear regressions were carried out. Significant predictors were reported at p < 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. RESULT: with a 100% response rate. The overall perceived quality was 51.15%. Fifty-six percent of study participants rated perceived quality as poor, 9% as average, and 35% of participants rated it as good perceived quality. The highest mean perception result was related to the tangibility (3.17) domain. Waiting time less than one hour (ß = 0.729, p < 0.001), availability of prescribed drugs (ß = 0.185, p < 0.003), having information on diagnoses (illness) (ß = 0.114, p < 0.047), and privacy maintained (ß = 0.529, p < 0.001) were found to be predictors of perceived good quality of care. CONCLUSION: A majority of the study participants rated the perceived quality as poor. Waiting time, availability of prescribed drugs, information on diagnoses (illness), and provision of service with privacy were found to be predictors of client-perceived quality. Tangibility is the predominant and most important domain of client-perceived quality. The regional health bureau and zonal health department should understand the issue and work with hospitals to improve outpatient service quality by providing necessary medication, reducing wait times, and designing job training for health care providers.

Slack resources and individual performance of clinicians: the mediating role of job satisfaction and empirical evidence from public hospitals in Beijing, China.

BACKGROUND: Clinicians in Chinese public hospitals face a complex and severe clinical practice environment, and the individual performance of clinicians is key to improving the output of the healthcare industry. This study aims to explore the mechanism of slack resources in improving individual performance of clinicians and the role of job satisfaction in this process, while the study framework is based on the widely applied Job-Demands Resources theory. METHODS: Based on the study framework composed of slack resources, individual performance, and job satisfaction, hypotheses have been put forward, and questionnaires have been distributed to representative clinicians in tertiary public hospitals. Finally, 318 valid data collected from clinicians have been obtained. To verify the hypotheses, multiple linear regression models have been established to explore the relationship between variables, and the three-stage regression models have been used to verify the presence of mediating role. RESULTS: All four hypotheses proposed in this study have been proved to be held. Clinicians' job satisfaction has played a mediating role in the impact of slack resources and its three dimensions on individual performance. Among them, there has been a complete mediating role for staff slack, while time and space dimensions have played a partial mediating role in the impact of slack resources on individual performance. CONCLUSIONS: In public hospitals in environments where behavior is subject to significant government interference, it is necessary and feasible to retain appropriate slack resources to improve individual performance. From the perspective of resources management in hospitals, it is necessary for public hospitals to implement a strategy of reserving an appropriate portion of time, staff and space in order to have the conditions to improve clinicians' satisfaction. The existence of slack resources in public hospitals can improve the job satisfaction of clinicians, and then improve the individual performance through the process.

Assessing resource allocation based on workload: a data envelopment analysis study on clinical departments in a class a tertiary public hospital in China.

OBJECTIVE: Today, the development mode of public hospitals in China is turning from expansion to efficiency, and the management mode is turning from extensive to refined. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of clinical departments in a Chinese class A tertiary public hospital (Hospital M) to analyze the allocation of hospital resources among these departments providing a reference for the hospital management. METHODS: The hospitalization data of inpatients from 32 clinical departments of Hospital M in 2021 are extracted from the hospital information system (HIS), and a dataset containing 38,147 inpatients is got using stratified sampling. Considering the non-homogeneity of clinical departments, the 38,147 patients are clustered using the K-means algorithm based on workload-related data labels including inpatient days, intensive care workload index, nursing workload index, and operation workload index, so that the medical resource consumption of inpatients from non-homogeneous clinical departments can be transformed into the homogeneous workload of medical staff. Taking the numbers of doctors, nurses, and beds as input indicators, and the numbers of inpatients assigned to certain clusters as output indicators, an input-oriented BCC model is built named the workload-based DEA model. Meanwhile, a control DEA model with the number of inpatients and medical revenue as output indicators is built, and the outputs of the two models are compared and analyzed. RESULTS: Clustering of 38,147 patients into 3 categories is of better interpretability. 14 departments reach DEA efficient in the workload-based DEA model, 10 reach DEA efficient in the control DEA model, and 8 reach DEA efficient in both models. The workload-based DEA model gives a relatively rational judge on the increase of income brought by scale expansion, and evaluates some special departments like Critical Care Medicine Dept., Geriatrics Dept. and Rehabilitation Medicine Dept. more properly, which better adapts to the functional orientation of public hospitals in China. CONCLUSION: The design of evaluating the efficiency of non-homogeneous clinical departments with the workload as output proposed in this study is feasible, and provides a new idea to quantify professional medical human resources, which is of practical significance for public hospitals to optimize the layout of resources, to provide real-time guidance on manpower grouping strategies, and to estimate the expected output reasonably.

Assessment of magnitude and associated factors of attitude towards time management among health professionals working in public hospitals of Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Good attitude towards to time management is the backbone to bring a change at individual and organizational levels in different sectors across the globe. But it has been ignored by different institutions, particularly in low and middle-income countries including Ethiopia. However, this can be alleviated if there are punctual, committed, and accessible health professionals that could translate the national aspirations and the desire of the community into reality. This study aims to determine the magnitude and associated factors of attitude towards time management among health professionals working in public hospitals of Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia, METHODS: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 24 -April 24, 2021 among 409 health professionals using a stratified sampling technique, Frequency and percentage were used to describe the study population. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors. A p-value of < 0.05 with 95% CI were used to declare statistically significant associations. RESULTS: The overall good time management attitude among sample was 67%(95%CI:66.77-67.22%). Satisfaction with organizational policy and strategy (AOR: 2.69, 95%CI: 1.42-5.09), satisfaction with supervisor support (AOR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.19-3.77), and managers' good attitude towards time management (AOR: 2.00, 95%CI: 1.23-3.25) were significantly associated with good attitude towards time management among health professionals. CONCLUSION: The attitude towards time management in public hospitals of Dessie City was low. Satisfaction with organizational policies and strategies, satisfaction with supervisor support, and managers' good attitude towards time management were delineated factors. This low attitude towards time management could affect the practice and it compromise the health service coverage and quality unless timely and appropriate interventions should be taken. Strengthening strategies aimed at maximizing job satisfaction and emphasizing an attitude towards time might have a substantial contribution.

Patient safety culture and associated factors among nurses working at public hospitals in Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Patient safety culture is the prevention of errors and adverse effects to patients associated with health care delivery. It is a vital component in the provision of quality care. In healthcare settings where there is a safety culture, the people (providers, staff, administrators, and patients/families) are engaged, encouraged, and supported to make care safer. Though it is an essential component in the provision of quality care, little is known about its level, contributory, and hindering factors from the nurses' perspectives. This study aimed to assess patient safety culture and associated factors among nurses working at public Hospitals in Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. METHODS: This institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 398 nurses working at public hospitals in Gamo Zone. Data were collected by pretested, well-structured self-administered questionnaire from June 1 to 30, 2022. The collected data were checked, coded, and entered into Epi-data version 4.6.0.2 and were exported to SPSS version 25 for analyses. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was done to identify independent factors associated with patients' safety culture. RESULTS: This study revealed that 202(50.8%), 95% CI: (46%-56%) of the participants had indicated good patient safety culture. From factors analysis, having an educational status of a bachelor's degree and above [AOR = 2.26, 95%CI: (1.13-4.52)], working in a surgical ward [AOR = 5.48, 95%CI: (1.96-15.34)], not being blamed when medical errors happened [AOR = 3.60, 95%CI: (1.82 - 7.14)], and working 40 up to 49 h per week [AOR = 0.30, 95%CI: (0.13 - 0.74)] were identified to be significantly associated with good patient safety culture. CONCLUSION: Based on the study findings, it could be observed that good patient safety culture was indicated only by half of the study participants. Implementing actions that support dimensions of patient safety culture, and creating opportunities for continuous educational advancement is recommended. Moreover, Hospital administrators, nurses' directors, and healthcare policy-makers should work in collaboration to improve the patient safety culture, and also it would be better to create a blame-free environment to promote event reporting practices.