Co-recovery of physical size and cognitive ability from infancy to adolescence: A twin study.

This study tested phenotypic and biometric associations between physical and cognitive catch-up growth in a community sample of twins (n = 1285, 51.8% female, 89.3% White). Height and weight were measured at up to 17 time points between birth and 15 years, and cognitive ability was assessed at up to 16 time points between 3 months and 15 years. Weight and length at birth were positively associated with cognitive abilities in infancy and adolescence (r's = .16-.51). More rapid weight catch-up growth was associated with slower, steadier cognitive catch-up growth. Shared and nonshared environmental factors accounted for positive associations between physical size at birth and cognitive outcomes. Findings highlight the role of prenatal environmental experiences in physical and cognitive co-development.

Evaluation of Foot Structure in Preschool Children Based on Body Mass.

BACKGROUND The human foot has a complex structure and the ligamentous and muscular apparatus undergoes transformation and adaptation during its ontogenetic development. Excessive body mass may be one of the factors disrupting proper foot formation. This study aimed to assess the foot structure in preschool children in relation to body mass. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 105 children aged 6.27±0.60 years were examined. Height, weight, and segmental body composition were determined using the Tanita MC-780 body composition analyzer. The foot structure was assessed using the Kasperczyk method, supplemented with digital analysis using the Podoscan 2D camera. The Weisflog index and gamma angle for feet were calculated. Children were divided into 2 groups: children in Group I did not have foot deformities and those in Group II had foot deformities. RESULTS No correlation was observed between body mass and the occurrence of anomalies in foot structure. A correlation was noted between the Weisflog index for the right foot and height in both groups. The Weisflog index for both feet was correlated with BMI, with higher values obtained for the left foot in both groups. In Group II, a correlation was observed between the gamma angle value for the left foot and the predicted muscle mass for the right lower limb, as well as between the same foot and the predicted muscle mass for the left lower limb. CONCLUSIONS No correlation was observed between high BMI and the occurrence of anomalies in foot structure. A relationship was identified between muscle mass and foot structure.

Association between standing height and physical disability among U.S. adults aged 60 years and older: findings from NHANES 2015-2018.

BACKGROUND: Physical disability is an important cause of affecting the quality of life in the elderly. The association between standing height and physical disability is less studied. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible link between standing height and physical disability among U.S. adults aged 60 years and older. METHODS: The cross-sectional data were obtained from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2018. Physical disability was assessed by six questions: "Have serious difficulty hearing (SDH)?", "Have serious difficulty seeing (SDS)?", "Have serious difficulty concentrating (SDC)?", "Have serious difficulty walking (SDW)?", "Have difficulty dressing or bathing (DDB)?" and "Have difficulty doing errands alone (DDEA)?". Responses to these questions were "yes" or "no". Answer yes to one of the above six questions was identified as physical disability. Standing height (cm) was measured with an altimeter. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to examine the possible link between standing height and physical disability after adjustment for all covariates. RESULTS: A total of 2624 participants aged ≥ 60 years were included in our study, including 1279 (48.7%) females and 1345 (51.3%) males. The mean age of participants was 69.41 ± 6.82 years. After adjusting for all potential confounders, the inverse relationship between standing height and all physical disability (APD) was statistically significant (OR = 0.976, 95%CI:0.957-0.995). In addition, among six types of physical disability (SDH, SDS, SDC, SDW, DDB, DDEA), standing height was also a protective factor for SDW (OR = 0.961, 95%CI:0.939-0.983) and DDEA (OR = 0.944, 95%CI:0.915-0.975) in the full-adjusted model. CONCLUSION: The cross-sectional population based study demonstrates that standing height is a protective factor for physical disability among U.S. adults aged 60 years and older.

The relationships between optimal infant feeding practices and child development and attained height at age 2 years and 6-7 years.

Limited evidence exists on the long-term effects of early feeding practices on child growth and development. We examined the relationships between infant feeding practices and child height and development at ages 2 and 6-7 years. We studied 885 mother-child dyads from a randomized controlled trial of preconception supplementation in Vietnam. Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF), exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), breastfeeding (BF) duration and minimum dietary diversity (MDD) were assessed using World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Child development was assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III at 2 years and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children® - IV at 6-7 years. Child height-for-age z-score (HAZ) was calculated from child height and age. Multivariable regression and structural equation models were used in analyses that controlled for confounding. EIBF and EBF at 6 months occurred in 52% and 62% of children, respectively. Mean breastfeeding duration was 18 months and 83% achieved MDD at 1 year. EIBF was associated with motor (ß = 0.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.00, 0.28) and cognitive development at 2 years (ß = 0.12, 95% CI: -0.01, 0.26), which in turn were positively associated with cognitive development at 6-7 years. EBF was directly associated with development at 6-7 years (ß = 0.21, 95% CI:0.08, 0.34) whereas motor and cognitive development at 2 years explained 41%-75% of the relationship between EIBF and development at 6-7 years. HAZ at 2 years also mediated 70% of the association between MDD at 1 year and HAZ at 6-7 years. BF duration was not associated with child development and HAZ. Early infant feeding practices, especially EIBF and EBF, have important long-term implications for optimizing child linear growth and cognition as they begin school.

Normative Standards for Isokinetic and Anthropometric Classifications of University-Level Netball Players.

CONTEXT: The purpose of the study was to develop normative ranges and standards for knee and shoulder isokinetic and anthropometric values. These standards can be qualitatively interpreted and allow practitioners to classify isokinetic and anthropometric values more objectively for university-level netball players. DESIGN: Posttest only observational study design. All players were only evaluated once during the in-season to generate normative ranges. METHODS: A total of 51 female players volunteered. Participants were evaluated on an isokinetic dynamometer at 60° per second to obtain knee-extensor and knee-flexor values as well as shoulder-flexor and shoulder-extensor values. A total of 16 anthropometric variables were collected including stature, body mass, 8 skinfolds, and 6 circumferences. Between-group differences were calculated to determine whether playing level was a differentiating factor in data. RESULTS: Normative standards were developed for isokinetic parameters associated with the knee and shoulder joints as well as skinfolds and circumference measures. No statistically significant between-group differences were evident (χ2Kruskal-Wallis[2] = 3.96, P = .140). CONCLUSION: These standards can be used by coaches and practitioners to set attainable goals for individual players or those from secondary leagues, classify individual and team-based performances, and facilitate decision-making processes.

Treatment of Central Precocious Puberty with a Focus on Girls.

The age of thelarche has declined in the past few decades but not the age of menarche. This is important when assessing girls who present with breast development between 6 and 8 years because not all of them will need treatment. The decision for treatment depends on age, bone age (BA), rate of pubertal progression, height velocity, psychosocial factors, and predicted adult height (PAH), with the caveat that height predictions are not precise and BA interpretation is variable.

Head circumference at birth and postnatal growth trajectory in vulnerable groups from Argentina.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between the anthropometric status at birth and brain and bone growth during the first year of life. According to the brain-sparing hypothesis, we expect catch-up to be faster in head circumference (HC) than in body length. METHODS: This is a longitudinal design that included Argentinian infants under 12 months of age with at least three anthropometric records. We classified study participants into four growth status categories according to z-scores for HC (HCZ) and length (LAZ) at birth, with z-score = -2 as a threshold. We used the Count model to describe growth trajectories in HC and length in the first year of life according to the growth status at birth. Recovery indicator for HC and length was taken as the time until the predicted growth trajectory surpassed the threshold curve predicted by z-score = -2 for age. RESULTS: Growth models included 3399 infants. There were significant differences in the growth parameters between groups in all cases (p < 0.05). Within the group with a low HCZ and a low LAZ at birth, HC recovery was faster than length. In the case of a low z-score for only one of the variables, newborns with a low HCZ recovered faster than individuals born with a low LAZ. CONCLUSIONS: The postnatal growth pattern in HC and length is associated with the growth status of HC and length at birth. As we hypothesized, the fastest postnatal recovery occurs for HC in cases of intrauterine delayed growth.

Anthropometric Growth Reference for Indian Children and Adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop anthropometric growth references for Indian children and adolescents, based on available 'healthy' child data from multiple national surveys. METHODOLOGY: Data on 'healthy' children, defined by comparable WHO's Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) selection criteria, were extracted from four Indian surveys over the last 2 decades, viz, NFHS-3, 4, and 5 and Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS). Reference distributions of height-for-age for children up to 19 years, weight-for-age for children up to 9y, weight-for-height for children less than 5 years and BMI for age for children between 5-19 y were estimated by GAMLSS with Box-Cox Power Exponential (BCPE) family. The national prevalence of growth faltering was also estimated by the NFHS-5 and CNNS data. RESULTS: The distributions of the new proposed Indian growth references are consistently lower than the WHO global standard, except in the first 6 months of age. Based on these references, growth faltering in Indian children and adolescents reduced > 50% in comparison with the WHO standard. CONCLUSION: The study findings revealed that the WHO one-standard-fits-all approach may lead to inflated estimates of under nutrition in India and could be a driver of misdirected policy and public health expenditure in the Indian context. However, these findings need validation through prospective and focussed studies for more robust evidence base.

Effect of the 'Pilates stance' and Pilates-based matwork training on measurements of height, waist circumference, and interscapular distance.

BACKGROUND: Standardised guidelines for stance are used to improve interobserver reliability in anthropometric measurements in clinical practice. A key feature of the stance in Pilates is the 'drawing in and up' of the abdomen. The aim of this study was to study the impact of the Pilates stance on height, waist circumference and interscapular distance, compared to that recommended in clinical practice. METHODS: 48 healthy females (median age 60 years) were assessed before and after 10-week Pilates-based matwork training. One Pilates expert and one novice took independent measurements of weight, height, waist circumference and interscapular distance (ISD). RESULTS: Pilates stance, compared to Normal, increased height by up to 2.7 cm and decreased waist up to 5.2 cm (each P < 0.001, repeated measures ANOVA). ISD decreased up to 14 mm (P < 0.001) and this decrease was greater after training (P < 0.001). After controlling for age and length of time learning Pilates, greater baseline ISD predicted a greater change in ISD after the intervention. Effect of Pilates stance was greater when the expert took the measurements (each P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Activation of trunk muscles in the Pilates stance increases height and decreases waist circumference, compared to the stance recommended in UK healthcare settings. A decrease in ISD was observed, which was greater after a Pilates-based matwork programme. There are significant inter-observer differences, therefore current clinical guidelines for stance are recommended for repeated anthropometry. The value of the Pilates stance in improving posture and the role of ISD as a marker, should be further studied in various contexts, including clinical settings.

Association between underweight, serum albumin levels, and height loss in the Japanese male population: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Previous study has shown that height loss (defined as the highest quartile of height loss per year) was inversely associated with serum albumin levels. Furthermore, comparatively healthy hyponutrition has been linked with being underweight; as such, underweight might be inversely associated with serum albumin levels and positively associated with height loss. METHODS: To clarify the associations between serum albumin level, underweight status, and height loss, we conducted a retrospective study of 8,096 men over 4.0 years (median). RESULTS: Serum albumin level at baseline was inversely associated with being underweight (body mass index [BMI]: < 18.5 kg/m2) at baseline and height loss. The known cardiovascular risk factor adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of underweight at baseline and of height loss for 1 standard deviation increment of serum albumin (0.28 g/dL) was 0.79 (0.70, 0.90) and 0.84 (0.80, 0.88). Underweight was also shown to be positively associated with height loss: with the reference of normal-low weight (BMI: 18.5-22.9 kg/m2), the adjusted OR (95% CI) was 1.60 (1.21, 2.10). CONCLUSION: Comparative healthy hyponutrition, which is related to low serum albumin levels and being underweight, is a significant risk factor for height loss among Japanese men. These results help to clarify the mechanisms underlying height loss.

Brazilian growth charts for Williams-Beuren Syndrome at ages 2 to 18 years.

OBJECTIVE: To develop growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and body mass index (BMI)-for-age for both genders aged 2 to 18 years for Brazilian patients with Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS). METHODS: This is a multicenter, retrospective, and longitudinal study, data were collected from the medical records of boys and girls with a confirmed diagnosis of WBS in three large university centers in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Growth charts stratified by gender and age in years were developed using LMSchartmaker Pro software. The LMS (Lambda Mu Sigma) method was used to model the charts . The quality of the settings was checked by worm plots. RESULTS: The first Brazilian growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age stratified by gender were constructed for WBS patients aged 2 to 18 years. CONCLUSION: The growth charts developed in this study can help to guide family members and to improve the health care offered by health professionals.

Dissecting the complex sex-based associations of myopia with height and weight.

OBJECTIVES: To assess height and weight as possible sex-specific risk factors for bilateral myopia among young adults. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study including 101,438 pre-enlisted young adult males and females, aged 17.4 ± 0.6 and 17.3 ± 0.5 years, respectively, and born during 1971-1994. Categories of BMI (body mass index) were defined according to sex-related percentiles for 17-year-olds following U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts, and subjects were divided into five height and weight categories according to sex-adjusted percentiles. Data included best-corrected visual acuity, diverse socio-demographic variables, anthropometric indices, and refractive errors, namely bilateral myopes and emmetropes. RESULTS: The prevalence of bilateral myopia in males and females was 19.1% and 26.0%, respectively. Bilateral myopia displayed a J-shaped associated with BMI, achieving statistical significance only among males (p < 0.0001). Weight displayed a U-shaped association with bilateral myopia among both young males (p < 0.0001) and females (p < 0.005). A higher prevalence of bilateral myopia was observed only among males of the lower height category (p < 0.0001), even when controlling for BMI (from normal to obesity). In a multivariable regression model, obesity was associated with higher prevalence of bilateral myopia (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.07-1.38, p = 0.002), only among males. There were no interactions of BMI with height or weight. Bilateral myopia was also associated with prehypertension among males (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04-1.15, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A higher risk for bilateral myopia was associated with either BMI solely or height and weight, as well as pre-hypertension, in males. The possible association with low height requires further research.

Postnatal Growth at 64 Weeks Postmenstrual Age in Preterm Infants Delivered at ≤ 34 Weeks' Gestation: A Single Center Study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the postnatal growth at 64 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) in preterm neonates born at ≤ 34 weeks gestational age. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between August, 2019 and November, 2021, wherein, we took anthropometric measurements of neonates (delivered at ≤ 34 weeks' gestation) at 64 (± 2) weeks PMA. The rapidity of postnatal growth was categorized according to change in the z-score of anthropometric measures, viz, weight-for-age, length-for-age and head circumference-for-age, between birth and 64 weeks PMA. For each of the growth parameters, growth rate was categorized according to the change in z-score (z-score at 64 weeks PMA minus z-score at birth) as slow (< -0.67), acceptable (-0.67 to < 0.67), and rapid (≥ 0.67). RESULTS: Out of the 156 preterm neonates evaluated, weight gain was slow, acceptable and rapid in 95 (60.8%), 45 (28.9%), and 16 (10.3%), respectively. Length gain was slow, acceptable, and rapid in 87 (55.7%), 49 (31.4%), and 20 (12.9%) infants, respectively. Head circumference gain was slow, acceptable and rapid in 103 (66.5%), 42 (26.5%), and 11 (7.0%) infants, respectively. The risk [aOR (95% CI)] for slow weight gain increased with early initiation of complementary feeding [8.0 (3.5, 18.0)] and decreased with a longer duration of EBF [0.4 (0.2, 0.6), P < 0.001]. The risk for rapid weight gain also decreased with the longer duration of EBF [0.27 (0.1, 0.5), P < 0.001]. Gestational age < 32 weeks ,weight for gestation at birth, and re-hospitalization following discharge were the other key factors influencing the growth rate. CONCLUSION: Among babies born preterm (≤ 34 weeks), more than half had slow gain in weight, length and head circumference. EBF till 6 months corrected age was protective against slow and rapid weight gain.

Association between breastfeeding and overweight/obesity in schoolchildren aged 7-14 years / Associação entre aleitamento materno e sobrepeso/obesidade em escolares de 7-14 anos

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of breastfeeding (BF) and the association between occurrence/duration of BF and overweight/obesity in schoolchildren aged 7-14 years. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2012-2013, on schoolchildren aged 7-14 years from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Weight and height were measured according to procedures of the World Health Organization. Breastfeeding and sociodemographic data were obtained from a questionnaire responded by parents/guardians. BF was categorized as a dichotomous variable (yes/no) and according to duration (months). Nutritional status was evaluated according to the Z score of the body mass index per age for sex and it was categorized into two groups: normal weight (<Z score+1) and overweight/obesity (≥Z score+1). The adjusted analysis was performed by logistic regression in two age strata (age groups of 7-10 and 11-14 years). Results: 6.6% of schoolchildren had never breastfed; 16.8% had been breastfed for ≤3 months; 16.7%, for 4-6 months; and 59.9%, for ≥7 months. No statistically significant differences were found in the occurrence and duration of BF between the age groups. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 34.2%. For age groups (7-10 and 11-14 years), the prevalence of overweight/obesity was 36.7% and 29.8%, respectively. Chance of overweight/obesity for the age group of 7-10 years was lower among schoolchildren who were breastfed (OR=0.54; 95%CI 0.33-0.88), when compared with those who never breastfed. When categorized, the chance of overweight/obesity in the age group of 7-10 years was lower for duration of BF ≤3 months (OR=0.41; 95%CI 0.20-0.83), and 4-6 months (OR=0.48; 95%CI 0.28-0.82) when compared with children who never breastfed. Conclusions: BF for at least six months was associated with a lower chance of overweight/obesity for schoolchildren aged 7-10 years. No association was found for schoolchildren aged 11-14 years.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar prevalência e duração de aleitamento materno (AM) e sua associação com sobrepeso/obesidade em escolares de 7-14 anos. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado em 2012-2013, com escolares de 7-14 anos de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. Peso e altura foram mensurados segundo preconizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Dados sociodemográficos e sobre AM foram obtidos por questionários enviados aos responsáveis/cuidadores. A variável amamentação foi analisada como dicotômica (sim/não) e por duração (em meses). O perfil antropométrico foi avaliado por escore Z do índice de massa corporal (IMC) para a idade, segundo sexo, categorizado em: normal (<escore Z+1) e sobrepreso/obesidade (≥escore Z+1). Análises ajustadas foram realizadas (regressão logística) em dois estratos etários (7-10 e 11-14 anos). Resultados: 6,6% dos escolares nunca tinham sido amamentados, 16,8% foram amamentados por ≤3 meses, 16,7% por 4-6 meses e 59,9% por ≥7 meses. Não houve diferença estatística de ocorrência/duração de AM entre os grupos etários. A prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade foi 34,2%. Nos grupos etários (7-10 e 11-14 anos), a prevalência foi 36,7% e 29,8%, respectivamente. A chance de sobrepeso/obesidade nos escolares de 7-10 anos foi menor entre aqueles que tinham sido amamentados (OR=0,54; IC95% 0,33-0,88), comparando com os nunca amamentados. Quando categorizada, a chance de ter sobrepeso/obesidade nos escolares de 7-10 anos foi menor quando a duração do AM foi ≤3 meses (OR=0,41; IC95% 0,20-0,83) e 4-6 meses (OR=0,48; IC95% 0,28-0,82), em comparação à ausência de AM. Conclusões: AM por pelo menos seis meses foi associado com menor chance de sobrepeso/obesidade para escolares de 7-10 anos. Não foi observada associação para o grupo 11-14 anos.

Anthropometric and dietary assessment of patients with glycogenosis type i / Avaliação antropométrica e dietética de pacientes com glicogenose tipo i

ABSTRACT Objective: To perform anthropometric and dietary evaluation of patients with glycogenosis type Ia and Ib. Methods: This cross-sectional study is composed of a sample of 11 patients with glycogenosis divided into two subgroups according to the classification of glycogenosis (type Ia=5 and type Ib=6), aged between 4 and 20 years. The analyzed anthropometric variables were weight, height, body mass index, and measures of lean and fat body mass, which were compared with reference values. For dietary assessment, a food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate energy and macronutrients intake as well as the amount of raw cornstarch consumed. Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test were performed, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: Patients ingested raw cornstarch in the amount of 0.49 to 1.34 g/kg/dose at a frequency of six times a day, which is lower than recommended (1.75-2.50 g/kg/dose, four times a day). The amount of energy intake was, on average, 50% higher than energy requirements; however, carbohydrate intake was below the adequacy percentage in 5/11 patients. Short stature was found in 4/10 patients; obesity, in 3/11; and muscle mass deficit, in 7/11. There were no statistical differences between the subgroups. Conclusions: In patients with glycogenosis type I, there was deficit in growth and muscle mass, but no differences were found between the subgroups (Ia and Ib). Although the diet did not exceed the adequacy of carbohydrates, about 1/3 of the patients presented obesity, probably due to higher energy intake.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar avaliação antropométrica e dietética de pacientes com glicogenose tipos Ia e Ib. Métodos: Estudo transversal composto de uma amostra de 11 pacientes com glicogenose divididos em dois subgrupos de acordo com a classificação da glicogenose (tipo Ia=5; tipo Ib=6), com idades entre 4 e 20 anos. As variáveis antropométricas analisadas foram peso, estatura, índice de massa corporal e medidas de massa magra e gorda, que foram comparadas com valores de referência. Para avaliação dietética, foi utilizado um questionário de frequência alimentar para cálculo de ingestão de energia e macronutrientes, além da quantidade de amido cru ingerida. Realizaram-se testes U de Mann-Whitney e exato de Fisher, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os pacientes ingeriram amido cru na quantidade de 0,49 a 1,34 g/kg/dose na frequência de seis vezes ao dia, inferior à dosagem preconizada (1,75-2,50 g/kg/dose quatro vezes ao dia). A quantidade de energia consumida foi, em média, 50% a mais que as necessidades, contudo o consumo de carboidratos foi abaixo da porcentagem de adequação em 5/11 pacientes. Baixa estatura ocorreu em 4/10 pacientes, obesidade em 3/11 e déficit de massa muscular em 7/11. Não houve diferença estatística entre os subgrupos. Conclusões: Em pacientes com glicogenose tipo I, houve déficit de crescimento e de massa muscular, mas não diferença significante entre os subgrupos (Ia e Ib). Embora a dieta não tenha ultrapassado a adequação de carboidratos, 1/3 dos pacientes apresentou obesidade, provavelmente pela maior ingestão de energia.

Change in body height, axial length and refractive status over a four-year period in caucasian children and young adults / Cambios de estatura, longitud axial y estatus refractivo a lo largo de un periodo de cuatro años en niños y adultos jóvenes caucásicos

INTRODUCTION: Body height and axial length (AL) increase during childhood with excessive axial elongation resulting in myopia. There is no consensus regarding the association between body growth and AL during refractive development. This study explored the association between change in body height, AL and refractive status over 4-years in children and young adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Measures were collected biennially (timepoints: t1, t2, t3) (t1 n = 140, aged 5-20years). Non-cycloplegic autorefraction was obtained using the Shin-Nippon openfield autorefractor. AL, corneal curvature (CC) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured by IOL Master. Body height (cm) was measured using a wall mounted tape measure. Refractive status was classified using spherical equivalent refraction (SER): persistent emmetropes (PE) (-0.50D to +1.00D), persistent myopes (PM) (≤-0.50D), progressing myopes (PrM) (increase of ≤-0.50D between timepoints), incident myopes (IM) (subsequent SER≤-0.50D) and persistent hyperopes (PH) (>+1.00D). RESULTS: Change in AL and change in height were correlated in the PE (all t:p ≤ 0.003) and the IM (t1-t2 p = 0.04). For every increase in body height of 1 cm: t1-t2: AL increased by 0.03 mm in the PE, 0.15 in the PM, 0.11 mm in the IM, 0.14 mm in the PrM, -0.006 mm in the PH. T2-t3: AL increased by 0.02 mm in the PE, 0.06 in the PM, 0.16 mm in the PrM, 0.12 mm in the IM and -0.03 mm in the PH. CONCLUSIONS: In emmetropia body growth and axial elongation are correlated. In participants with myopia, body growth appears to stabilise whilst axial elongation continues at a much faster rate indicating dysregulation of normal ocular growth

INTRODUCCIÓN: La estatura y la longitud axial (LA) se incrementan durante la infancia, derivando en miopía el exceso de elongación axial. No existe consenso acerca de la asociación entre crecimiento corporal y LA durante el desarrollo refractivo. Este estudio exploró la asociación entre los cambios de estatura, LA y estatus refractivo a lo largo de un periodo de cuatro años en niños y adultos jóvenes. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Las medidas se recopilaron bianualmente (puntos temporales: t1, t2, t3) (t1 n = 140, edades de 5 a 20 años). Se obtuvo autorefracción no ciclopléjica utilizando el autorrefractor de campo abierto Shin-Nippon. Se midieron LA, curvatura de la córnea (CC) y profundidad de la cámara anterior (ACD) utilizando IOL Master. La estatura (cm) se midió utilizando una cinta medidora montada en la pared. El estatus refractivo se clasificó utilizando la refracción equivalente esférica (SER): emétropes persistentes (EP) (de -0,50D a +1D), miopes persistentes (MP) (≤-0,5D), miopes progresivos (MPr) (incremento de ≤-0,5D entre puntos temporales), miopes incidentales (MI) (SER subsiguiente ≤-0,5D) e hipermétropes persistentes (HP) (>+1D). RESULTADOS: Los cambios en cuanto a LA y estatura se correlacionaron en los sujetos EP todos los t:p ≤ 0,003 y los MI t1-t2 p = 0,04. Para cada incremento de estatura de 1 cm: t1-t2: LA se incrementó en 0,03 mm en los sujetos EP, 0,15 en los MP, 0,11 mm en los MI, 0,14 mm en los MPr, y -0,006 mm en los HP. T2-t3: LA se incrementó en 0,02 mm en los sujetos EP, 0,06 en los MP, 0,16 mm en los MPr, 0,12 mm en los MI y -0,03 mm en los HP. CONCLUSIONES: En los sujetos emétropes, el crecimiento corporal y la elongación axial se correlacionan. En los participantes miopes, el crecimiento corporal parece estabilizarse, mientras que la elongación axial se sigue produciendo a una tasa mucho más rápida, lo cual indica desregulación del crecimiento ocular normal

Estudio del crecimiento de la estatura en una muestra de niños, niñas y adolescentes sanos de Córdoba, Argentina / Height growth study of healthy children and adolescents from Córdoba, Argentina

OBJETIVO: Describir el crecimiento en estatura, estimar la edad pico del estirón, la velocidad de crecimiento en dicho punto, la talla final adulta esperada y los patrones diferenciales en una muestra poblacional de ambos sexos. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio transversal recabando prospectivamente datos demográficos, clínicos y antropométricos en sujetos sanos de ambos sexos, entre 2015 y 2016. Se calcularon los percentiles para la estatura mediante el método LMS (sesgo, mediana y coeficiente de variabilidad) y luego se ajustaron dichos valores utilizando el modelo 1 de Preece-Baines. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 861 sujetos, edades 2 - 18 años, 377 varones y 484 mujeres. La edad estimada al pico del estirón (h0) fue de 13,6 años en los niños y de 11,0 años en las niñas, con una velocidad de crecimiento lineal en ese punto (V2) de 6,4 cm/año para ambos sexos. La estatura adulta media esperada (hj) se estimó en 173,7 cm en los chicos y en 160,0 cm en las chicas. CONCLUSIONES: El modelo 1 de Preece-Baines permitió estimar satisfactoriamente la edad pico del estirón, la velocidad de crecimiento en dicho punto y la talla final adulta esperada.

OBJECTIVE: Based on a sample of children and adolescents of both genders, our objective is to des cribe height growth, estimate the peak age at growth spurt, growth rate at this point, the final adult height expected, and differential patterns SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conduc ted using demographic, clinical, and anthropometric data collected prospectively from children and adolescents of both sexes between 2015 and 2016. Height percentiles were calculated using the LMS (skewness, median, and coefficient of variation) method and then adjusted using the Preece-Baines model 1. RESULTS: We evaluated 861 participants (484 girls, 377 boys), aged between 2 and 18 years. The estimated peak age at growth spurt (he) was 13.6 years in boys and 11.0 years in girls, with a peak growth rate (V2) at this point of 6.4 cm/year for both sexes. The mean expected adult height (h1) was 173.7 cm in boys and 160.0 cm in girls. CONCLUSIONS: Preece-Baines model 1 provides satisfactory estimates for the peak age at growth spurt, peak growth rate at this point, and final expected adult height.

A profundidade do tubo orotraqueal em crianças predita por fórmulas apresenta boa concordância com o posicionamento verificado pela radiografia? / Does the endotracheal tube insertion depth predicted by formulas in children have a good concordance with the ideal position observed by X-ray?

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade dos diferentes métodos que estimam a profundidade de inserção do tubo orotraqueal em crianças. Métodos: Estudo observacional e transversal, no qual foram incluídas crianças entre 29 dias e 2 anos, internadas em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica e ventiladas mecanicamente. Foram avaliadas as fórmulas baseadas na altura [(altura/10) + 5], no diâmetro interno do tubo (tubo orotraqueal × 3) e peso (peso + 6), verificando-se qual delas apresentou melhor concordância com a profundidade ideal de inserção do tubo orotraqueal avaliado por radiografia. Resultados: A correlação entre a fórmula da altura e a profundidade ideal observada no raio X foi forte, com r = 0,88, p < 0,05 e o coeficiente de correlação de concordância de 0,88; a correlação do peso com a profundidade no raio X foi de r = 0,75, p < 0,05 e coeficiente de correlação de concordância de 0,43; e a fórmula do tubo orotraqueal × profundidade no raio X foi de r = 0,80, p < 0,05 e coeficiente de correlação de concordância de 0,78. A análise de concordância de Lin mostrou que as medidas apresentaram concordância fraca (< 0,90). Conclusão: As fórmulas que estimam a profundidade de inserção do tubo orotraqueal em crianças apresentaram-se pouco precisas e discordantes com o método padrão-ouro de avaliação pelo raio X, com necessidade da criação de um novo método, baseado nas variáveis antropométricas (peso e altura) e na idade, que seja eficaz para guiar os profissionais de saúde das unidades de terapia intensiva pediátricas, no momento da intubação.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the different formulas for estimating the insertion depth of an endotracheal tube in children. Methods: This was an observational and cross-sectional study that included children between 29 days and 2 years of age who were hospitalized in a pediatric intensive care unit and mechanically ventilated. The formulas based on height [(height/10) + 5], the inner diameter of the tube (endotracheal tube × 3), and weight (weight + 6) were evaluated to determine which of them showed better concordance with the ideal insertion depth of the endotracheal tube as evaluated by X-ray. Results: The correlation between the height-based calculation and the ideal depth observed on X-ray was strong, with r = 0.88, p < 0.05, and a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.88; the correlation between the weight-based calculation and depth on X-ray was r = 0.75, p < 0.05, and concordance correlation coefficient 0.43; and the correlation between endotracheal tube diameter-based calculation and depth on X-ray was r = 0.80, p < 0.05, and concordance correlation coefficient 0.78. Lin's concordance correlation analysis indicated that the measurements showed weak concordance (< 0.90). Conclusion: The formulas that estimate the insertion depth of the endotracheal tube in children were not accurate and were discordant with the gold-standard method of X-ray evaluation. There is a need for a new method based on anthropometric variables (weight and height) and age that is effective in guiding health professionals of pediatric intensive care units at the time of intubation.

Stature estimate of children with cerebral palsy through segmental measures: a systematic review / Estimativa de estatura em crianças com paralisia cerebral por meio de medidas segmentares: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To review studies that evaluate the correspondence between the estimate height via segmental measures and the actual height of children with cerebral palsy. Data sources: Systematic literature review between 1995-2018, guided by the PRISMA criteria (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), in PubMed, BVS, MEDLINE and Lilacs databases. The descriptors, connected by the AND Boolean Operators, were: anthropometry, cerebral palsy, child and body height. The research comprised papers in Portuguese, English and Spanish, with Qualis-CAPES equal or superior to B3 that addressed the question: "Is there any correlation between estimate height by equations and direct height measures in children with cerebral palsy?" 152 studies were recovered and seven were selected. Their methodological quality was assessed by the scale of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Data synthesis: Most studies showed no correspondence between estimated and real height. Studies that showed coincidence of the measures contain limitations that could jeopardize the results (sample losses, small samples and exclusion of patients with severe contractures, scoliosis and severe cerebral palsy). Japanese researchers developed an equation which harmoniously aligns the statures; the study comprised only Japanese patients, though. Conclusions: Given the importance of accuracy in height measures to evaluate infant health, it is crucial to carry out more researches in order to safely establish an association between both estimate and real statures. The development of anthropometric protocols, emerged from such researches, would benefit the follow-up of children with severe psychomotor disabilities.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar estudos que avaliam correspondência entre a altura estimada por medidas segmentares e a estatura real de crianças com paralisia cerebral. Fonte de dados: Revisão sistemática da literatura entre 1995 e 2018, guiada pela diretriz Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), nas bases de dados PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS). Os descritores, combinados pelo operador booleano "and", foram: "anthropometry", "cerebral palsy", "child" e "body height". A pesquisa englobou artigos em português, inglês e espanhol, classificadas pelo Quali-CAPES igual ou superior a B3 e que respondiam à questão guia: "Existe correlação entre a altura estimada por equações em crianças com paralisia cerebral e as medidas diretas de altura?". Dos 152 artigos inicialmente recuperados, sete foram selecionados e sua qualidade metodológica foi avaliada pela escala da Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Síntese dos dados: A maioria dos trabalhos não encontrou correspondência entre altura real e estimada. Estudos que exibiram coincidência das medidas apresentaram limitações que poderiam comprometer os resultados (perda de amostra, amostra pequena e exclusão de indivíduos com contraturas severas, escoliose e paralisia cerebral grave). Pesquisadores japoneses desenvolveram equação que apresenta boa concordância entre as estaturas. Contudo, o estudo compreendeu apenas indivíduos japoneses. Conclusões: Dada a importância da precisão das medidas de estatura para avaliar a saúde infantil, tornam-se necessárias mais pesquisas visando estabelecer, de maneira mais segura, a associação entre a estatura estimada e a real. O desenvolvimento de protocolos antropométricos, resultantes dessas pesquisas, beneficiaria o acompanhamento de crianças com sequelas psicomotoras graves.