A proposal for a new classification of pes anserinus morphology.

PURPOSE: The pes anserinus (PA) is characterized by high morphological diversity. As the semitendinosus and gracilis muscle tendons are routinely harvested for the reconstruction of other tendons, especially the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), it is of clinical importance. The presence of accessory bands within PA tendons can handicap the harvesting process. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to suggest a new morphological classification of the PA morphology. METHODS: Classical anatomical dissection was performed on 102 lower limbs (56 right, 46 left) fixed in 10% formalin solution. The morphology and insertion of the PA (including accessory bands) were assessed, and morphometric measurements were taken. RESULTS: In all cases, the PA was present and composed of the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus tendons. Six types of PA were distinguished based on the presence of accessory bands. The most common composed of monotendinous sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus-54 limbs (52.9%). Additionally, three types of insertion were noted (short, band-shaped and fan-shaped). The mean length between the insertion and the origin of the accessory bands to the fascia of the gastrocnemius muscle was 63.5 mm. CONCLUSION: The morphology of the PA was highly variable. The gracilis and semitendinosus tendons often had accessory bands that would complicate the harvesting process. The planning of surgical procedures may be improved by our proposed classification.

Anatomy and morphometry of the distal gracilis muscle tendon in adults and foetuses.

Ten human gracilis muscles obtained from adults and ten gracilis muscles collected from human foetuses between the 15th and 21st week of gestation were examined. The results of this preparatory study show that the gracilis muscle in adults is narrow and long - 482 mm on average. The distal tendon of gracilis muscle is long, 294 mm on average. It can be divided into two sections - external part, outside the muscle belly, and internal, intramuscular, part. The latter one is partially covered by muscle fibres and some of it is completely hidden inside the muscle belly, which is on average 76 mm long. Presence of an intramuscular part of the distal tendon was also demonstrated in the foetal material. Moreover, very strong correlations between particular muscle lengths were noted in foetuses. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 1: 138-143).

Posterolateral portal tibial tunnel drilling for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: technique and evaluation of safety and tunnel position.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety for neurovascular structures and accuracy for tunnel placement of the posterolateral portal tibial tunnel drilling technique in posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction. METHODS: Fifteen fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees were used. The tibial tunnel for the PCL was created using a flexible reamer from the posterolateral portal. Then, the flexible pin was left in place, and the distance from the posterolateral portal, the flexible pin, and the tibial tunnel to the peroneal nerve and popliteal artery was measured. Additionally, the distance between the tibial tunnel and several landmarks related to the PCL footprint was measured, along with the distance from the exit point of the flexible pin to the superficial medial collateral ligament and gracilis tendon. RESULTS: The peroneal nerve and the popliteal neurovascular bundle were not damaged in any of the specimens. The median (range) distance in mm from the peroneal nerve and popliteal artery to the posterolateral portal and flexible pin was: 52 (40-80) and 50 (40-61), and 35 (26-51) and 22 (16-32), respectively. The median (range) distance from the tibial tunnel to the popliteal artery was 21 mm (15-38). The tibial tunnel was located at a median (range) distance in mm of 3 (2-6), 6 (3-12), 5 (2-7), 4 (1-8), 9 (3-10), 10 (4-19), and 19 (6-24) to the champagne-glass drop-off, lateral cartilage point, shiny white fibre point, medial groove, medial meniscus posterior root, lateral meniscus posterior root, and posterior aspect of the anterior cruciate ligament, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The posterolateral portal tibial tunnel technique is safe relative to neurovascular structures and creates an anatomically appropriate tibial tunnel location. The clinical relevance of study is that this technique may be safely and accurately used in PCL reconstruction to decrease the risk of neurovascular damage (avoid use of a posteriorly directed pin), avoid the use of intraoperative fluoroscopy, and avoid the sharp turn during graft passage.

Body proportions as possible predictors for free gracilis one-stage facial reanimation.

BACKGROUND: Gracilis muscle and its motor nerve belongs to most commonly used flap for facial reanimation. However, it is performed in two steps, which is time consuming. One stage technique can be also performed, but the length of the motor nerve cannot be currently determined before surgery. AIM: The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the body composition on the length and suitability of the motor nerve of gracilis muscle for one stage facial reanimation. METHODS: The gracilis flaps along with the motoric nerve were dissected from 20 fresh cadavers (6 females, 14 males). The length of the lower extremity from superior iliac anterior spine to the bottom of the heel and BMI were measured. Regression analysis of lower extremity length and BMI to the actual length of the motor nerve of gracilis flap was performed. RESULTS: The linear regression analysis showed a positive correlation between the length of the lower limb and the size of the motor nerve length (r = 0.5060, p < 0.05), as well as between the BMI and the size of the motor nerve length (r = 0.5073, p < 0.05). Also, the males had longer motor nerve when compared to females by 13 % (p < 0.05). No difference between females and males in BMI was observed. CONCLUSION: The length from the superior iliac anterior spine, BMI and gender seemed to be potential factors that could help to predict the length of the gracilis flap motor nerve for the one stage facial reanimation. However, further studies evaluating other anatomical factors and validating the possible prediction rule for one stage reanimation success are needed (Fig. 3, Ref. 14).

An anatomical study of the lymph-collecting vessels of the medial thigh and clinical applications of lymphatic vessels preserving profunda femoris artery perforator (LpPAP) flap using pre- and intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The profunda femoris artery perforator (PAP) flap is gaining popularity in microsurgical reconstruction. The complications that can occur after the PAP flap harvest include donor-site lymphedema, seroma, or cellulitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate and establish a safer technique for the elevation of lymphatic vessels preserving profunda femoris artery perforator (LpPAP) flap using pre- and intraoperative ICG lymphography. In this article, we also evaluate the anatomical relationship between the PAP flap and lymph-collecting vessels. METHODS: From July of 2018 to January of 2019, 24 patients with soft tissue defects after tumor resection underwent reconstruction using PAP flaps. The lymph-collecting vessels at the medial thigh area were identified using pre- and intraoperative ICG lymphography. A PAP flap was elevated taking care not to damage lymph-collecting vessels. After flap elevation, the anatomical correlation between lymph-collecting vessels and the anterior edge of the gracilis muscle was measured. The postoperative complications were assessed. RESULTS: PAP flaps survived completely in all cases. In all cases, using intraoperative ICG lymphography, surgeons confirmed that the lymph-collecting vessels in the medial thigh region were left intact. There were no donor site complications such as lymphedema, lymphorrhea, or cellulitis. CONCLUSION: The elevation technique of an LpPAP flap is effective in reducing the risk of damage to lymph-collecting vessels, and thus reducing chances of postoperative lymphorrhea or iatrogenic lower limb lymphedema.

Biometría del músculo grácil: pedículos vasculares e inervación en un grupo de individuos brasileños / Biometric characteristics of the gracilis muscle: vascular pedicles and innervation in a group of Brazilian individuals

El músculo grácil (MG) está ubicado en la cara medial del muslo, medial y posterior al aductor largo en su parte proximal. Se origina a nivel del pubis y se inserta en la cara medial de la tibia, en su parte superior. Como colgajo libre funcional ha sido uno de los injertos más utilizados en reconstrucciones diversas, tales como pene, perineo, vagina, pierna, plexo braquial, parálisis facial, lesiones rectales, entre otras. Basado en lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue complementar la anatomía del MG tanto en sus dimensiones como en sus pedículos vasculares e inervación, estableciendo las relaciones biométricas existentes, contribuyendo a la anatomía quirúrgica, en su uso como injerto. Para ello, se utilizaron 30 miembros inferiores de 20 cadáveres de individuos adultos, brasileños, de sexo masculino, 14 derechos y 16 izquierdos; 17 fijados en formol y 13 en glicerina. Se dividió al muslo en 4 cuartiles enumerados de proximal a distal como C1,C2,C3 y C4. Se contabilizó el número de pedículos y se nombraron como pedículo principal (PP), pedículo menor 1 (Pm1), pedículo menor 2 (Pm2) y pedículo menor 3 (Pm3). La longitud media del GM fue de 42,25 cm ± 2,35 cm y su ancho promedio de 32,90 ± 4,86 mm. Con respecto a los pedículos vasculares se encontró un pedículo en 10/30 casos (33,3 %); un pedículo principal y uno menor en 10/30 (33,3 %); un pedículo principal y dos menores en 8/30 (26,7 %) y un pedículo principal y tres menores en 2/30 (6,7 %). Su inervación siempre procedió del ramo anterior del nervio obturador (RaNO). El punto motor se encontró a una distancia promedio de 7,94 mm proximal al ingreso del pedículo principal en el MG. Los registros biométricos están expresados en tablas. Los resultados obtenidos aportarán al conocimiento anatómico, pudiendo ser utilizados como soporte morfológico a los procedimientos quirúrgicos que involucren al músculo grácil.

The gracilis muscle (GM) is located in the medial aspect of the thigh, medial and posterior to the long adductor in its proximal part. It originates at the pubic level and is inserted in the medial face of the tibia, in its upper part. As a functional free flap, it has been one of the most co mmonly used grafts in various reconstructions, such as penis, perineum, vagina, leg, brachial plexus, facial paralysis, rectal lesions, among others. Based on the above, the objective of this study was to complement the anatomy of the GM both in its dimensions and in its vascular pedicles and innervation, establishing the existing biometric relationships, contributing to the surgical anatomy, in its use as a graft. For this, 30 lower limbs of 20 bodies of adult, Brazilian, male, 14 right and 16 left individuals were used; 17 fixed in formaldehyde and 13 in glycerin. The thigh was divided into 4 quartiles listed from proximal to distal such as C1, C2, C3 and C4. The number of pedicles was counted and they were named as principal pedicle (PP), minor pedicle 1 (mP1), minor pedicle 2 (mP2) and minor pedicle 3 (mP3). The average length of the GM was 42.25 cm ± 2.35 cm and its average width was 32.90 ± 4.86 mm. With respect to vascular pedicles, a pedicle was found in 10/30 cases (33.3 %); one PP and one mP in 10/30 (33.3 %); one PP and two mP in 8/30 (26.7 %) and one PP and three mP in 2/30 (6.7 %). Its innervation always came from the anterior branch of the obturator nerve (aBON). The motor point was found at an average distance of 7.94 mm proximal to the entry of the PP in the GM. Biometric records are expressed in tables. The results obtained will contribute to anatomical knowledge, and can be used as morphological support for surgical procedures that involve the GM.

Variaciones en el número de metámeros del músculo recto abdominal. Una guía para la lipoescultura de alta definición / Variation in the number of metamers of rectus abdominis muscle. A high definition lipoesculture guide

Introducción y Objetivo. El recto abdominal es un músculo que consta, generalmente, de 3 inserciones tendinosas transversas. La lipoescultura de alta definición apunta a delinear la musculatura abdominal, sin embargo, una de sus dificultades es determinar mediante la anatomía de superficie el número de metámeros presentes. Nos planteamos describir las variaciones en el número de metámeros del músculo recto del abdomen en la población chilena mediante análisis de tomografía computarizada de abdomen y pelvis, así como determinar si existe un patrón para la marcación quirúrgica de los metámeros. Material y Métodos. Empleamos una muestra aleatoria de 200 pacientes que cumplían los criterios de inclusión: mayores de 18 años y menores de 65 años, estudio de tomografía computarizada de abdomen y pelvis con secuencia coronal realizado en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile entre enero y mayo del 2017; y de exclusión: patología de la pared abdominal, cirugía abdominal previa, estudio imagenológico inadecuado. Describimos el sexo, número de inserciones tendinosas supra e infraumbilicales, ángulo costal corto, ángulo costal completo, diámetro xifo-umbilical y umbílico-púbico. Analizamos los datos con STATA® v13, considerando un valor estadísticamente significativo de p<0.05 e intervalos de confianza de 95%. Resultados. Del total de paciente, 100 (50%) de los pacientes fueron mujeres. La media de edad fue de 40,9 ± 12.1 años, y 154 pacientes (77%) tenían 3 metámeros. No evidenciamos diferencias significativas entre ambos sexos (p=0.393). Ni en el análisis de la distancia xifo-umbilical (p=0.185) ni de la umbílico-púbica (p=0.327) entre sexos respectivamente. El número de metámeros se encuentra en relación inversa al tamaño de los mismos. La angulación del reborde costal en relación al xifoides es significativamente menor en mujeres (69.4 ± 15.2 frente a 80.2 ± 14.2). Conclusiones. La anatomía más frecuente del músculo recto del abdomen en la población chilena corresponde a 3 metámeros supraumbilicales por cada recto abdominal. Cuanto menor sea la relación entre la distancia xifoumbilical / distancia xifo-púbica, menor cantidad de metámeros tiene el músculo recto. No fue posible predecir en forma precisa el número de metámeros mediante otra medida antropométrica

Background and Objective. Rectus abdominis muscle usually have 3 tendinous intersections. The aims of high definition abdominal liposculpture is to delineate the musculature. One of its difficulties is to determine by the surface anatomy the number of metamers presents. The aim of this study is to describe the variations in the number of metamers of the rectus abdominis muscle in the Chilean population and determine if there is a pattern that helps to the surgical mark of the abdominis metamers. Methods. Randomized sample of 200 patients who met inclusion criteria: >18 years of age and under 65 years, tomographic study of the abdomen and pelvis with coronal sequence, performed at the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile between January and May 2017; and exclusion: pathology of the abdominal wall, previous abdominal surgery or inadequate imaging study. Sex, number of tendinous intersections supra and infraumbilical, short costal angle, complete costal angle, xipho-umbilical distance and umbilico-pubic measures were described. The data were analyzed with STATA®v13, being considered statistically significant with p<0.05 and 95% confidence intervals. Results. One hundred patients (50%) were women, mean age 40.9 ± 12.1 years, and 154 patients (77%) had 3 metamers. There were no significant differences by sex (p=0.393). Neither in the analysis of the xipho-umbilical distance (p=0.185) and the umbilical-pubic distance (p=0.327) by genders. The number of metamers is in inverse relation to its size. The angulation of the costal ridge relative to the xiphoid is significantly lower in women (69.4 ± 15.2 versus 80.2 ± 14.2). Conclusions. The most common rectus abdominis muscle pattern in the Chilean population corresponds to 3 supra umbilical metamers for each side (six-pack). The smaller the relationship between the xifo-umbilical distance / xifo-pubic distance, less number of metamers of the rectus abdominis. It was not possible to predict the number of metamers by another anthropometric measurement