Feasibility, safety, and impact of the RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine when implemented through national immunisation programmes: evaluation of cluster-randomised introduction of the vaccine in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi.

BACKGROUND: The RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine (RTS,S) was introduced by national immunisation programmes in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi in 2019 in large-scale pilot schemes. We aimed to address questions about feasibility and impact, and to assess safety signals that had been observed in the phase 3 trial that included an excess of meningitis and cerebral malaria cases in RTS,S recipients, and the possibility of an excess of deaths among girls who received RTS,S than in controls, to inform decisions about wider use. METHODS: In this prospective evaluation, 158 geographical clusters (66 districts in Ghana; 46 sub-counties in Kenya; and 46 groups of immunisation clinic catchment areas in Malawi) were randomly assigned to early or delayed introduction of RTS,S, with three doses to be administered between the ages of 5 months and 9 months and a fourth dose at the age of approximately 2 years. Primary outcomes of the evaluation, planned over 4 years, were mortality from all causes except injury (impact), hospital admission with severe malaria (impact), hospital admission with meningitis or cerebral malaria (safety), deaths in girls compared with boys (safety), and vaccination coverage (feasibility). Mortality was monitored in children aged 1-59 months throughout the pilot areas. Surveillance for meningitis and severe malaria was established in eight sentinel hospitals in Ghana, six in Kenya, and four in Malawi. Vaccine uptake was measured in surveys of children aged 12-23 months about 18 months after vaccine introduction. We estimated that sufficient data would have accrued after 24 months to evaluate each of the safety signals and the impact on severe malaria in a pooled analysis of the data from the three countries. We estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) by comparing the ratio of the number of events in children age-eligible to have received at least one dose of the vaccine (for safety outcomes), or age-eligible to have received three doses (for impact outcomes), to that in non-eligible age groups in implementation areas with the equivalent ratio in comparison areas. To establish whether there was evidence of a difference between girls and boys in the vaccine's impact on mortality, the female-to-male mortality ratio in age groups eligible to receive the vaccine (relative to the ratio in non-eligible children) was compared between implementation and comparison areas. Preliminary findings contributed to WHO's recommendation in 2021 for widespread use of RTS,S in areas of moderate-to-high malaria transmission. FINDINGS: By April 30, 2021, 652 673 children had received at least one dose of RTS,S and 494 745 children had received three doses. Coverage of the first dose was 76% in Ghana, 79% in Kenya, and 73% in Malawi, and coverage of the third dose was 66% in Ghana, 62% in Kenya, and 62% in Malawi. 26 285 children aged 1-59 months were admitted to sentinel hospitals and 13 198 deaths were reported through mortality surveillance. Among children eligible to have received at least one dose of RTS,S, there was no evidence of an excess of meningitis or cerebral malaria cases in implementation areas compared with comparison areas (hospital admission with meningitis: IRR 0·63 [95% CI 0·22-1·79]; hospital admission with cerebral malaria: IRR 1·03 [95% CI 0·61-1·74]). The impact of RTS,S introduction on mortality was similar for girls and boys (relative mortality ratio 1·03 [95% CI 0·88-1·21]). Among children eligible for three vaccine doses, RTS,S introduction was associated with a 32% reduction (95% CI 5-51%) in hospital admission with severe malaria, and a 9% reduction (95% CI 0-18%) in all-cause mortality (excluding injury). INTERPRETATION: In the first 2 years of implementation of RTS,S, the three primary doses were effectively deployed through national immunisation programmes. There was no evidence of the safety signals that had been observed in the phase 3 trial, and introduction of the vaccine was associated with substantial reductions in hospital admission with severe malaria. Evaluation continues to assess the impact of four doses of RTS,S. FUNDING: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance; the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; and Unitaid.

Risk of encephalitis and meningitis after COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea: a self-controlled case series analysis.

BACKGROUND: Several neurological manifestations shortly after a receipt of coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine have been described in the recent case reports. Among those, we sought to evaluate the risk of encephalitis and meningitis after COVID-19 vaccination in the entire South Korean population. METHODS: We conducted self-controlled case series (SCCS) analysis using the COVID-19 immunization record data from the Korea Disease Control Agency between February 2021 and March 2022, linked with the National Health Insurance Database between January 2021 and October 2022. We retrieved all medical claims of adults aged 18 years or older who received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1-S, or Ad26.COV2.S), and included only those who had a diagnosis record for encephalitis or meningitis within the 240-day post-vaccination period. With day 0 defined as the date of vaccination, risk window was defined as days 1-28 and the control window as the remainder period excluding the risk windows within the 240-day period. We used conditional Poisson regression to estimate the incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), stratified by dose and vaccine type. RESULTS: From 129,956,027 COVID-19 vaccine doses administered to 44,564,345 individuals, there were 251 and 398 cases of encephalitis and meningitis during the risk window, corresponding to 1.9 and 3.1 cases per 1 million doses, respectively. Overall, there was an increased risk of encephalitis in the first 28 days of COVID-19 vaccination (IRR 1.26; 95% CI 1.08-1.47), which was only significant after a receipt of ChAdOx1-S (1.49; 1.03-2.15). For meningitis, no increased risk was observed after any dose of COVID-19 vaccine (IRR 1.03; 95% CI 0.91-1.16). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest an overall increased risk of encephalitis after COVID-19 vaccination. However, the absolute risk was small and should not impede COVID-19 vaccine confidence. No significant association was found between the risk of meningitis and COVID-19 vaccination.

Diversity of enteroviruses in cerebrospinal fluid specimens collected from hospitalised patients in the private and public sector in South Africa.

Enteroviruses cause a wide range of neurological illnesses such as encephalitis, meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis. Two types of enteroviruses, echovirus E4 and E9, have recently been detected in South Africa and are known to be associated with meningitis and encephalitis. The objective of this study was to characterize enterovirus strains detected in cerebrospinal fluid specimens of hospitalized patients in the private and public sector to identify genotypes associated with meningitis and encephalitis. From January 2019 to June 2021 enterovirus positive nucleic acid samples were obtained from a private (n = 116) and a public sector (n = 101) laboratory. These enteroviruses were typed using a nested set of primers targeting the VP1 region of the enterovirus genome, followed by Sanger sequencing and BLASTn analysis. Forty-two percent (91/217) of the strains could be genotyped. Enterovirus B species was the major species detected in 95% (86/91) of the specimens, followed by species C in 3% (3/91) and species A in 2% (2/91) of the specimens. Echovirus E4 and E9 were the two major types identified in this study and were detected in 70% (64/91) and in 10% (9/91) of specimens, respectively. Echovirus E11 has previously been identified in sewage samples from South Africa, but this study is the first to report Echovirus E11 in cerebrospinal fluid specimens from South African patients. The genotypes identified during this study are known to be associated with encephalitis and meningitis. The predominant detection of echovirus E4 followed by E9 corresponds with other studies conducted in South Africa.

An intervention to improve lumbar puncture rates for meningitis surveillance in children at four secondary health facilities in Malawi: A before/after analysis.

OBJECTIVES: A lumbar puncture (LP) procedure plays a key role in meningitis diagnosis. In Malawi and other sub-Saharan African countries, LP completion rates are sometimes poor, making meningitis surveillance challenging. Our objective was to measure LP rates following an intervention to improve these during a sentinel hospital meningitis surveillance exercise in Malawi. METHODS: We conducted a before/after intervention analysis among under-five children admitted to paediatric wards at four secondary health facilities in Malawi. We used local and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines to determine indications for LP, as these are widely used in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The intervention comprised of refresher trainings for facility staff on LP indications and procedure, use of automated reminders to perform LP in real time in the wards, with an electronic data management system, and addition of surveillance-specific clinical officers to support existing health facility staff with performing LPs. Due to the low numbers in the before/after analysis, we also performed a during/after analysis to supplement the findings. RESULTS: A total of 13,375 under-five children were hospitalised over the 21 months window for this analysis. The LP rate was 10.4% (12/115) and 60.4% (32/53) in the before/after analysis, respectively, and 43.8% (441/1006) and 72.5% (424/599) in the supplemental during/after analysis, respectively. In our intervention-specific analysis among the three individual components, there were improvements in the LP rate by 48% (p < 0.001) following the introduction of surveillance-specific clinical officers, 10% (p < 0.001) following the introduction of automated reminders to perform an LP and 13% following refresher training. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis demonstrated a rise in LP rates following our intervention. This intervention package may be considered for planning future facility-based meningitis surveillances in similar low-resource settings.

Evaluation of 17 years of MERIN (Meningitis and Encephalitis register in Lower Saxony, Germany) surveillance system: participants acceptability survey, completeness and timeliness of data.

BACKGROUND: A Meningitis and Encephalitis Surveillance (MERIN) was implemented in 2003 in Lower Saxony, Germany as an alternative to acute flaccid paralyses surveillance, as the latter did not reach WHO sensitivity criteria. The system provides information on circulating enterovirus (EV) serotypes by focussing on patients with suspected aseptic meningitis, encephalitis or acute flaccid paralysis and contributes to the national surveillance in documenting polio free status. MERIN is based on voluntary participation of hospitals. Therefore, our evaluation focusses on acceptability of the system's objectives and performance, and identifying areas for improvement. METHODS: To assess acceptability, 32 contributing hospitals were invited to an online-based survey (11/2021 to 01/2022) to rate the MERIN objectives, laboratory's performance, their workload, modes of processes and communication. Ideas for improvement were collected in open fields. In addition, data completeness and timeliness of laboratory diagnostics were assessed. RESULTS: Of 32 hospitals, 21 responded (66% response rate), sending 30 questionnaires, 25 from pediatric and 5 from neurological departments. High levels of satisfaction with the communication (≥ 96%), timeliness (≥ 81%), and distribution of the results (≥ 85%) were reported, 97% of participants judged the required workload as adequate. The median proportion of eligible patients included in MERIN was 75%. Participants gave rapid and reliable diagnostic testing the highest priority (96%), while monitoring of Germany's polio-free status was rated the lowest (61%). Providing medical reports digitally as well as regular updates about circulating EV serotypes were identified as areas for improvement. Data completeness of selected variables ranged from 78.3 to 99.9%. Median time between sample collection and arrival at laboratory was 2 days [IQR 1-3], EV diagnostics via PCR took one day [IQR 0-6] and EV isolation on cell culture 11 days [IQR 10-13]. CONCLUSION: MERIN is a highly accepted surveillance system. Its quality was enhanced further by addressing the suggested improvements such as regular reports on circulating EV serotypes and facilitating digital access to laboratory results. Our results emphasise the importance of recognizing and considering participants' motivations and expectations, and addressing their priorities, even if this is not the surveillance system's main focus. This approach can be applied to surveillance systems of other non-mandatory notifiable diseases.

Clinical features, etiologies, and outcomes of central nervous system infections in intensive care: A multicentric retrospective study in a large Brazilian metropolitan area.

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to investigate severe central nervous system infections (CNSI) in adults admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). We analyzed the clinical presentation, causes, and outcomes of these infections, while also identifying factors linked to higher in-hospital mortality rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective multicenter study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2012 to 2019. Using a prediction tool, we selected ICU patients suspected of having CNSI and reviewed their medical records. Multivariate analyses identified variables associated with in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: In a cohort of 451 CNSI patients, 69 (15.3%) died after a median 11-day hospitalization (5-25 IQR). The distribution of cases was as follows: 29 (6.4%) had brain abscess, 161 (35.7%) had encephalitis, and 261 (57.8%) had meningitis. Characteristics: median age 41 years (27-53 IQR), 260 (58%) male, and 77 (17%) HIV positive. The independent mortality predictors for encephalitis were AIDS (OR = 4.3, p = 0.01), ECOG functional capacity limitation (OR = 4.0, p < 0.01), ICU admission from ward (OR = 4.0, p < 0.01), mechanical ventilation ≥10 days (OR = 6.1, p = 0.04), SAPS 3 ≥ 55 points (OR = 3.2, p = 0.02). Meningitis: Age > 60 years (OR = 234.2, p = 0.04), delay >3 days for treatment (OR = 2.9, p = 0.04), mechanical ventilation ≥10 days (OR = 254.3, p = 0.04), SOFA >3 points (OR = 2.7, p = 0.03). Brain abscess: No associated factors found in multivariate regression. CONCLUSIONS: Patients' overall health, prompt treatment, infection severity, and prolonged respiratory support in the ICU all significantly affect in-hospital mortality rates. Additionally, the implementation of CNSI surveillance with the used prediction tool could enhance public health policies.

Rate of Urinary Tract Infections, Bacteremia, and Meningitis in Preterm and Term Infants.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There are very limited data on the rate of urinary tract infections (UTI), bacteremia, and meningitis in preterm infants with fever. Many of the studies on the incidence of these infections excluded preterm infants. This study compared the rate of these infections in preterm infants born at 32-36 weeks to term infants born at 37-42 weeks. METHODS: A multicenter observational cohort study was conducted to evaluate rates of UTI, bacteremia, and meningitis in term and preterm infants 8-60 days of age with a diagnosis of fever from 2016 through 2022 using encounter data from children's hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System. RESULTS: There were 19 507 total febrile infants identified, of which 2162 were preterm and 17 345 were term. Preterm infants had a lower rate of UTI than term infants (1.8% confidence interval [CI] [1.3-2.5] vs 3.0% CI [2.7-3.2], P = .001). Preterm and term infants did not have statistically different rates of bacteremia (1.5% CI [1.3-1.7] vs 1.2% CI [0.8-1.8], P = .44) or meningitis (0.16% CI [0.1-0.2] vs 0.05% CI [0-0.2], P = .36). CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in the rate of bacteremia or meningitis between term and preterm infants in a large multicenter cohort of febrile infants. Preterm infants had a lower rate of UTI than term infants. This is the first multicenter study to compare UTI, bacteremia, and meningitis between term and preterm febrile infants.

Geography and public health: analysis of the epidemiological dynamics of meningitis in Brazil, between 2010 and 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatiotemporal epidemiological dynamics of meningitis in Brazil, between 2010 and 2019. METHODS: Descriptive ecological study with cases and deaths due to meningitis in Brazil (2010-2019) in the National Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação - SINAN). The following analyses were performed: (I) frequency analyses of cases and deaths, prevalence rates, mortality, lethality, Fisher's exact test, and chi-square test; (II) Prais-Winstein regression; and (III) Global, Local Moran's index, and Kernel density. RESULTS: 182,126 cases of meningitis were reported in Brazil, of which 16,866 (9.26%) resulted in death, with prevalence rates of 9.03/100,000 inhabitants, mortality of 0.84/100,000 inhabitants, and lethality of 9.26%. There was a noted trend of decreasing prevalence rates (-9.5%, 95% confidence interval - 95%CI -13.92; -4.96, p<0.01) and mortality (-11.74%, 95%CI -13.92; -9.48, p<0.01), while lethality remained stable (-2.08%, 95%CI -4.9; 0.8; p<0.1941). The majority of cases were viral meningitis (45.7%), among 1-9 years old (32.2%), while the highest proportion of deaths was due to bacterial meningitis (68%), among 40-59 years old (26.3%). In the Moran and Kernel maps of prevalence and mortality rates, municipalities in the South, Southeast, and the capital of Pernambuco in the Northeast stood out with high rates; as for lethality, the North, Northeast, and Southeast coastal areas were highlighted. CONCLUSION: A decrease in meningitis cases and deaths was found in this study; however, the lethality rate was higher in areas with lower prevalence, emphasizing the need to enhance actions for identifying, monitoring, and providing health care for cases, as well as expanding vaccination coverage.

A Reduction in the Number of Hospitalized Cases of Acute Meningitis during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan.

Objective The changes in the prevalence of acute meningitis during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remain unclear. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of acute meningitis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the Japanese nationwide administrative medical payment system database, Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC), from 2016 to 2022. A total of 547 hospitals consistently and seamlessly offered DPC data during this period. The study period was divided into the following three periods: April 2016 to March 2018 (fiscal years 2016-2017), April 2018-March 2020 (2018-2019), and April 2020-March 2022 (2020-2021). Results Among the 28,161,806 patients hospitalized during the study period, 28,399 were hospitalized for acute meningitis: 16,678 for viral/aseptic type, 6,189 for bacterial type, 655 for fungal type, 429 for tuberculous, 2,310 for carcinomatous type, and 2,138 for other or unknown types of meningitis. A significant decrease during the pandemic was confirmed in viral (n=7,032, n=5,775, and n=3,871 in each period; p<0.0001) and bacterial meningitis (n=2,291, n=2,239, and n=1,659; p<0.0001) cases. Meanwhile, no decrease was observed in fungal meningitis (n=212, n=246, and n=197; p=0.056) or carcinomatous meningitis (n=781, n=795, and n=734; p=0.27). The decrease in the number of tuberculous meningitis cases was equivocal (n=166, n=146, and n=117; p=0.014). The decrease during the pandemic was more remarkable in younger populations aged <50 years than in older populations, both for viral and bacterial meningitis. Conclusion The number of hospitalized cases of acute meningitis clearly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for viral and bacterial meningitis in younger populations aged <50 years.

Epidemiología de la enfermedad meningocócica en República Dominicana 2012-2022: bases para su prevención / Epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Dominican Republic 2012-2022: strategies for its prevention

Objetivo: La Enfermedad Meningocócica Invasiva es una causa frecuente de morbimortalidad mundial. El objetivo de este estudioes describir la epidemiología de la enfermedad meningocócica en República Dominicana desde 2012 a 2022 y proponer las basespara su prevención.Método: En el análisis se calcularon incidencias, tasas de hospitalización por cada 100.000 habitantes, tasas de letalidad y se hizouna comparación entre grupos de edad de los 325 casos de meningococcemia reportados en el Sistema Nacional de VigilanciaEpidemiológica Dominicano durante estos 10 años.Resultados principales: El 33% de los casos (103) tenía menos de 5 años. Este grupo de edad fue el que tuvo la tasa de hospitalizaciónmás alta, la mayor tasa de mortalidad en edad pediátrica la mayor letalidad.Conclusiones: Si la República Dominicana vacunara a su población, debería comenzar con los menores de 5 años, y así se reduciríanlas hospitalizaciones, muertes, complicaciones y secuelas producidas por el meningococo. (AU)

Objective: Invasive meningococcal disease is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this study is todescribe the epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the Dominican Republic from 2012 to 2022 and to propose the basis for itsprevention.Methods: Incidences, hospitalization rates per 100,000 population, case fatality rates and a comparison between age groups ofthe 325 cases of meningococcemia reported in the Dominican National Epidemiological Surveillance System during these 10 yearswere calculated in the analysis.Main results: 33% of the cases (103) were less than 5 years old. This age group had the highest hospitalization rate, the highestmortality rate in pediatric age and the highest case fatality rate.Conclusions: If the Dominican Republic were to vaccinate its population, it should start with those under 5 years of age, and thiswould reduce hospitalizations, deaths, complications and sequelae caused by meningococcus. (AU)

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on compulsory notification of meningitis during the first wave of the pandemic in Brazil: an ecological study using P-score

Abstract BACKGROUND: Meningitis is listed as one of the diseases requiring compulsory notification in Brazil. It can affect all age groups and also has no seasonality. Cases can be recorded in all months of the year and in all states of Brazil. Despite its importance, the obligation of immediate notification may have been compromised by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on compulsory notifications of meningitis in Brazil and its states during the first wave of the pandemic. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was an ecological study involving all confirmed cases of meningitis in Brazil, in its regions and in its states. METHODS: Data for the months from 2015 to 2020 were obtained from the database of the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, SINAN), in the Department of Informatics of the National Health System (Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde, DATASUS). The P-score was used to obtain the percentage change in the numbers of cases reported in 2020. RESULTS: A 45.7% reduction in notifications of meningitis in Brazil was observed. Regarding the regions and the states, with the exception of Roraima, all of them showed a negative P-score, with decreasing curves each month. CONCLUSION: The pandemic caused a negative impact on meningitis notifications in Brazil.

Meningite na infância: uma análise das internações hospitalares no Brasil / Meningitis in childhood: an analysis of hospital hospitalizations in Brazil

Objetivo: Analisar o perfil epidemiológico da meningite em crianças no Brasil. Método: Trata-se de estudo descritivo, cujos dados foram obtidos através de análise documental do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS) por meio de dados disponibilizados pela notificação no Sistema de Informação e Agravos de Notificação (Sinan). Foram utilizados dados da notificação de meningite no período de 2008 a 2019, em crianças até os 14 anos de idade no país. Resultados: Na faixa etária pediátrica, foram notificados 127.508 casos, o equivalente a 55,83% de todos os diagnósticos realizados neste período em todas as faixas etárias. Na amostra, houve maior prevalência da faixa etária entre 1 ano a 4 anos. Em relação ao sexo, o masculino foi o mais prevalente. Quanto à evolução dos casos notificados, a maioria dos pacientes tiveram alta hospitalar. Destes, a faixa etária entre 1 a 4 anos obteve maior prevalência. Quanto aos óbitos por meningite, houve maior prevalência da faixa etária de menores de 1 ano. O método quimiocitológico foi o método diagnóstico mais utilizado, evidenciando principalmente a meningite de etiologia viral. Conclusão: Verifica-se que os casos de meningite são prevalentes na faixa etária pediátrica, havendo predomínio da faixa etária entre 1 a 4 anos e do sexo masculino neste estudo. Ressalta-se a importância de ações preventivas, como a imunização vacinal, sobretudo quando se percebe a maior letalidade da meningite bacteriana

Meningitis neonatal: estudio multicéntrico en Lima, Perú / Neonatal meningitis: a multicenter study in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia y las características clínicas, bacteriológicas y del líquido cefalorraquídeo de la meningitis neonatal en hospitales de Lima. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, multicéntrico en seis hospitales de la ciudad de Lima, con una vigilancia epidemiológica durante un año. Resultados: La incidencia acumulada hospitalaria fue de 1,4 casos por mil nacidos vivos. Fueron incluidos 53 casos de meningitis neonatal, 34% (18/53) fueron tempranos y 66% (35/53) tardíos. Los factores maternos asociados fueron líquido amniótico meconial e infección de tracto urinario. El 58,8% (30/51) presentó controles prenatales insuficientes. El factor neonatal más asociado fue sepsis. Los principales síntomas fueron fiebre, irritabilidad, hipoactividad y dificultad respiratoria. En el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) se destacó la pleocitosis, sin predominio de polimorfonucleares (PMN), hipoglucorraquia y proteinorraquia. Los patógenos aislados con mayor frecuencia fueron Escherichia coli y Listeria monocytogenes. Conclusiones: La incidencia hospitalaria de meningitis neonatal fue de 1,4 por mil nacidos vivos, siendo diez veces mayor en prematuros. La dificultad respiratoria fue el síntoma más frecuente en la forma temprana, mientras que la fiebre e irritabilidad en la forma tardía. El LCR mostró pleocitosis sin predominio de PMN. Los gérmenes más frecuentes fueron Escherichia coli y Listeria monocytogenes. La ventriculitis e hidrocefalia fueron las complicaciones neurológicas más comunes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the incidence and the clinical, bacteriological and cerebrospinal fluid characteristics of neonatal meningitis in Lima hospitals. Materials and methods: An observational, multicenter study was conducted in six hospitals in the city of Lima during 1 year of epidemiological surveillance. Results: The cumulative hospital incidence was 1.4 cases per 1000 live births. A total of 53 cases of neonatal meningitis were included, 34% (18/53) were early and 66% (35/53) late. The associated maternal factors were meconium-stained amniotic fluid and urinary tract infection. Insufficient prenatal check-ups were found in 58.8% (30/51). The most associated neonatal factor was sepsis. The main symptoms were fever, irritability, hypoactivity and respiratory distress. Pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was significant, without predominance of polymorphonuclear lymphocytes (PMN), hypoglycorrhagia and proteinorrhagia. The most frequent pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Conclusions: The hospital incidence of neonatal meningitis was 1.4 per 1000 live births, being ten times higher in preterm infants. Breathing difficulty was the most frequent symptom in the early stage, while fever and irritability in the late stage. CSF showed pleocytosis without predominance of PMN. The most frequent germs were Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Ventriculitis and hydrocephalus were the most common neurological complications.

Meningite infantojuvenil na Bahia: uma abordagem epidemiológica ­ 2007 a 2018 / Childhood meningitis in Bahia, from 2007 to 2018: an epidemiological approach / Meningitis infanto-juvenil en Bahía: un enfoque epidemiológico entre 2007 y 2018

Meningites são doenças de notificação compulsória com alta morbimortalidade, cuja principal etiologia é infecciosa. Elas acometem pessoas de qualquer idade, embora atinjam mais frequentemente crianças com menos de cinco anos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a epidemiologia das meningites em crianças e adolescentes no estado da Bahia entre 2007 e 2018. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de corte transversal, que analisou dados da base digital do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Ministério da Saúde (Sinan) e incluiu todos os pacientes de 0 a 19 anos com meningite confirmada na Bahia, entre 2007 e 2018. As variáveis estudadas foram macrorregião/município, sexo, idade, raça, sazonalidade, etiologia, métodos diagnósticos e evolução/desfecho. Foram identificados 152.422 casos no Brasil, sendo 8.579 casos na Bahia (5,6% do país; 27,7% do Nordeste), mais frequentes em 2007 (18,3%), com declínio entre 2013 e 2018. A capital, Salvador, abrangeu 72,6% dos casos do estado. Predominaram: sexo masculino (razão 1,5:1), idade entre cinco e nove anos (28,2%), raça parda (53,4%) e etiologia viral (57,8%), esta última com predomínio na primavera. Agentes isolados: meningococos (9,1%), pneumococos (3,1%) e 14% foram "outras bactérias". Isolamento de sorogrupos do meningococo (52,1%): A (0,25%), B (12,40%), C (81%), Y (0,25%), W135 (5,5%) e 29E (0,7%). O método diagnóstico principal foi o quimiocitológico. Desfechos: alta hospitalar (83,6%), óbitos por meningite (6,6%), por outras causas (1,1%). A meningite na Bahia declinou acentuadamente entre 2013 e 2017, podendo indicar uma consequência da vacinação de rotina, entretanto, a metodologia utilizada não permite confirmar essa relação. Os sorogrupos C e B foram mais frequentes, mas vale ressaltar que 69% (22/32) dos casos nordestinos pelo W135 ocorreram na Bahia.

Meningitis is a notifiable disease with high morbidity and mortality, whose main etiology is infectious. It affects people of any age, and particularly children under five years of age. Given this context, this cross-sectional study sought to evaluate the epidemiology of meningitis in children and adolescents in the state of Bahia, Brazil, between 2007 and 2018. Data was collected from the Ministry of Health Information System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) database and included all patients aged 0 to 19 years with confirmed meningitis. Macroregion/municipality, gender, age, race/ethnicity, seasonality, etiology, diagnostic methods, and evolution/outcome were the variables studied. A total of 152,422 cases were identified in Brazil, with 8,579 cases in Bahia (5.6% of the country, 27.7% of the Northeast), more frequent in 2007 (18.3%), and decreasing between 2013-2018. The capital, Salvador, accounted for 72.6% of the state's cases. Male gender (1.5:1), age between five and nine years (28.2%), brown (53.4%) and viral aetiology (57.8%), occurring latter in spring, predominated. Meningococci (9.1%) and pneumococci (3.1%) predominated as isolated agents, while 14% were classified as 'other bacteria.' Isolation of meningococcal serogroups (52.1%): A (0.25%), B (12.40%), C (81%), Y (0.25%), W135 (5.5%) and 29E (0.7%). The main diagnostic method was chemocytological. Main outcomes included hospital discharge (83.6%), and death by meningitis (6.6%) and other causes (1.1%). In Bahia, infection by meningitis showed a sharp decline between 2013 and 2017, which may result from vaccination routine; however, the methodology used does not allow us to infer this relationship. Serogroups C and B predominated, but 69% (22/32) of Northeastern cases by serogroup W135 occurred in Bahia.

Las meningitis son enfermedades de notificación obligatoria, con alta morbimortalidad cuya principal etiología es infecciosa. Estas enfermedades acometen a personas de cualquier edad, aunque son más frecuentes en individuos con menos de 5 años de edad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la epidemiología de las meningitis en niños y adolescentes en el estado de Bahía (Brasil) entre 2007-2018. Se trata de un estudio de corte transversal, que analizó datos de la base digital del Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación del Ministerio de Salud (SINAN) e incluyó a todos los pacientes de 0 a 19 años con meningitis confirmada en Bahía, entre 2007-2018. Las variables estudiadas fueron municipio/macrorregión, sexo, edad, raza, estacionalidad, etiología, métodos diagnósticos y evolución/desenlace. Se produjeron 152.422 casos en Brasil, de los cuales 8.579 fueron en Bahía (5,6% del país, 27,7% del Nordeste), los más frecuentes en 2007 (18,3%), con descenso entre 2013-2018. La capital de Bahía, Salvador, cubrió el 72,6% de los casos del estado. Hubo un mayor predominio en el sexo masculino (1,5:1), con edad entre los 5 y los 9 años (28,2%), raza parda (53,4%) y etiología viral (57,8%), esta última con mayor prevalencia en la primavera. Los agentes aislados fueron meningococos (9,1%), neumococos (3,1%) y "otras bacterias" (14%). El aislamiento de los serogrupos del meningococo (52,1%): A (0,25%), B (12,40%), C (81%), Y (0,25%), W135 (5,5%) y 29E (0,7%). El método diagnóstico principal fue el quimiocitológico. Los desfechos fueron alta hospitalaria (83,6%), muertes por meningitis (6,6%) y otras causas (1,1%). La meningitis en Bahía declinó acentuadamente entre 2013 y 2017, lo que puede apuntar un impacto de la vacunación de rutina, pero la metodología utilizada no permite inferir esa relación. Los serogrupos C y B fueron los más frecuentes, sin embargo, cabe destacar que el 69% (22/32) de los casos nordestinos por el W135 ocurrieron en Bahía.

Meningitis y responsabilidad profesional médica en pediatría: ¿en qué podemos mejorar? / Meningitis and professional medical liability in pediatrics: How can we improve?

Introducción: La meningitis es un problema de salud pública con repercusiones en materia de responsabilidad profesional médica (RPM), de especial interés en pediatría. El estudio de las reclamaciones permite guiar las posibles mejoras en seguridad clínica. Metodología: Se analizaron las características clínicas, microbiológicas y jurídicas de las reclamaciones relacionadas con la meningitis, interpuestas ante el Consejo de Colegios de Médicos de Cataluña entre 1988 y 2014, junto con el estudio descriptivo y analítico de los casos. Resultados: Se analizaron 53 casos (1,96 casos/año) con una tasa de RPM del 24,53%. Los casos implicaron con frecuencia a menores (54,7%), con un diagnóstico inicial de síndrome febril inespecífico (45,5%). La tasa de RPM fue significativamente mayor en los casos relacionados con la cirugía, si no se producía el fallecimiento del paciente y si existía defecto de asepsia. Los microorganismos más comunes fueron Neisseria meningitidis y Streptococcus pneumoniae. Conclusiones: La asistencia a la meningitis es un campo que requiere mejoras en seguridad clínica en pediatría, si bien resulta especialmente evidente la necesidad de revisar ciertos aspectos, como la asepsia en la anestesia y la cirugía

Introduction: Meningitis is a public health problem with implications for medical professional liability (MPL) of special interest for pediatricians. The study of claims potentially guides improvements in clinical safety. Methods: We analyzed the clinical, microbiological and legal characteristics of the complaints related to meningitis filed against the Council of Physicians' Colleges of Catalonia between 1988 and 2014, with a descriptive and analytical study of the cases.Results: We analyzed 53 cases (1.96 cases per year) with a MPL rate of 24.53%. The cases frequently involved minors (54.7%), with an initial diagnosis of non-specific febrile syndrome (45.5%). The MPL rate was significantly higher in cases related to surgery, when death did not occur and when asepsis defect existed. The most common microorganisms were Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Conclusions: Pediatric care of meningitis needs improvements in clinical safety, but results highlight the risk of other areas such as those related to asepsis in anesthesia and surgery

Meningoencefalitis: etiología infecciosa en pacientes pediátricos de un hospital de referencia / Meningoencephalitis: infectious etiology in pediatric patients at a reference hospital

Resumen Introducción: Las causas de meningoencefalitis, meningitis o encefalitis pueden ser infecciosas o no infecciosas. Para el diagnóstico microbiológico se requieren cultivos y pruebas moleculares. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las causas infecciosas de meningoencefalitis y su presentación clínica. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado en el Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 28 días de vida con síndrome de meningitis, encefalitis o meningoencefalitis. Se identificó la etiología infecciosa mediante cultivos, tinciones de Gram y pruebas moleculares de líquido cefalorraquídeo. Se compararon las características de pacientes con y sin diagnóstico etiológico. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 50 pacientes con meningoencefalitis (n = 25), meningitis (n = 19) o encefalitis (n = 6). La mediana de edad fue de un año y el 62% de los pacientes fueron de sexo masculino. Se realizó diagnóstico etiológico infeccioso en el 42%: el 65.2% (n = 15) se debió a virus y el 34.8% (n = 8) a bacterias. En los pacientes con diagnóstico etiológico, se presentó un mayor número de leucocitos en líquido cefalorraquídeo (92 leu/mm3 vs. 12 leu/mm3, p = 0.001). Fue más frecuente el antecedente de gastroenteritis (razón de momios [RM]: 3.5; intervalo de confianza al 95% [IC 95%]: 1.007-12.1; p = 0.04) y ante la exploración, fue más frecuente la rigidez de cuello (RM: 3.8; IC 95%: 1-15.2; p = 0.04). Conclusiones: El 42% de los pacientes con meningitis, encefalitis o meningoencefalitis tuvieron diagnóstico etiológico infeccioso. La causa más frecuente fue el enterovirus.

Abstract Background: The etiologies of meningoencephalitis, meningitis or encephalitis may be infectious or non-infectious. For the microbiological diagnosis it is necessary to perform cultures and molecular tests. The objective of this study was to describe the infectious causes of meningoencephalitis and their clinical presentation. Methods: Cross-sectional study performed at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca. Patients older than 28 days of life with meningitis, encephalitis or meningoencephalitis syndrome were included in the study. Infectious etiology was identified through cultures, Gram stains, and molecular tests of cerebrospinal fluid. The characteristics of patients with and without etiological diagnosis were compared. Results: Fifty patients with meningoencephalitis (n = 25), meningitis (n = 19) or encephalitis (n = 6) were included in the study. The mean age was one year and 62% were male. An infectious etiological diagnosis was performed in 42%; 65.2 % (n = 15) were viruses and 34.8% (n = 8) bacteria. In patients with etiological diagnosis, a higher number of leukocytes were found in cerebrospinal fluid (92 leu/mm3 vs. 12 leu/mm3, p = 0.001); the history of gastroenteritis was more frequent (odds ratio [OR]: 3.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.007-12.1; p = 0.04) and upon examination, neck stiffness was more common (OR: 3.8; 95% CI: 1-15.2; p = 0.04). Conclusions: 42 % of the patients with meningitis, encephalitis or meningoencephalitis had an infectious etiological diagnosis; the most frequent cause was enterovirus.

Etiología y evolución de las infecciones potencialmente graves en lactantes menores de 3 meses febriles / Aetiology and outcomes of potentially serious infections in febrile infants less than 3 months old

Introducción: Estudios recientes han demostrado cambios en la etiología de las infecciones bacterianas potencialmente graves en lactantes menores de 3 meses de vida con fiebre. El objetivo es describir la microbiología y la evolución de estas infecciones en nuestro entorno. Material y métodos: Subanálisis de un estudio prospectivo y multicéntrico sobre lactantes febriles con menos de 3 meses de edad que consultaron desde el 1 de octubre del 2011 hasta el 30 de septiembre del 2013 en los servicios de urgencias de 19 hospitales infantiles españoles de la Red de investigación de la Sociedad Española de Urgencias de Pediatría/Spanish Pediatric Emergency Research Group (RISeuP/SPERG). Resultados: Se incluyó a 3.401 lactantes menores de 91 días de vida con fiebre sin foco. Hubo 896 cultivos positivos: 766 urocultivos (85,5%), 100 hemocultivos (11,2%), 18 cultivos de líquido cefalorraquídeo (2%), 10 coprocultivos y 2 cultivos umbilicales. Fueron diagnosticados de una infección bacteriana potencialmente grave 784 niños (23%), de los cuales 107 (3,1%) tenían una infección invasora. Escherichia coli (E. coli) fue la bacteria más frecuente de urocultivos (628; 82%), hemocultivos (46; 46%) y cultivos de líquido cefalorraquídeo (7; 38,9%) seguido por Streptococcus agalactiae, que fue aislado en 24 (24%) hemocultivos y 3 (16,7%) cultivos de líquido cefalorraquídeo. Solo hubo 2 infecciones producidas por Listeria monocytogenes. Fallecieron 4 niños y 7 desarrollaron complicaciones graves. Conclusiones: E. coli fue la bacteria más frecuente en urocultivos, hemocultivos y cultivos de líquido cefalorraquídeo de los lactantes con menos de 3 meses de vida y fiebre sin foco, incluso entre los neonatos (AU)

Background: Recent studies have shown changes in the aetiology of serious bacterial infections in febrile infants ≤ 90 days of age. The aim of this study was to describe the current microbiology and outcomes of these infections in Spain. Material and methods: Sub-analysis of a prospective multicentre study focusing on febrile infants of less than 91 days of life, admitted between October 2011 and September 2013 to Emergency Departments of 19 Spanish hospitals, members of the Spanish Paediatric Emergency Research Group of the Spanish Society of Paediatric Emergencies (RISeuP/SPERG). Results: The analysis included 3,401 febrile infants ≤90 days of age with fever without source. There were 896 positive cultures: 766 urine (85.5%), 100 blood (11.2%), 18 cerebrospinal fluid (2%), 10 stool, and 2 umbilical cultures. Among the 3,401 infants included, 784 (23%) were diagnosed with a serious bacterial infection, and 107 of them (3.1%) with an invasive infection. E. coli was the most common pathogen isolated from urine (628; 82%), blood (46; 46%), and cerebrospinal fluid cultures (7; 38.9%), followed by S. agalactiae that was isolated from 24 (24%) blood cultures and 3 (16.7%) cerebrospinal fluid cultures. There were only 2 L. monocytogenes infections. Four children died, and seven had severe complications. Conclusions: Among infants ≤ 90 days of age with fever without source, E. coli was the most common pathogen isolated from urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures (AU)

Meningitis neonatal en un hospital general de Lima, Perú, 2008 al 2015 / Neonatal meningitis in a general hospital in Lima, Peru, 2008 to 2015

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de describir la incidencia, características clínicas y factores asociados a la meningitis neonatal (MN) se realizó un estudio de serie de casos, del 2008 al 2015, donde se incluyeron 53 neonatos, 10 con MN de inicio temprano y 43 de inicio tardío. Se encontró una incidencia de 1,5 por mil nacidos vivos y una letalidad de 3,8%. Los factores asociados fueron fiebre periparto, infección urinaria y corioamnionitis (p<0,05). Los síntomas frecuentes fueron fiebre (84,9%), hipotonía (77,4%) e hipoactividad (73,6%). En el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR), los casos de MN temprana presentaron una mediana de 330 leucocitos/µL y 29 mg/dL de glucosa, y en los casos de MN tardía presentaron 170 leucocitos/µL y 32 mg/dL de glucosa. Las bacterias más frecuentes fueron Listeria monocytogenes (16,9%) y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo (11,3%). En conclusión, la incidencia fue alta en comparación con otros estudios y los factores asociados fueron los esperados.

ABSTRACT Aiming at describing the incidence, clinical characteristics and factors associated with neonatal meningitis (NM), a case series study was conducted from 2008 to 2015, where 53 neonates, 10 with early onset NM and 43 with late onset were included. An incidence of 1.5 per thousand live births and a lethality of 3.8% were found. The associated factors were peripartum fever, urinary tract infection and chorioamnionitis (P < 0.05). Frequent symptoms were fever (84.9%), hypotonia (77.4%) and hypoactivity (73.6%). In the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the cases of early NM presented a median of 330 leukocytes/µl and 29 mg/dl of glucose, and the cases of late NM presented 170 leukocytes/µl and 32 mg/dl of glucose. The most common bacteria were Listeria monocytogenes (16.9%) and negative coagulase staphylococcus (11.3%). In conclusion, the incidence was high compared to other studies and the associated factors were the expected.

Estudio descriptivo de las epilepsias sintomáticas según edad de inicio controladas durante 3 años en una Unidad de Neuropediatría de referencia regional / Descriptive study of symptomatic epilepsy by age of onset in patients with a 3-year follow-up at the Neuropaediatric Department of a reference centre

Objetivo: Estudio descriptivo de epilepsias sintomáticas, según edad de inicio, controladas en una Unidad de Neuropediatría de referencia regional durante 3 años. Pacientes y métodos: Niños con diagnóstico de epilepsia sintomática, controlados del 1 de enero del 2008 hasta el 31 de diciembre del 2010. Resultados: De 4595 niños en el periodo de estudio, recibieron el diagnóstico de epilepsia 605 (13,17%), siendo 277 (45,79%) epilepsias sintomáticas. Entre los pacientes que iniciaron la epilepsia por debajo del año de vida predominan las de etiología sintomática (67,72%). Entre los que la iniciaron entre 1-3 años, fueron sintomáticas el 61,39%. En cuanto a su etiología, ha sido: encefalopatías prenatales (24,46% del total de epilepsias), encefalopatías perinatales (9,26%), encefalopatías posnatales (3,14%), encefalopatías metabólicas y degenerativas (1,98%), esclerosis mesial temporal (1,32%), síndromes neurocutáneos (2,64%), malformaciones vasculares (0,17%), cavernomas (0,17%) y tumores intracraneales (2,48%). Algunas etiologías inician sus manifestaciones epilépticas por debajo del año de vida, como el síndrome de Down, la lisencefalia genética, la infección congénita por citomegalovirus, la encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica, las encefalopatías metabólicas o la esclerosis tuberosa. Conclusiones: La ausencia de una clasificación universalmente aceptada de los síndromes epilépticos dificulta comparaciones entre series. Sugerimos que todas las epilepsias son sintomáticas puesto que tienen causa, genética o adquirida. La edad de inicio orienta a determinadas etiologías. Una clasificación útil es la etiológica, con 2 grupos: un gran grupo con las etiologías establecidas o síndromes genéticos muy probables y otro de casos sin causa establecida, que con los avances en neuroimagen y genética cada vez será menor (AU)

Objective: We conducted a descriptive study of symptomatic epilepsy by age at onset in a cohort of patients who were followed up at a neuropaediatric department of a reference hospital over a 3-year period. Patients and methods: We included all children with epilepsy who were followed up from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010. Results: Of the 4595 children seen during the study period, 605 (13.17%) were diagnosed with epilepsy; 277 (45.79%) of these had symptomatic epilepsy. Symptomatic epilepsy accounted for 67.72% and 61.39% of all epilepsies starting before one year of age, or between the ages of one and 3, respectively. The aetiologies of symptomatic epilepsy in our sample were: prenatal encephalopathies (24.46% of all epileptic patients), perinatal encephalopathies (9.26%), post-natal encephalopathies (3.14%), metabolic and degenerative encephalopathies (1.98%), mesial temporal sclerosis (1.32%), neurocutaneous syndromes (2.64%), vascular malformations (0.17%), cavernomas (0.17%), and intracranial tumours (2.48%). In some aetiologies, seizures begin before the age of one; these include Down syndrome, genetic lissencephaly, congenital cytomegalovirus infection, hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, metabolic encephalopathies, and tuberous sclerosis. Conclusions: The lack of a universally accepted classification of epileptic syndromes makes it difficult to compare series from different studies. We suggest that all epilepsies are symptomatic because they have a cause, whether genetic or acquired. The age of onset may point to specific aetiologies. Classifying epilepsy by aetiology might be a useful approach. We could establish 2 groups: a large group including epileptic syndromes with known aetiologies or associated with genetic syndromes which are very likely to cause epilepsy, and another group including epileptic syndromes with no known cause. Thanks to the advances in neuroimaging and genetics, the latter group is expected to become increasingly smaller (AU)

Meningitis en el Hospital Nacional: VI muestra nacional de epidemiología / Meningitis in the National Hospital: VI national epidemiological sample

Introducción: las meningitis constituyen un importante problema de Salud Pública, que afectan de manera especial a los niños menores de 5 años. La etiología más frecuente es viral. Desde la introducción de la vacuna conjugada contra H. influenzae tipo b, S. pneumoniae y N. meningitidis los virus pasaron a ser los agentes más frecuentes. A nivel país, en 2014 y 2015, la etiología viral fue la más frecuente con valores de 69% y 77%, respectivamente, atribuyéndose a las bacterianas como segunda causa. Objetivos: describir las características epidemiológicas de las meningitis, en pacientes de todas las edades internados en el lapso de enero del 2014 a octubre del 2015 en el Hospital Nacional de Itauguá, Paraguay. Metodología: estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo, transversal. Se incluye a pacientes de todas las edades que ingresaron con sospecha de meningitis y/o encefalitis en el periodo de estudio. Resultados: en el periodo de estudio ingresaron 173 casos probables de 201 casos sospechosos de meningitis correspondiendo al 0,5% (173/35140) de todos los ingresos hospitalarios. El grupo etario más afectado fue el de menores de 5 años y entre los mayores de 5 años el de 5 a 14 años. En el 53% procedieron del Departamento Central. Los cuadros clínicos fueron: 98 casos (57%) encefalitis viral, meningitis bacteriana aguda 65 casos (37%), 7 casos (4%) meningitis micótica (Criptococcus). Fallecieron 3 casos de encefalitis y 9 casos de meningitis bacteriana aguda. De 25 casos en edad de vacunarse, 52 % se vacunaron para H. influenzae b y 16% contra P. pneumoniae. No se ha registrado vacunación para N. meningitis en ningún caso. Conclusiones: la incidencia total de meningitis en este periodo de estudio fue de 173 casos. Más de la mitad de los casos fueron de etiología viral. La bacteria más frecuentemente identificada fue S. pneumoniae. En general el grupo de edad más afectado fue el de menores de 5 años. La letalidad fue de 3% en los casos de encefalitis viral, 14% en meningitis bacteriana aguda y 43% en meningitis a Criptococcus. Se desconoce el estado de vacunación de casi la mitad de los casos sobre todo de la antineumocóccica.

Introduction: Meningitis is an important public health problem, which affects children under 5 years of age. The most frequent etiology is viral. Since the introduction of the conjugate vaccine against H. b, S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis, they became the most frequent agents. In the hole country, in 2014 and 2015, the viral etiology was the most frequent with values ​​of 69% and 77%, respectively, being attributed to the bacterial ones as the second cause. Objectives: To know the epidemiological characteristics of meningitis in all ages hospitalized patients from January 2014 to October 2015 at the National Hospital of Itaugua, Paraguay. Methodology: Epidemiological, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Patients of all ages admitted with suspected meningitis and / or encephalitis were included in the study. Results: During the study, 173 probable cases of 201 suspected cases of meningitis corresponding to 0.5% (173/35140) of all hospital admissions were registered. The more affected age group was the group of children under 5 and among patients with more than 5 years, were between 5 to 14 years; In 53%, they came from the central department.98 cases (57%) were viral encephalitis; Acute bacterial meningitis 65 cases (37%); 7 cases (4%) Fungal Meningitis (Cryptococcus). Of 41 confirmed viral cases (42%), 29 cases (71%) were by Enterovirus. 18 cases of MBA were confirmed; S.pneumoniae (8) or Spn, S were identified. Aureus (4), N.meningitidis (2) or NmStreptococcus group B (1), E. coli (1), S. Epidermidis MR (1) and S. agalactiae (1); From 5 Spn the sero types / serogroups were identified: 6C / 6D (1), serotype14 (1), serotype3 (1), NmW 135 (1), Nmsero group B (1) in a young adult case. There were 3 cases of encephalitis and 9 cases of MBA. Twenty-five cases were vaccinated for Hib and 16% were vaccinated against P.pneumoniae; No vaccination has been registered for Nm. Conclusions: The total incidence of meningitis in this period of study was 173 cases. More than half of the cases were of viral etiology; The most frequently identified bacterium was S. pneumoniae. In general, the most affected age group was children under 5 years of age. The majority coming from the Central department and Cordillera. The lethality was 3% in cases of viral encephalitis; 14% in MBA and 43% in Cryptococcus meningitis. It is unknown the vaccination status of almost half of the cases especially of the anti pneumococcal.